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#Events;x
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#;x
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#HISTORICAL EVENTS;x
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#;x
EVENTNAME101;Martin Luther;x
EVENTHIST101;On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther pinned his 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg, condemning the trafficking of Redeems by the Pope and questioning the morality of selling Papal indulgences at huge open-air meetings in order to fund the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica. Inspired by his predecessors John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, Luther advocated a return to a purer, less corrupt form of Christianity in which forgiveness had to be earned and not bought - this is normally said to be the birth of the Protestant branch of Christianity. Catholic nations may now become Protestant, thereby increasing their production efficiency and long term tax income. There is also a one-time bonus of 25$ per province as the Church's property is confiscated by the State.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME204;John Calvin;x
EVENTHIST204;Whilst Luther's followers strove to create a unified formal church in opposition to Rome's supremacy, Calvin's followers formed numerous churches with varying degrees of doctrinal commonality - among his branch of Christianity were the French Huguenots, the English Puritans, the Scottish Presbyterians and the Dutch and Hungarian Reformed Churches. Catholic and Protestant nations may now convert to Reformed, thereby increasing their trade income and the speed at which new technologies are researched.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME103;Treaty of Tordesillas;x
EVENTHIST103;Formalizing the Papal support in the Treaty of Tordesillas, the world west of the Azores was reserved for Spain and the eastern half for Portugal. Eventually they agreed to push the demarcation line to the west of the Cape Verde islands to ensure Portuguese possession of Brazil. Portugal and Spain may now attack and conquer any non-European provinces without having to declare war on their owner.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME302;Edict of Tolerance;x
EVENTHIST302;Historically there are many such edicts in the later part of the sixteenth century, all aiming at stopping hostilities and imposing tolerance and mutual recognition between the religious factions. Most of them were broken nearly as soon as they were signed. The effects of the Counter Reformation and the Treaty of Tordesillas have been cancelled.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME102;Council of Trent;x
EVENTHIST102;In the sixteenth century it became imperative for the State and the Church to stem the tide of Lutheranism sweeping through Europe. The decrees included the reorganization and moralization of the ecclesiastical body and solemnly reconfirmed the Pope's indisputable and absolute authority. Catholic nations may now convert to Counter-Reform Catholic, thereby receiving an extra missionary and increasing their troops' morale.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME104;Christian tolerance;x
EVENTHIST104;At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Christian countries started to become less intolerant towards other religious factions and great religions. Stability was thus less affected by religion.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME105;More tolerance;x
EVENTHIST105;As another consequence of the many religious edicts imposing tolerance in the Christian world, the Muslim faith was no longer viewed as a religious enemy as it had been in previous centuries.;x
#;x
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#RANDOM EVENTS;x
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#;x
EVENTNAME1;Unprovoked Revolt;x
EVENTHIST1;Revolts were almost part of everyday life for the rulers all over Europe. High taxes, noblemen's cruelties, and cultural and religious differences caused unhappiness among the farmers and in the cities. In the most extreme cases this led to rebellions with sometimes long-lasting and drastic effect.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3;Religious Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3;After the Reformation, the European continent would have to live for several hundred years with religious differences causing rebellions and uprisings more or less frequently.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME7;Conversion of Heretics;x
EVENTHIST7;Church policy always supported by the might of royal power was often directed at eradicating heresy. This led to massive if not willing conversions of the people regarded as heretics by the religious leadership.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10;Excellent Minister;x
EVENTHIST10;Monarchs were sometimes wise or lucky enough to appoint excellent ministers whose actions would greatly benefit their realm.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME11;Temporary Insanity of Monarch;x
EVENTHIST11;Sometimes a monarch would suffer a temporary crisis of insanity, leaving his realm with no or little efficient guidance for a few months;x
#;x
EVENTNAME12;Scandal at the Court;x
EVENTHIST12;Sometimes a scandal would erupt in the royal court and would upset a monarch to the point where most diplomatic activity would come to a standstill until things quieted down a bit.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME13;Gift to the State;x
EVENTHIST13;Good governments would sometimes prompt the nobility and the businessmen of the realm to donate cash to the treasury, out of pure patriotism or in exchange for the sales or transfer of honorary titles and positions.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15;Wave of Obscurantism;x
EVENTHIST15;As a typical response to different kinds of problems obscurantism was a frequent behavior in most nations at least until the Age of Enlightenment arose in the most advanced western nations of the European continent.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME16;Exceptional Year;x
EVENTHIST16;An excellent business environment combined with good harvests were once in a while a blessing for the nation's tax base, generating higher income for the realm.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME17;Rush of Colonists;x
EVENTHIST17;Demographic, economic and political pressure at home made way for sudden increases in the number of people looking for a better life in rich uncharted lands and businessmen in search of adventure and wealth in overseas trade.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME24;Diplomatic Move;x
EVENTHIST24;Diplomacy between European nations was often affected by random factors from both sides involved that were most of the time beyond the control of the foreign ministers involved.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25;Great Reputation;x
EVENTHIST25;Diplomacy between European nations was often affected by the fame and numerous other achievements of a nation. Her diplomats would capitalize on those factors to achieve better results than usual in their negotiations.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME26;Colonial Dynamism;x
EVENTHIST26;Colonial expansion led to a growing desire among people to move from their homeland to the New World in search of a new better life or to achieve fame and wealth through exploration colonization and conquest.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME27;Unexpected Invention;x
EVENTHIST27;Unexpected inventions sometimes led to immediate technical applications, and manufactories were built to exploit them.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME28;Rush of Merchants;x
EVENTHIST28;Maritime trade expansion led to a growing desire among merchants to start new shipping and trade ventures on the high seas.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME30;Plague!;x
EVENTHIST30;Epidemics in the early-modern era were far deadlier than wars or even famine. Diseases that with modern medicine are relatively harmless like smallpox or flu took a heavy toll whenever they struck especially among infants.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME31;Sweating Sickness!;x
EVENTHIST31;The mysterious 'sweating sickness' first struck England in the summer of 1485, with subsequent waves hitting England, Ireland and the Low Countries intermittently throughout the 16th century. Unlike the more deadly bubonic plague, the 'sudor anglicus' tended to target young and middle-aged adults, bypassing children and the elderly. It did not leave marks on the body, and many who survived initial contact with the illness would later die after having been reinfected. Though presumed to have been a form of the hantavirus, its exact form remains unknown - following a last unverified outbreak documented in 1644, the 'English sweat' seems to have disappeared altogether.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME33;Reformation of the Army;x
EVENTHIST33;Army reformation, be it from new tactics, weapons or command or any other reason, often translated into better combat efficiency.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME34;Reformation of the Navy;x
EVENTHIST34;Navy reformation, be it from new tactics, weapons or command or any other reason, often translated into better combat efficiency.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME35;Enthusiasm for the Army;x
EVENTHIST35;The army often provided a shelter for the homeless and jobless. In times of crisis, volunteers would flock to the ranks.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME36;Enthusiasm for the Navy;x
EVENTHIST36;The navy often provided a shelter for the homeless and jobless of coastal areas. In addition, wealthy merchants sometimes donated ships and equipped them as warships to improve their standing in the eyes of the monarch.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME38;Agricultural Revolution;x
EVENTHIST38;New farming techniques, plantations, irrigation and land properties organization were soon translated into increased agricultural production and therefore higher tax income for the state. However countries with backward peasantry and conservative political structure were slower than others to put progress into effect.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME39;Devastating Fire;x
EVENTHIST39;Fire was the major source of destruction of buildings in those times, as people lacked the necessary and efficient firefighting equipment.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME40;Good Government Policies;x
EVENTHIST40;Changes of policies when cleverly timed and made were often well perceived by the people of the time beyond their actual efficiency as a proof of the government's good will and interest in the welfare of the realm.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME41;Poor Government Policies;x
EVENTHIST41;Changes of policies when poorly timed and made were often wrongly perceived by the people of the time beyond their actual efficiency as a proof of the government ill will and lack of interest in the welfare of the realm.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME42;Unhappiness among the Clergy;x
EVENTHIST42;Conflict of opinion or interest over religious or secular matters between the ruler and the religious authorities often upset the clergy, which used its strong preaching power to influence the people of the realm.;x
EVENT42_A;Ignore their demands;x
EVENT42_B;Agree to their demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME43;Unhappiness among the Artisans;x
EVENTHIST43;Conflict and protests over taxes, corporations, trade and customs policies were quite frequent and could result in sharp drops in industrial production.;x
EVENT43_A;Execute the troublemakers;x
EVENT43_B;Abolish a tax;x
#;x
EVENTNAME44;Unhappiness among the Peasantry;x
EVENTHIST44;Conflict and protests over taxes, landlord cruelty, expropriation, serfdom and customs policies were quite frequent and resulted in discontent and even revolts.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME45;Unhappiness among the Merchants;x
EVENTHIST45;Conflict and protests over taxes, corporations, port duties, navy requisitions, trade and customs policies were quite frequent and often had counterproductive effects.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME46;New Valuable Mineral;x
EVENTHIST46;Discoveries of new minerals led to the exploitation of mines, sometimes resulting in unexpected production incomes.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME47;Political Crisis;x
EVENTHIST47;Political crises may occur from time to time. They may involve a conflict between the ruler and the parliament or unrest among the nobility or conflicts of interest between the nobility and the merchants or religious leaders. In game terms these problems usually cause a loss of stability when they occur.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME48;Corruption;x
EVENTHIST48;Corruption is one of the most common and frequent factors of political and economic life, as always, but all the more so in feudal regimes.;x
EVENT48_A;Try to eradicate the problems;x
EVENT48_B;Ignore them;x
#;x
EVENTNAME49;Deflation;x
EVENTHIST49;Rampant inflation originating from the vast inflow of silver and gold from the New World brought the Kingdom of Spain to bankruptcy in 1557 and 1597. However, economic cycles led to reduction of inflation--a process called deflation.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME50;Diplomatic Insult;x
EVENTHIST50;Conflicts sometimes erupted following diplomatic insults.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME57;Fortification Effort;x
EVENTHIST57;A permanent matter of regal attention, fortification of the realm always received great care, particularly at the border or in strategic places such as capitals, major shipyards or important colonies.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME58;Explorer;x
EVENTHIST58;A bold captain has put himself his ship and his crew at your disposal to win glory for God and country! The vast tract of still unknown sea lanes and unexplored lands would always attract seamen in search of adventure, fame and wealth.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME59;Conquistador;x
EVENTHIST59;A daring adventurer and his company have put themselves at your disposal to win new land for God and country! The vast track of still unknown and unexplored lands would always attract adventurers in search of glory, fame and wealth.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME20;Creation of Bank;x
EVENTHIST20;The creation of a centralized state bank brought serious improvement to the economic life of a country, as it helped stabilize the currency and regulate the state budgets.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME21;Creation of Stock Exchange;x
EVENTHIST21;The creation of a Stock Exchange paved the way for the early forms of capitalism and signalled the start of easier access to financing, thereby improving the economic life of a country.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME22;Creation of Company of Trade;x
EVENTHIST22;The creation of a Company of Trade was usually a boost to a country's economy, attracting more capital and people to overseas business ventures!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME2;Colonial Uprising;x
EVENTHIST2;From time to time the colonists rebelled due to high taxes or duties, lack of attention or cruel Governors. Similarly white men's oppression led to outbursts of native rebellion or slave revolts.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME8;Heretics;x
EVENTHIST8;Despite official Church policy to eradicate heresy, the population of some provinces was sometimes strongly attached to their faith and resisted conversion. Similarly new faiths would also engage in missionary activity and manage to convert whole regions to their own church.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A0;Nobles demand recovery of former rights;x
EVENTHIST_A0;The privileges of the nobility were continually under assault as the monarch tried to centralize more and more control. Sometimes the nobles would attempt to gain rights they had lost or surrendered to the monarch in earlier times.;x
EVENT_A0_A;Accept their rightful claims;x
EVENT_A0_B;Ignore the demands;x
EVENT_A0_C;Execute the traitors;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A1;Trading Company Bubble Bursts;x
EVENTHIST_A1;Trading companies were often founded on highly speculative stocks. When they failed, large sums of wealth could be lost and faith in the government declined as well.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A2;Internal Trade Ordinance;x
EVENTHIST_A2;Ordinances provided that roads, post relays and taverns be properly maintained to ensure the smooth flow of trade within a state.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A3;Meteor Sighted;x
EVENTHIST_A3;The peasants were always superstitious, and the appearance of a meteor in the sky could cause panic among the people. This was often viewed as a sign that the end of times were near or that something bad would happen in the near future.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A4;Fire Control Ordinances Succeed;x
EVENTHIST_A4;Fire was a perennial scourge in crowded and unregulated cities and towns. The damage caused by fires slowed economic growth and hurt tax revenues. Starting in the late 15th century, efforts were made to create building codes to minimize fire damage.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A5;Saint Performs Miracle;x
EVENTHIST_A5;Some people were so devout in their religion that they set out to help the poor and heal the sick. They were often called saints for their acts and were sometimes even believed to perform miracles.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A6;Regulation of the medical profession;x
EVENTHIST_A6;States began to expand the number of doctors in the 16th century and also to regulate and supervise their training at universities. These regulations also covered midwives.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A7;Noble Families Feud;x
EVENTHIST_A7;Violence among leading families within a state was never far from the surface. Often, this instability would boil over into open confilict. The result was less than a full-blown civil war but could immensely disturb the stability of a state.;x
EVENT_A7_A;Side with one family;x
EVENT_A7_B;Let them fight it out;x
EVENT_A7_C;Try to settle the issue;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A8;Nobles Ally with Foreign Power;x
EVENTHIST_A8;The nobility was not fully subjugated during this age and the nobles could and did strike independent alliances with foreign princes. The crowns of Europe might not have liked it but they were normally hard pressed to prevent these kinds of activities.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A9;Assassination of Noble;x
EVENTHIST_A9;Noble families were the bulwark of power during these times. Assassination of a powerful house leader was seen as a critical blow to those families' fortunes. With the rise of religious strife, assassinations of rival religion's nobles became increasingly common.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A10;Cessation of Church Functions to Nobility;x
EVENTHIST_A10;Noble families were often granted control over church lands and appointment in many states in exchange for cash contributions to the crown's efforts. The crown, of course, lost control over some revenues this way in exhange for a short-term boost in revenue.;x
EVENT_A10_A;Accept;x
EVENT_A10_B;Decline;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A11;Sale of Offices;x
EVENTHIST_A11;The crown often resorted to short-term cash grabs like the sale of government offices. These sales would bring in a lot of revenue but in the long haul more officials meant more tax revenue siphoned off before it reached the royal treasury.;x
EVENT_A11_A;Accept;x
EVENT_A11_B;Decline;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A12;Monopoly Company Formed;x
EVENTHIST_A12;Crowns often granted trading companies the exclusive rights to traffic in goods in a region. These monopolies were granted in exchange for a lump-sum payment and continuing revenues from the traders.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A13;Nobles Demand Increased Pensions;x
EVENTHIST_A13;Kings had to keep their unruly nobles in line through many methods. One of the most common was cold hard cash. Nobles would demand increased pensions in exchange for relinquishing certain rights to the king.;x
EVENT_A13_A;Accept their demands;x
EVENT_A13_B;Refuse their demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A14;Grant Export Licences;x
EVENTHIST_A14;When the crown could not or would not pay cash to the nobles, they would grant them instead privileges to collect special revenues from which they could make a healthy profit.;x
EVENT_A14_A;Accept;x
EVENT_A14_B;Decline;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A15;New Land Claimed;x
EVENTHIST_A15;During this time period many areas that were forests or swamps were cleared or drained to provide new areas for settlement. These newly cleared areas often led to a short-term population boom.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A16;Establish Cantonments;x
EVENTHIST_A16;The establishment of permanent recruiting areas for the armies of the age made it easier to extract men from the population to serve in the army.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A17;Nobles Demand Old Rights;x
EVENTHIST_A17;The nobility during this period still recalled the days when the king was just the first among many nobles. The nobility wanted to return to these days and would frequently pressure the king to regain certain lost rights of privileges.;x
EVENT_A17_A;Reject demands;x
EVENT_A17_B;Accept demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A18;Cities Demand Old Rights;x
EVENTHIST_A18;Urban dwellers had always existed under a different code of rules than their rural brethren - even in the same state. Just as monarchs looked to curb the privileges of nobles, they often tried to bring cities under more uniform rules and regulations. The cities often resisted these efforts.;x
EVENT_A18_A;Deny old rights;x
EVENT_A18_B;Accept;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A19;Non-enforcement of Ordinances;x
EVENTHIST_A19;Monarchs ruled by issuing ordinances but they were almost powerless to enforce them. Enforcement depended upon the local powers (nobles/city governments) who would not always be as vigilant as the monarchs would have desired.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A20;Bourgeoisie Request Privileges;x
EVENTHIST_A20;The bourgeoisie class grew increasing resentful of the power of the noble families and particularly their lack of opportunities in the higher ranks of government. One route into power was to marry into poor but well titled noble families. The other was to pry open positions in government circles.;x
EVENT_A20_A;Grant;x
EVENT_A20_B;Deny;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A21;Italian Engineer Available;x
EVENTHIST_A21;During the period from 1450-1600, Italian siege engineers were highly sought-after to teach the ways of the trace italienne to the militaries of Europe. These engineers had no national identity in most cases and simply worked for whoever could afford to pay them.;x
EVENT_A21_A;Hire the engineer;x
EVENT_A21_B;Decline the Offer;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A22;Foreign Drill Instructor Available;x
EVENTHIST_A22;Maurice of Orange pioneered new drills for firearms that made the new weapons much more effective. This drill technique was not a secret and numerous military entrepreneurs read on the drill and placed their service at the disposal of the crowned heads of Europe.;x
EVENT_A22_A;Hire him;x
EVENT_A22_B;Decline the Offer;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A23;Build a Great Palace;x
EVENTHIST_A23;Monarchs struggles with ways to subdue the nobility. The rise of firearms reduced the nobles' role as warriors but left them with in the eyes of the monarchs too much idle time. Some monarchs created great new palaces with elaborate court rituals to dazzle the nobles and keep them occupied. Versailles is the greatest expression of this movement.;x
EVENT_A23_A;Build the palace;x
EVENT_A23_B;Don't build it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A24;Indulgence Peddler in Your Domain;x
EVENTHIST_A24;Indulgences were essentially a pre-pay system for your sins. A devotee could buy forgiveness before they committed sins. This practice was widely practiced and its abuse was one of the prompts for Luther's movement. Indulgence peddlers were very adept at extracting large amounts of cash from any area they passed through.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A25;Uncooperative Philosopher;x
EVENTHIST_A25;Many times men of ideas would posit ideas that ran counter to accepted doctrine either from the monarch or the church. The state would normally try to get the thinker to recant his ideas and, failing that, would resort to imprisonment or execution. Men like Giordono Bruno, Thomas Moore and Galileo are classic examples of troublesome thinkers.;x
EVENT_A25_A;Imprison thinker;x
EVENT_A25_B;Allow to remain free;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A26;Regional Heresy;x
EVENTHIST_A26;Small bouts of heretical ideas would spring up from time to time. Most were simple people who did not realize that their interpretation of the Bible went counter to established doctrine but all such ideas frightened the local rulers. Intended or not, the usual response was quick and brutal as authorities would suppress these outbreaks.;x
EVENT_A26_A;Fund suppression effort;x
EVENT_A26_B;Ignore heresy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A27;Boundary Dispute;x
EVENTHIST_A27;The lack of good maps or the tools to create accurate maps would occasionally lead to overlapping claims of authority in border regions. These disputes were usually over very marginal areas but could serve as a point of friction when monarchs decided to press the issue.;x
EVENT_A27_A;Press issue;x
EVENT_A27_B;Settle issue;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A28;Merchants Harassed;x
EVENTHIST_A28;Disputes over the treatment of local merchants were not uncommon. All governments faced minor reports of unfair treatment and harassment of their merchants. At the higher levels there were complaints about banditry or privateering occurring within or at the direction of a certain state. These issues could be resolved but saber rattling was always an option.;x
EVENT_A28_A;Escalate complaint;x
EVENT_A28_B;Diplomatically resolve;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A29;Regional Population Boom;x
EVENTHIST_A29;A sudden baby boom was not always a blessing at this time. Agricultural societies could not easily scale to handle larger populations in a given region. Population pressures often led to efforts at immigration overseas or movement to the city.;x
EVENT_A29_A;Grant colonial charter;x
EVENT_A29_B;Deny charter;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A30;Petition for Redress;x
EVENTHIST_A30;Peasants typically had no voice, but they could occasionally gain access to the monarch and ask for redress. Sometimes, these requests for redress would be directed at the local lord who was perceived to be violating the peasants' rights. Stepping in to override a noble's local authority was a very drastic step.;x
EVENT_A30_A;Accept petition;x
EVENT_A30_B;Deny petition;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A31;Great Noble Family Requests Aid;x
EVENTHIST_A31;The most powerful of the noble families in the state often had vast wealth but, like their monarchs, that did not stop them from getting into financial troubles. They too could accumulate debts that escaped their ability to pay. They could at those times come to the monarch to request aid. The monarchs were often receptive since they would usually be related by blood or marriage.;x
EVENT_A31_A;Grant aid;x
EVENT_A31_B;Deny aid;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A32;Support for Dissidents Abroad;x
EVENTHIST_A32;Monarchs were contacted by a variety of dissidents from other states. These dissidents claimed to have vast supporters who just needed some cash - they were usually lying. Despite this, their claims excited many influential people at the court - particularly when religion entered the mix. Supporting these dissidents rarely accomplished anything other than antagonizing the other state, but failure to support could create a bad impression at home.;x
EVENT_A32_A;Support;x
EVENT_A32_B;Decline;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A33;Foreign Trade Competition Rises;x
EVENTHIST_A33;Trade was heavily regulated during this era, but despite this, the markets were not fixed. At times merchants would try to enter new markets or sell new goods. Merchants facing these conditions would usually demand new or higher tariffs to stop their competitors.;x
EVENT_A33_A;Impose new tariff;x
EVENT_A33_B;Deny new tariff;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A34;Exceptional Court Painter Available;x
EVENTHIST_A34;Courts were often looking for painters and artists to try to adequately capture the glory of the monarch. Artists during the Renaissance were usually multi-talented and worked in many fields other than art. Michelangelo worked in fortifications and da Vinci dabbled in engineering for example.;x
EVENT_A34_A;Hire painter;x
EVENT_A34_B;Decline his Services;x
#;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#HISTORICAL FLAVOR EVENTS;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#;x
ENAME_F_1500;Newton publishes Principia Mathematica;x
EDESC_F_1500;The most important work of Sir Isaac Newton, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which he had begun to write in 1684, was published on July 5, 1687. In its three volumes, Newton establishes his three laws of motion and demonstrates the significance of the universal force of gravitation for astronomy and other natural sciences.;x
#;x
ENAME_F_1501;Newton publishes Opticks;x
EDESC_F_1501;Isaac Newton's second major work, the Opticks, was released in 1704. In it, he proposes the theory that light consists of small particles called corpuscles. This 'corpuscular theory' would dominate optics until the rival wave theory of light, advocated by Newton's contemporary Huygens, was proven right by the work of Fresnel and Poisson in the early 19th century.;x
#;x
ENAME_F_1503;The Hungarian Vampire;x
EDESC_F_1503;Elizabeth Báthory was a niece of the nobleman Stephen Bathory, but she had a cruel and bloody story. She tried to live like a vampire and slaughtered more than 600 virgins in an attempt to renew her youth by bathing in their blood. She was executed in 1614 after being imprisoned.;x
#;x
ENAME_F_1504;Johann Friederich Struensee;x
EDESC_F_1504;Johann Friederich Struensee is known as the power-hungry official, who was also Christian VII's lifedoctor and Queen Caroline Mathilde's lover. Lesser known is that Struensee was a long-sighted society reformer who tried to make new laws and a rational state administration in Denmark.;x
#;x
ENAME_F_1505;Galileo Galilei;x
EDESC_F_1505;Galileo Galilei was the first European to enforce rigorous proofs as a method of scientific discussion. He got himself in trouble with the Catholic church for his non-Earth centric view of the Solar System. His work was published more accessibly outside of Italy in Lutheran and other Protestant countries.;x
EA_F_1505;Accept his teachings;x
EB_F_1505;Burn him as a heretic!;x
#;x
ENAME_F_1506;Gerard Mercator de Kremer;x
EDESC_F_1506;Gerardus Mercator, born Gerard de Kremer in the Flemish town of Rupelmonde near Antwerp, is today primarily renowned as a cartographer, but was also a significant geographer, mathematician, theologian, historian and philosopher. Having studied in Leuven and graduated in 1532, he worked there for two decades until moving to Duisburg in 1552. There, in 1569, he published his famous world map that achieved unprecedented accuracy by his new method, the Mercator projection, which was immensely important for navigation in the next centuries and is still used for nautical maps today.;x
#;x
ENAME_F_1507;St. Basil's Cathedral;x
EDESC_F_1507;St. Basil's is the beautiful orthodox church dominating Red Square in Moscow. The most famous and important of old Russia'a memorial buildings, Ivan IV (the Terrible) commissioned Postnik and Barma to build the church to commemorate Russia's annexation of Kazan. It was completed in 1560.;x
#;x
ENAME_F_1508;All Life is Holy;x
EDESC_F_1508;His Eminence the Shogun has declared that the taking of lives, abandonment or cruelty towards animals is illegal. Any transgressions will be dealt with severely.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5000;Rousseau Publishes 'The Social Contract';x
EVENTHIST5000;Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher of the Enlightenment Era whose political theories be came central to the radical period of the French Revolution in the 1790s. In 'The Social Contract' (1762) Rousseau argues that control of the government should be in the hands of the people, but ultimately favors the ideal of forced equality over individual liberty. Rousseau is considered by some to have provided the philosophical foundation for early Communist theory.;x
ACTIONNAME5000A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5001;Voltaire publishes 'Philosophical Letters';x
EVENTHIST5001;In 1729 Voltaire returned to France from his exile in England. Determined to present England as a model to his countrymen the great writer of the Enlightenment began writing plays in discrete imitation of Shakespeare. He also commenced work on his biography of the great Swedish King Charles XII. His greatest achievement to date however was published in 1734. 'Philosophical Letters' was an incisive critique of the religious establishment and the Christian philosopher Blaise Pascal. A warrant of arrest was issued in May and Voltaire was once again forced to flee Paris.;x
ACTIONNAME5001A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5002;Montesquieu publishes 'The Spirit of Laws';x
EVENTHIST5002;In 1750 Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Montesquieu published the crowning achievement of his literary career - 'The Spirit of Laws'. This monumental 1086 page work was most celebrated for three of its numerous theories: the classification of governments the political influence of climate and the most important one the theory of the separation of powers. Montesquieu argued that in the state that most effectively promotes liberty the Legislative Executive and Judicial powers must be confided to different individuals or bodies acting independently. This idea was soon to become central to the Constitution of the United States.;x
ACTIONNAME5002A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5003;René Descartes;x
EVENTHIST5003;The 'Father of Modern Philosophy,' René Descartes led the way from the traditional Aristotelian methods of thought toward the reasoned, empirical philisophical methods that would be employed during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. His most famous studies come from his 'Medititations on First Philosophy' (1641), in which he first doubts all, and then reconstructs his knowledge on the basis of rational thought. This includes both his reasoned proof of the existence of God, and the proof of his own existence, the latter of which is famously epitomized with the statement 'I think, therefore I am.';x
ACTIONNAME5003A;Ok;x
EVENTNAME5004;Vauban;x
EVENTHIST5004;Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban was the foremost military engineer and fortress architect of his time. Due to his mathematical, rational approach to siege warfare and to innovations such as the ricochet shot, the parallel attack system and the introduction of a miner company , he was immensely successful in commanding sieges and took many strongly fortified cities. He created France's 'enceinte de fer', the 'iron belt' of strong fortifications covering France's borders. Among his most significant designs are the fortifications of Landau in the Palatinate and Neuf-Brisach in Alsace.;x
ACTIONNAME5004A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5030;Erik Dahlberg;x
EVENTHIST5030;In 1679 veteran campaigner and military engineer Erik Dahlberg was appointed head of the Swedish Bureau of Fortifications. At the time Sweden was at the zenith of its power and the offensive policy of the previous decades had left the country with longer borders than ever. Erik Dahlberg and his team designed several forbidding fortresses and had them constructed at key points around the Empire masterfully using the terrain to the greatest possible effect. The great forts Lejonet and Kronan in Gothenburg the fortress of Varberg and the fortress of Dalarö are all testaments to his genius. Unfortunately the strained budget did not allow for the eastern provinces which would prove disastrous in the years to come...;x
ACTIONNAME5030A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5031;Olof Rudbeck publishes 'Atlantica';x
EVENTHIST5031;Botanist architect historian astronomer musician. Olof Rudbeck was an academic jack-of-all-trades but above all he was a romantic and a patriot. His life's work was the 'Atlantica' - a massive history in which he claimed that Sweden was in fact the mythical Atlantis. Due to Rudbeck's outstanding reputation and the learned nature of his discourse the grandiose work was surprisingly well received. All cultures the professor claimed originated in Sweden.;x
ACTIONNAME5031A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5032;Emanuel Swedenborg;x
EVENTHIST5032;Emanuel Swedenborg was one of Sweden's first natural scientists whose early works included the brilliant 'Principles of Natural Things' in which he reached by inductive argument several conclusions that greatly resemble the theories of modern scientists. Swedenborg's life changed dramatically during one of his travels. He had strange dreams and visions that caused him forsake natural science and turn to mysticism. In 1758 he published his most influential work - 'On Heaven and Its Wonders and on Hell'.;x
ACTIONNAME5032A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5033;Carolus Linnaeus;x
EVENTHIST5033;Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus is the father of modern taxonomy. The publication of his 'Species Plantarum' in 1753 marked the beginning of an age of classification and discovery. Linnaeus himself was mostly active in Sweden eagerly cataloguing the flora of northern Europe but his students were dispatched all over the world. Daniel Solander even accompanied Captain James Cook on his famous first journey around the globe.;x
ACTIONNAME5033A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5050;Hobbes publishes 'Leviathan';x
EVENTHIST5050;English philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that the state of nature was a state of strife and chaos which could be ended only if individuals agreed in a 'Social Contract' to give their liberty into the hands of a sovereign. The sovereign on his part was obliged to protect his subjects. Failure to do so would allow the people to seek a new ruler. Strangely enough Hobbes managed to offend both sides in the English Civil War and spent 11 years in Paris before he dared set foot in England again in 1651.;x
ACTIONNAME5050A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5051;Adam Smith publishes 'The Wealth of Nations';x
EVENTHIST5051;'The Wealth of Nations' was the first great work in political economy and the corner-stone of what later became known as laissez-faire capitalism (Smith called it the system of perfect liberty). The Scotsman introduced the concept of the 'invisible hand' - the intrinsic ability of a system of perfect liberty to control itself and still give rise to an orderly society through the mechanism of competition.;x
ACTIONNAME5051A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5052;David Hume;x
EVENTHIST5052;Scotsman David Hume was one of the foremost philosophers of his day who is best known for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. Taking the scientific method of the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton as his model and building on the epistemology of the English philosopher John Locke Hume tried to describe how the mind works in acquiring what is called knowledge. He concluded that no theory of reality is possible - there can be no knowledge of anything beyond experience.;x
ACTIONNAME5052A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5053;John Locke;x
EVENTHIST5053;John Locke was a seventeenth century political philosopher crucial to the advancement of enlightenment theory in England. Locke consistently argued in favor of the natural laws of reason which governed not only the universe as a whole, but also human nature. His influential 'Two Treaties of Government' promoted the ideals of limited government that both echoed the spirit of the Glorious Revolution and provided much of the philosophical basis for the U.S. Declaration of Independence and Constitution.;x
ACTIONNAME5053A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5054;Isaac Newton;x
EVENTHIST5054;Isaac Newton, outstanding physicist, mathematician and astronomer, is often considered to be the 'father of modern science'. His experiments on the decomposition of light into a spectrum of colours by a prism were fundamental to the development of modern physical optics. His three laws of motion remained the cornerstones of mechanics until the 20th century. He also is credited with having discovered infinitesimal calculus independently, though it remains unclear whether he or Leibnitz was first in doing so. His 'Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy' of 1687 was probably his most influential work, and one of the most important scientific works in history, due to introducing mathematical methods to natural science.;x
ACTIONNAME5054A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5055;William Shakespeare;x
EVENTHIST5055;The Bard William Shakespeare is considered to be history's most notable poet and dramatist of the English language. Shakespeare's works: comedies, tragedies, and histories, written for the small Globe theatre in London earned the acknowledgement and patronage of Queen Elizabeth I and her successor James I. Shakespeare's many contributions to poetry and the theatre have spread worldwide and continue to be read, performed, studied, analyzed, and adapted to this day.;x
ACTIONNAME5055A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5080;Tycho Brahe;x
EVENTHIST5080;Tycho Brahe was an influential sixteenth century Danish astronomer whose work introduced empirical observation to the study of the heavens. Brahe's work included a detailed description of the movements of the planet Mars and an overwhelmingly accurate map of the positions of well over seven hundred fixed stars. Despite adhering to a traditional geocentric model of the universe, Brahe's discoveries provided a foundation for the work of many future astonomers, including Kepler and Galileo.;x
ACTIONNAME5080A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5100;Nicolaus Copernicus;x
EVENTHIST5100;In 1543 the year of his death Nicolaus Copernicus published 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres'. The work argued for a heliocentric model of the universe as opposed to the common Ptolemaic view of an Earth-centered universe. This work threatened the literal truth of the Bible as well as the long established geo-centric view of the universe. Copernicus had no mathematical backing for his argument but this would be provided by later generations of astronomers and mathematicians.;x
ACTIONNAME5100A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5120;Erasmus;x
EVENTHIST5120;Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch humanist, Biblical scholar, and student of the Classics. His noted Christian works, 'Handbook of the Christian Soldier' and 'The Praise of Folly', encouraged a reasoned, personal and free approach to Christ while criticizing the ritualism and formal tradition of the Catholic Church. A man of principle, Erasmus sought unity and moderate reform during the upheavals of the early Protestant era.;x
ACTIONNAME5120A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5121;Hugo Grotius;x
EVENTHIST5121;Hugo Grotius was a Dutch scholar and lawyer. His best known book 'De Jure Belli ac Pacis' published in 1625 was a legal masterpiece and lay the groundwork for modern international law. He is also famous for his celebrated escape from prison (where he was incarcerated due to political and religious conflicts) in a bookchest! He also wrote other legal works religious works and poetry.;x
ACTIONNAME5121A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5122;Cristiaan Huygens;x
EVENTHIST5122;Huygens was a Dutch mathematician astronomer and physicist who founded the wave theory of light discovered the true shape of the rings of Saturn and made original contributions to the science of dynamics - the study of the action of forces on bodies. Forgotten until the early 19th century his theories on light appear today as one of the most brilliant and original contributions to modern science and will always be remembered by the principle bearing his name.;x
ACTIONNAME5122A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5140;Immanuel Kant;x
EVENTHIST5140;Kant, one of the most significant thinkers of the Enlightenment period, is also considered among the most important philosophers of all time. He represented the fresh ideas that started with the concepts of Descartes' Rationalism (emphasizing reason) and Bacon's Empiricism (emphasizing experience). With him, a completely new era of philosophical thought has begun.;x
ACTIONNAME5140A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5160;Leibniz;x
EVENTHIST5160;Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a German from Leipzig born in 1646, distinguished himself as a philosopher, mathematician and political advisor. He is famous for his works on metaphysics and logics as well as for inventing the differential and integral calculus. For a greater part of his life, he served the dukes of Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Hannover.;x
ACTIONNAME5160A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5170;Johann Sebastian Bach;x
EVENTHIST5170;Johann Sebastian Bach, a member of a large family of musicians from northern Germany, was an influential composer of the Baroque period. His coevals valued him chiefly for his harpsichord and organ playing (and building) skills, but presently he is considered one of the greatest composers in history.;x
ACTIONNAME5170A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5190;Ludwig van Beethoven;x
EVENTHIST5190;Ludwig van Beethoven is commonly considered to have been the best composer of all time. His influence on an era in the history of music is unmatched by anyone before or after him. Rising from a background of Haydn's and Mozart's Classical trends, he embraced, in his works, the new humanist ideas visible in his contemporaries Goethe and Schiller's prose and poetry. Moreover, his art reflected the passionate concern for the dignity and freedom of human beings, a major part of the spirit of the French Revolution.;x
ACTIONNAME5190A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5191;Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart;x
EVENTHIST5191;A prodigy guided by the inclinations of his father, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's musical career began in his earliest years. Though he travelled much of Europe, Mozart did most of his work in Vienna during the reigns of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. Mozart's numerous concertos, symphonies, and operas are considered among the greatest musical works of all time. His varying styles of work have influenced some of the best known composers since his time, including Beethoven and Chopin.;x
ACTIONNAME5191A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5220;Machiavelli publishes 'The Prince';x
EVENTHIST5220;Niccolň Machiavelli was a premier political philsopher of the Italian Renaissance. His most notable work, 'The Prince,' while considered by some a work that would be favored by ruthless authoritarians, was in reality a patriotic work intended as a call to action for the leaders of the weak and fractured Florentine city-state. Machiavelli's desire revealed within was for a powerful 'prince' that would bring unity and discipline to the factions of Florence, that his beloved state could possibly defend itself from the constant threat of foreign invasion.;x
ACTIONNAME5220A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5221;Michelangelo;x
EVENTHIST5221;Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, and architect whose reputation was highly regarded both during his lifetime and after his death. Of his many greatly famous works, the best known today are his frescoes on the walls and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and his seventeen foot marble statue of David.;x
ACTIONNAME5221A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5240;Leonardo da Vinci;x
EVENTHIST5240;Leonardo da Vinci was the archetypal Renaissance man whose work in mathematics, science, engineering, and invention were eclipsed by his overwhelming artistic talent. Of his many influential paintings, the two most notable are his 'Last Supper' and 'Mona Lisa,' both of which are universally recognized as two of the greatest masterpieces of all time. Unpublished during his time, da Vinci's journals contain notes on various fields of study, including the famous drawing of the Vitruvian Man.;x
ACTIONNAME5240A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5250;Cervantes publishes 'Don Quixote';x
EVENTHIST5250;A contemporary of Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish author, poet, and playwright most known for his comic novel 'Don Quixote.' A widely celebrated work, 'Don Quixote' is considered the crowning literary achievement of the Spanish Golden Age. The adventures of its title character inspire literary, political, psychological, and cultural analysis to this day.;x
ACTIONNAME5250A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5251;Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!;x
EVENTHIST5251;Tomás de Torquemada, Inquistor General of Spain from 1483 to 1498 is the most widely known individual leader of the Spanish Inquisition. During the attempts of Fernando II and Isabella I to fully Christianize Spain he organized the means of rooting out and punishing religious crimes throughout the kingdom. Though he did authorize torture as a means to this end, historical study has shown that Torquemada's life and practices were not as extreme as his legacy has portrayed them to have been.;x
ACTIONNAME5251A;Ok;x
#;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#RELIGIOUS RANDOM EVENTS;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A35;Catholic influence in West Africa;x
EVENTHIST_A35;Following increased contact with traders and explorers from Europe, Portugal in particular, several West African kingdoms converted to Catholicism from the 15th century onwards. The Kongolese king Mvemba a Nzinga (later baptised Afonso I) was a devout Catholic who developed close ties with the Portuguese and offered them land in which to construct trading posts and docks. Other native rulers converted, though many in name only or to heretical forms of the new religion based around their old pagan rituals.;x
EVENT_A35_A;Keep the faith of our ancestors;x
EVENT_A35_B;Convert to Catholicism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A36;Miaphysite influence in East Africa;x
EVENTHIST_A36;The traditional faith of East Africa was Miaphysitism, or Oriental Orthodoxy, a theological position emphasising Christ as a single being as opposed to the notion that He maintained two natures, one divine and one human, after His incarnation. Though Miaphysites were traditionally limited to Armenia, Egypt, Nubia and Ethiopia, all African Christians were in theory under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Alexandria, also known as the Coptic Pope and 'Patriarch of all Africa.' Thus, though Sunni Islam remained the dominant religion south of the Red Sea, influential Christian minorities existed in all East African sultanates and therefore the idea of conversion - particularly in the advent of an expansionist Ethiopia - remained a valid possibility.;x
EVENT_A36_A;Keep the faith of our ancestors;x
EVENT_A36_B;Convert to Miaphysitism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A37;Calvinist influence in South Africa;x
EVENTHIST_A37;With the founding of the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk in Cape Town in 1652, Calvinism was introduced to South Africa. The first native converts were slaves held by colonists in the Dutch East India Company's Cape Colony. They were later joined by the Xhosa and Zulu in the early 19th century.;x
EVENT_A37_A;Keep the faith of our ancestors;x
EVENT_A37_B;Convert to Calvinism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A38;The Mandé return to Paganism;x
EVENTHIST_A38;Following the fall of the Mali Empire at the turn of the 17th century, several of the warring factions - principally the Bamana warlords of Jenné and the city states of Segu and Niani - reverted to the Mandé people's old pagan traditions, largely as part of a reactionary rejection of Islam due to it being the religion of the ruling mansas (emperors) of Mali and therefore associated with their infamous lavish wealth and decadence.;x
EVENT_A38_A;Return to the faith of our ancestors;x
EVENT_A38_B;Reject the old gods;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A39;Muslim influence in Africa;x
EVENTHIST_A39;Pagan and Christian states in Sub-Saharan Africa had regular contact with Islam through trade, war and diplomatic missions - often involving large numbers of soldiers, merchants and scholars - whilst the many Arab and Berber traders who settled in African towns and cities brought their faith with them. Many non-Muslim rulers embraced Islam for entirely political reasons: Imams were well-educated and often wealthy, providing local rulers with important religious works, up-to-date maps and access to useful technology like gunpowder and ship-building techniques. Of course, many African rulers converted simply to foster better relations with nearby Muslim states, almost always larger and more powerful than they were.;x
EVENT_A39_A;Reject the teachings of Islam;x
EVENT_A39_B;Embrace the Sunni faith;x
EVENT_A39_C;Embrace the Shi'a faith;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A40;Muslim influence in Nubia;x
EVENTHIST_A40;By the turn of the 16th century the part of Nubia formerly controlled by Makuria was home to a number of small states and subject to frequent incursions by desert nomads. The area was reunified under Abdallah Jamma, known as 'the Gatherer,' who came from the Nile valley, an area that had grown powerful and prosperous from the Red Sea trade and favourable relations with the Mamluk rulers of Egypt. Abdallah's empire was short-lived, however, as in the early 16th century the Funj people under Amara Dunqas arrived from the south - having been driven north by the Shilluk people of the Sudan - after which the Funj defeated Abdallah and set up their own kingdom based at Sennar. Though the Funj had originally practiced a religious mix of Animism and Miaphysitism, Islam also had an important influence and in 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to Islam, though many elements of the previous faith would continue.;x
EVENT_A40_A;Embrace the Sunni faith;x
EVENT_A40_B;Embrace the Shi'a faith;x
EVENT_A40_C;Reject the teachings of Islam;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A41;Catholic influence in South and Central America;x
EVENTHIST_A41;Catholicism was brought to the Americas at the end of a sword: Spanish soldiers and missionaries forcibly converted hundreds of thousands of Aztecs and Inca throughout the 16th century (though the majority died of the numerous European diseases the Spanish brought with them), whilst the Portuguese massacred many of the Tapuia and Tupí people of Brazil who refused to recant their pagan beliefs.;x
EVENT_A41_A;Keep the faith of our ancestors;x
EVENT_A41_B;Convert to Catholicism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A42;Catholic influence in North America;x
EVENTHIST_A42;Close contact with French colonists and Jesuit missionaries made many Indians convert to Catholicism, becoming what was known as 'praying Indians.' Embracing the Christian faith paved the way towards formal alliances with the European colonial powers and gave the Indian nations access to larger numbers of gunpowder weapons, European medicine and more accurate maps of North America.;x
EVENT_A42_A;Keep the faith of our ancestors;x
EVENT_A42_B;Convert to Catholicism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A43;Protestant influence in North America;x
EVENTHIST_A43;Close contact with English, Scottish, German and (to a lesser extent) Scandinavian colonists made many Indians convert to Protestantism, becoming what was known as 'praying Indians.' Embracing the Christian faith paved the way towards formal alliances with the European colonial powers and gave the Indian nations access to larger numbers of gunpowder weapons, European medicine and more accurate maps of North America.;x
EVENT_A43_A;Keep the faith of our ancestors;x
EVENT_A43_B;Convert to Protestantism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A44;Calvinist influence in North America;x
EVENTHIST_A44;Close contact with Dutch colonists and the Hessian mercenaries employed during the American War of Independence made many Indians convert to Calvinism, becoming what was known as 'praying Indians.' Embracing the Christian faith paved the way towards formal alliances with the European colonial powers and gave the Indian nations access to larger numbers of gunpowder weapons, European medicine and more accurate maps of North America.;x
EVENT_A44_A;Keep the faith of our ancestors;x
EVENT_A44_B;Convert to Calvinism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME_A45;Muslim influence in South East Asia;x
EVENTHIST_A45;Islam was brought to Indonesia by traders from Gujarat in the 11th century, and by the end of the 16th century had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion of the peoples of Java and Sumatra. Bali retained a Hindu-practising majority, while the eastern islands remained largely Animist until the 17th and 18th centuries when Dutch Calvinism would finally take root.;x
EVENT_A45_A;Reject the teachings of Islam;x
EVENT_A45_B;Embrace the Sunni faith;x
EVENT_A45_C;Embrace the Shi'a faith;x
#;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#MAJOR EVENTS;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#;x
EVENT_PIRATE_TITLE;A Pirate Offers His Services;x
EVENT_PIRATE_DESC;Pirates and Buccaneers often operated under the flags of various nations. Sometimes they were incorporated into the national navies as regulars.  One of the most famous pirates were Francis Drake which were a part of the english fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada.;x
EVENT_PIRATE_A;Accept his services.;x
EVENT_PIRATE_B;Hang him for his crimes;x
EVENT_PIRATE_C;Ignore him;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3352;The Economic Reforms of Mehmed II;x
EVENTHIST3352;Prior to his conquest of Constantinople Mehmed II signed several generous agreements with the mercantile empires of Venice and Genoa to ensure their neutrality, but when the great city had fallen he was not late in breaking the western merchants' strangle-hold on the Black Sea trade. Mehmed was a mercantilist who strived to maintain state control over the merchants, yet his protectionist measures had the intended effect and the Ottoman economy thrived.;x
ACTIONNAME3352A;Break the Agreements;x
ACTIONNAME3352B;Honor the Agreements;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3353;The City of Men's Desire;x
EVENTHIST3353;Mehmed II's first action upon conquering Constantinople was marching into the Hagia Sofia and converting it into a mosque. The Sultan planned to make the great city the capital of a new revitalized--and Muslim--version of the Eastern Roman Empire. Mehmed dreamed of expanding the borders of his empire to match the Byzantines at their peak. He did not live to see that happen, but he did oversee the move of the Ottoman capital to Constantinople, which henceforth became known as Istanbul.;x
ACTIONNAME3353A;Make Constantinople the new Capital;x
ACTIONNAME3353B;Keep the old one;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3354;Military Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3354;The reigns of Mehmed I and Murad II saw the Ottoman Empire reunified after the crushing defeat it had suffered at the hands of Tamerlane. The military was expanded and reformed to match any potential threat and ensure further expansion. It was also during this period that the Ottomans started to realize the vital importance of a strong navy.;x
ACTIONNAME3354A;Great Army Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3354B;Reform Army and Navy;x
ACTIONNAME3354C;Great Naval Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3355;Military Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3355;The reigns of Mehmed I and Murad II saw the Ottoman Empire reunified after the crushing defeat it had suffered at the hands of Tamerlane. The military was expanded and reformed to match any potential threat and ensure further expansion. It was also during this period that the Ottomans started to realize the vital importance of a strong navy.;x
ACTIONNAME3355A;Great Naval Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3355B;Reform Army and Navy;x
ACTIONNAME3355C;Great Army Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3356;Sheikh-ul-Islam Office instituted;x
EVENTHIST3356;Molla Fenari becomes the first Sheikh-ul-Islam in 1425. This was an office whose main function was to ensure that the conduct of government was in accordance with Islamic law. In later eras, Sheikh-ul-Islams were to wield tremendous influence in government affairs, plot against the Sultans, incite Janissary uprisings and prevent the modernization of the army and civil service.;x
ACTIONNAME3356A;Institute the office;x
ACTIONNAME3356B;Reject the idea;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3357;Imperial College Instituted;x
EVENTHIST3357;Enderun (the Imperial College) was established by Mehmed II in Constantinople. Promising devsirmes (kidnapped Christian children from the Balkans) and sons of prominent Ottoman officials were trained in literature, theology, engineering, mathematics etc. at Enderun, preparing them for government service as civil servants and janissaries. The janissaries became rivals to the landed timariot spahi soldiers that made up the bulk of the Ottoman army, and tensions were inevitable between the two classes.;x
ACTIONNAME3357A;Found the 'Enderun';x
ACTIONNAME3357B;Expand the timariot system instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3358;Atam-Dedem Kanunu Codified;x
EVENTHIST3358;Mehmed II codified the tribal laws of Kayi Turks--the 'Atam-Dedem Kanunu' (Laws of the Forefathers)--thus giving them official recognition along with Islamic and Roman laws which were already in use. Together, they are known as the 'Kanunname-i Ali Osman' in the Ottoman Turkish language. Mehmed II thus becomes the first Lawgiver.;x
ACTIONNAME3358A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3359;The Veneto-Turkish Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3359;Since the capture of Constantinople by the Turks on May 29th, 1453, Venice had seen its commercial positions in the Black Sea deteriorate. Numerous wars had been fought between 1456 and 1490, pitching the Republic against the Ottomans, with the consequence of Venice losing more pieces of her commercial empire (inherited from the 4th Crusade in 1204) in the Aegean sea and in Greece (Athens in 1460, Negrepont in 1470). A war erupted again in 1499, Venice losing fortresses in Morea such as Modon, Coron and Navarrin.;x
ACTIONNAME3359A;Refuse even to discuss compensation;x
ACTIONNAME3359B;Give Alexandria with CoT as compensation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3360;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Shi'a rebels;x
EVENTHIST3360;Ever since the Safavid Shah Ismaďl the Great threw off the yoke of the White Sheep Turks to re-establish Persia as a nation, the Shi'a heresy had grown stronger in Anatolia. Near the end of the reign of Bayezid II, the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) rose up in revolt against the Sunni regime. Supported by Shah Ismaďl and Bayezid's own son Ahmed, the rebels threatened to change the course of Ottoman history...;x
ACTIONNAME3360A;Crush the heretics!;x
ACTIONNAME3360B;Reconcile with Ahmed;x
ACTIONNAME3360C;Adopt the Shi'a faith;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3361;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Prince Bayezid flees to Persia;x
EVENTHIST3361;Süleyman the Great fought many wars with Persia to the overall advantage of the Ottomans. Yet another serious conflict sailed up on the horizon in 1559, when the Princes Selim and Bayezid fought each other in a civil war. Bayezid lost and fled to Persia in 1561, where he probably hoped to gain the support of the Shah, but Süleyman managed to get him returned for a large sum of gold. Bayezid and his sons were then executed in the most tragic event of Süleyman's life.;x
ACTIONNAME3361A;Pay the Shah to have Bayezid extradited;x
ACTIONNAME3361B;Leave the Prince to his fate;x
ACTIONNAME3361C;Arrange to have him murdered;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3362;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Murad III's campaigns;x
EVENTHIST3362;Murad III, a Sultan ruled by women, fought the Persians in an exhausting war (1578-90) that severely strained the Empire and forced heavy taxes upon the citizens. Though the war was not for nothing--Persia had to cede Azerbaijan, Tiflis and Hamadan to the Ottomans--the resources might have been better spent elsewhere.;x
ACTIONNAME3362A;Fan the Flames of War;x
ACTIONNAME3362B;Maintain the status quo;x
ACTIONNAME3362C;Seek reconciliation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3363;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Persians take advantage of Ottoman instability;x
EVENTHIST3363;The Spahi revolts in Eastern Anatolia encouraged the Persian Shah to seek revenge for the humiliating losses incurred by Murad III. War broke out yet again in 1603.;x
ACTIONNAME3363A;This means War!;x
ACTIONNAME3363B;Concentrate on the rebels;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3366;The Expansion of the Royal Bureaucracy;x
EVENTHIST3366;Süleyman I was probably the greatest of the Ottoman Sultans. Called Kanuni (Lawgiver), he was an unsurpassed administrator who realized that the power of the provincial Beys had to be curbed by a strong central government. Thus he struggled to promote a powerful royal bureaucracy which was not popular in all camps...;x
ACTIONNAME3366A;Expand the Royal Bureaucracy;x
ACTIONNAME3366B;Promote limited reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3366C;Reduce the Royal Bureaucracy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3367;The Great Naval Reform;x
EVENTHIST3367;Selim I, called the Grim, was an ascetic man with a sharp mind. Seeing the threat of the great Christian navies, especially the Venetian one, he realized that the Ottoman Empire had to greatly expand its navy. In emulation of the Arsenale in Venice, he thus ordered the construction of the 'Imperial Halic Shipyard' in Constantinople. The great shipyard stood complete in 1517.;x
ACTIONNAME3367A;Build the Imperial Halic Shipyard;x
ACTIONNAME3367B;Build a lesser shipyard;x
ACTIONNAME3367C;Reform the army instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3368;Cem Sultan's Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3368;Cem Sultan, the governor of Karaman and Konya rebelled against his older brother Sultan Beyazid II upon the death of their father. However, Bayezid had broader support in court and Cem was ultimately defeated. He fled to Rhodes, where he remained a captive of the Knights of St. John until his death in 1494.;x
ACTIONNAME3368A;Crush Cem's rebellion;x
ACTIONNAME3368B;Seek reconciliation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3370;The Celali Uprising;x
EVENTHIST3370;Yet again the Shi'as of Eastern Anatolia rose up in rebellion, this time led by a charismatic man named Celal. For centuries, subsequent uprisings in Asia Minor, whether of religious nature or not, were to be called Celali.;x
ACTIONNAME3370A;Crush Celali and the Shi'as;x
ACTIONNAME3370B;Heed their demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3371;The Sultan becomes Caliph;x
EVENTHIST3371;Following the spectacularly successful Mamluk campaign, Sultan Selim I brought the last of the Abbasid caliphs to Istanbul as his 'guest.' The title of Caliph was then transferred to the House of Osman - henceforth Ottoman sultans were also the spiritual leaders of all Sunni Muslims.;x
ACTIONNAME3371A;Assume the title of Caliph;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3372;The Ottoman Vassalization of Al-Djazaďr;x
EVENTHIST3372;In the 1520's, the brothers Barberus, who were Greek renegades who had gone on piracy ventures in the Barbary Coast of Algiers. After much fighting, Arudj, the elder brother, assassinated the pasha of Algiers, but was later himself killed in a combat. His brother Kayr al Din succeeded him and had, at some time, 100 galleys and 4,000 pirates that he used to terrorize the whole Mediterranean. Having received a regular commission of admiral from the Sultan, he placed Al Djazaďr (Algeria) under Ottoman sovereignty prompting Spanish expeditions against Algiers.;x
ACTIONNAME3372A;We accept your submission - Vassal!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3373;The Mamluk Uprising;x
EVENTHIST3373;The treacherous governor of the newly conquered Mamluk Egypt, Canbirdi Ghazeli, rose up in rebellion against the Ottomans hoping to re-establish the Mamluk state under his own leadership.;x
ACTIONNAME3373A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3374;Mimar Sinan's Great Constructions;x
EVENTHIST3374;Mimar Sinan planned and oversaw the construction of countless mosques, aqueducts, bathhouses, bridges, palaces, caravanserais and schools during his half-a-century long career. His masterpieces are the Selimiye and Suleymaniye Mosques in Adrianople and Constantinople respectively.;x
ACTIONNAME3374A;Build great works;x
ACTIONNAME3374B;Build modest works;x
ACTIONNAME3374C;Invest in fortifications instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3375;The Great Legal Reform;x
EVENTHIST3375;Sultan Süleyman I became known as Kanuni--Lawgiver--to his own people thanks to his huge legal reforms and just rule. By codifying the secular laws, 'kanun', he lessened the importance of the rigid Muslim Shari'ah laws.;x
ACTIONNAME3375A;Codify the Ottoman Laws;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3376;The Spahi Uprisings;x
EVENTHIST3376;In 1598 a sekban leader, Karayazici Abdülhalim, united the dissatisfied groups in Anatolia, forcing the towns to pay tribute and dominating the Sivas and Dulkadir provinces in central Anatolia. When Ottoman forces were sent against them the Jelalis withdrew to Urfa in southeastern Anatolia, making it the centre of resistance. Karayazici rejected offers of governorships in Anatolia and died in 1602. His brother Deli Hasan then seized Kutahya, in western Anatolia, but later he and his followers were won over by grants of governorships. The unrest, however, continued under the leadership of Janbuladoglu in Aleppo and Yusuf Pasa and Kalenderoglu in western Anatolia. They were finally suppressed by the grand vizier Kuyucu Murad Pasa, who by 1610 had eliminated a large number of Jelalis.;x
ACTIONNAME3376A;Crush the rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3376B;Bribe the rebel leaders;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3377;Kösem Sultana;x
EVENTHIST3377;Ahmed I married a beautiful Greek slave girl who would prove a very mixed blessing to the people of the Ottoman Empire. Kösem Sultana ruled her husband as she would rule no less than four of his successors--with an iron grip. Kösem was the real power behind the throne, and although she was a very able ruler, she was not a very popular one.;x
ACTIONNAME3377A;Wed Kösem;x
ACTIONNAME3377B;Choose another wife;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3378;The Shuf Mountain Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3378;The Drusians of Lebanon and the Ottoman governor of Syria rose up against Ottoman rule in 1699. Yet again, the provincial system had produced a serious rebellion.;x
ACTIONNAME3378A;Smash the rebellion by force;x
ACTIONNAME3378B;Negotiate with the rebels;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3379;The De-centralizing Effect of the Provincial System;x
EVENTHIST3379;The provincial governors, or 'Beys', were powerful men, usually ambitious, and not always loyal. Although the Ottoman Empire did not have a noble class or a feudal system like most European nations, the Beys were a close equivalent with many of the same intrinsic problems. Intrigues and internal feuds could escalate into little civil wars without the central government objecting overly much. Naturally, the Beys were reluctant to give up their powers and usually demanded even more concessions...even to the point of outright independence.;x
ACTIONNAME3379A;More power to the Beys;x
ACTIONNAME3379B;Limit the concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3379C;Rein them in;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3380;The De-centralizing Effect of the Provincial System;x
EVENTHIST3380;The provincial governors, or 'Beys', were powerful men, usually ambitious, and not always loyal. Although the Ottoman Empire did not have a noble class or a feudal system like most European nations, the Beys were a close equivalent with many of the same intrinsic problems. Intrigues and internal feuds could escalate into little civil wars without the central government objecting overly much. Naturally, the Beys were reluctant to give up their powers and usually demanded even more concessions...even to the point of outright independence.;x
ACTIONNAME3380A;More power to the Beys;x
ACTIONNAME3380B;Limit the concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3380C;Rein them in;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3381;The De-centralizing Effect of the Provincial System;x
EVENTHIST3381;The provincial governors, or 'Beys', were powerful men, usually ambitious, and not always loyal. Although the Ottoman Empire did not have a noble class or a feudal system like most European nations, the Beys were a close equivalent with many of the same intrinsic problems. Intrigues and internal feuds could escalate into little civil wars without the central government objecting overly much. Naturally, the Beys were reluctant to give up their powers and usually demanded even more concessions...even to the point of outright independence.;x
ACTIONNAME3381A;More power to the Beys;x
ACTIONNAME3381B;Limit the concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3381C;Rein them in;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3382;The 5th Celali Uprising;x
EVENTHIST3382;In 1658 Central Anatolia once again rose up in revolt under a new breed of Jelalis.;x
ACTIONNAME3382A;Crush the rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3382B;Bribe the rebel leaders;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3383;Proposal for an Army Reform;x
EVENTHIST3383;At the end of the 16th century the recruitment policy for the Janissaries was relaxed to allow others than the specially raised and converted Christian children into their ranks. This event marked the beginning of the end for their effectiveness as a military force, transforming them instead into powerful and bothersome meddlers. Their dethronement and murder of Sultan Osman II in 1622 made clear that their power had to be broken. Young Osman tried and paid for it with his life...;x
ACTIONNAME3383A;Let the Janissaries enjoy their privileges;x
ACTIONNAME3383B;Reform the military;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3384;The Murder of Kösem;x
EVENTHIST3384;Old Kösem Sultana, still meddling in high politics, probably attempted to have her grandson Mehmed IV killed, but was herself strangled by men in the entourage of her daughter-in-law, Turhan Sultan. Although the old conniving witch was hardly missed by most, she still had loyal supporters among the Janissaries, who were outraged by her murder.;x
ACTIONNAME3384A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3385;The Age of the Köprülüs;x
EVENTHIST3385;Born around 1575/1580 in the village of Radnick in Albania, Mehmed Köprülü was a young Christian boy taken by the devshirme system (abducted and raised in the Muslim faith, just like most Janissary troops). He started his career as a cook, then moved to the Treasury. A pasha in central Anatolia, he gained a name for himself as an excellent and honest administrator--a rare creature in the Ottoman Empire. Governor of Damascus, he was called by the mother of the young sultan Mehmed IV as Grand Vizier on 15th September 1656. A fierce fighter of corruption, he enacted many successful reforms, balanced the budget and led the war against Venice. After his death in 1661, his son Fazil Ahmed 'the Virtuous' succeeded him and governed till 1676. Other Grand Viziers such as Kara Mustafa (1676-1683), Mustafa Pasha (1689-1691) and Hussein Pasha (1697-1702) were his direct heirs.;x
ACTIONNAME3385A;Support the Köprülü Family;x
ACTIONNAME3385B;Rely on more popular advisors;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3386;The Reforms of Kemankes;x
EVENTHIST3386;During the reign of Ibrahim I, 'Kemankes' Kara Mustafa Pasha, was the Sadrazam, or prime minister. He tried to curtail overspending and revitalized the navy, but was finally executed by the Sultan in 1644. The Sultan had instead started to heed Jinji Hoja--a minor religious official with a reputation for occult powers who was brought into the palace to remedy the sultan's lack of heirs.;x
ACTIONNAME3386A;Empower Kemankes;x
ACTIONNAME3386B;Compromise;x
ACTIONNAME3386C;Ignore his advice;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3387;The Treaty of Kasr-i Sirin;x
EVENTHIST3387;The Treaty of Kasr-i Sirin, signed between the Ottoman Empire and Persia in 1635, established borders that have changed little to this day. Hostilities between the two great empires decreased remarkably following the treaty as their relations steadily improved until 1722 when war broke out again. However, the treaty was dusted off and renewed in 1747.;x
ACTIONNAME3387A;Full Reconciliation;x
ACTIONNAME3387B;Moderate Treaty;x
ACTIONNAME3387C;No Treaty;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3388;Turko-Polish Tensions;x
EVENTHIST3388;Poland and Turkey came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to Turkey and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by Turkey. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Turks and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Turkish withdrawal from Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3388A;Rattle the sabers;x
ACTIONNAME3388B;Seek reconciliation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3389;Turko-Polish Tensions;x
EVENTHIST3389;Poland and Turkey came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to Turkey and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by Turkey. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Turks and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Turkish withdrawal from Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3389A;Rattle the sabers;x
ACTIONNAME3389B;Seek reconciliation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3390;Turko-Polish Tensions;x
EVENTHIST3390;Poland and Turkey came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to Turkey and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by Turkey. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Turks and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Turkish withdrawal from Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3390A;Rattle the sabers;x
ACTIONNAME3390B;Seek reconciliation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3391;The Tunisian Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3391;In the first decades of the 18th century the Beys and Deys (Janissary leaders) of Northern Africa were in a rebellious mood in the wake of the Peace of Carlowitz between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League. In 1705, Hussein bin Ali Agha of Cretan origin staged a coup and founded the Husseinic dynasty which ruled Tunisia until 1957. Tunisia did not become truly autonomous at once, but it gained a large measure of independence.;x
ACTIONNAME3391A;Accept a free Tunisia;x
ACTIONNAME3391B;Crush the rebels;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3392;The Tripolitanian Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3392;In 1711, Ahmad Karamanli, a Turkish cavalry officer and Janissary Dey, killed the Ottoman governor of Tripolitania and prevailed upon the Sultan to name him Bey. The post of governor remained hereditary in the Karamanli family until 1835. While the Karamanlis formally answered to Istanbul, Tripolitania was in effect an autonomous state.;x
ACTIONNAME3392A;Accept a free Tripolitania;x
ACTIONNAME3392B;Crush the rebels;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3393;Lale Devri - The Tulip Era);x
EVENTHIST3393;Under the rule of Sultan Ahmed III and Sadrazam Damat Ibrahim Pasha, the Ottoman Empire entered a period of unprecedented westernization. The printing press, previously outlawed by the Sheikh-ul-Islams, is introduced to the nation's capital. Ambassadors were sent to Western European nations for the first time in history. Modern textile, paper and porcelain manufactories were built. Despite these improvements, much of the treasury was also wasted on new palaces, gardens and parks in Istanbul. The lavish lifestyle of the royal family and the court aristocracy was intensely resented by the public and religious authorities.;x
ACTIONNAME3393A;Begin westernization process;x
ACTIONNAME3393B;Initiate moderate reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3393C;Islam is the Law!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3394;Ali Bey's Rebellion in Egypt;x
EVENTHIST3394;When war broke out between Russia and Turkey, Ali Bey declared Egypt's independence and proposed to fight on the Russian side, refusing to pay any more taxes to the Ottomans. Next, he invaded Syria, but he was betrayed by his rival Ismaďl Bey and killed in 1773.;x
ACTIONNAME3394A;Crush the rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3394B;Negotiate a solution;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3395;The Horrible Plague in Anatolia;x
EVENTHIST3395;During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Anatolia was afflicted with intermittent outbreaks of cholera and the bubonic plague.;x
ACTIONNAME3395A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3396;The Horrible Plague in Anatolia;x
EVENTHIST3396;During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Anatolia was afflicted with intermittent outbreaks of cholera and the bubonic plague.;x
ACTIONNAME3396A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3397;The End of Lale Devri;x
EVENTHIST3397;In 1730, discontent with the westernization and the excesses of the ruling classes finally erupted in a rebellion led by Patrona Halil. Nevsehirli Ibrahim Pasa was killed and Ahmed III deposed. Not content with that, the pavilions and mansions were demolished to erase all traces of the Tulip Era.;x
ACTIONNAME3397A;Allow Ahmed III to be deposed;x
ACTIONNAME3397B;Crush the revolt;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3398;The Independence of the Mamluks in Egypt;x
EVENTHIST3398;Since the Ottoman conquest of 1517-1518, the Mamluks of Egypt had lost official independence, but managed to retain most of the levels of power, although nominally under command from a pasha nominated by the Sultan in Constantinople. In the late 18th century, the influence of the Turkish Pasha was insignificant and the Mamluk Beys behaved nearly as the rulers of an independent nation, paying tribute and taxes whenever they wanted and limiting their duties as Turkish vassals to the minimum. Under Mehmet Ali (who became viceroy in 1805 after French evacuation, and until his death in 1849), the factual independence became official at last.;x
ACTIONNAME3398A;Accept a free Egypt;x
ACTIONNAME3398B;Crush the rebels!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3399;Serbian Independence;x
EVENTHIST3399;The Serbian independence movement grew strong under Karageorge and Milos Obrenovic in the first two decades of the 19th century. The two men hated each other, and Milos probably had Karageorge murdered in 1817. After the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29, Serbia finally became an internationally recognized principality under Turkish suzerainty and Russian protection.;x
ACTIONNAME3399A;Accept a free Serbia;x
ACTIONNAME3399B;Crush the revolt!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3400;Proposal for an Army Reform;x
EVENTHIST3400;Upon his ascension to the throne, Mahmud I was faced with the unpleasant task of restoring order after the Patrona Halil uprising in Constantinople in 1730. Advised by the Comte de Bonneval (Humbaraci Ahmed Pasa, a French convert to Islam), he initiated a series of comprehensive military reforms. The artillery corps was reorganized and a new military academy (Kara Muhendishanesi) was established.;x
ACTIONNAME3400A;Reform military and establish the 'Kara Muhendishanesi';x
ACTIONNAME3400B;Reform the military;x
ACTIONNAME3400C;Let the Janissaries enjoy their privileges;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3369;Ismaďl's Resurrection of Persia;x
EVENTHIST3369;Ismaďl emerged at the age of 14 to take his father's position as head of the Kizilbash (a Shi'a Turkmen tribe). He quickly established a base of power in north-western Persia, and in 1501 he took the city of Tabriz and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran. In a succession of swift conquests he crushed the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep Turks) and resurrected the nation of Iran under his Safavid dynasty.;x
ACTIONNAME3369A;Crush the Shi'a rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3369B;Negotiate with Ismaďl;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3558;Ismaďl's Resurrection of Persia;x
EVENTHIST3558;Ismaďl emerged at the age of 14 to take his father's position as head of the Kizilbash (a Shi'a Turkmen tribe). He quickly established a base of power in north-western Persia, and in 1501 he took the city of Tabriz and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran. In a succession of swift conquests he crushed the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep Turks) and resurrected the nation of Iran under his Safavid dynasty.;x
ACTIONNAME3558A;Crush the Shi'a rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3558B;Negotiate with Ismaďl;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3559;The Reforms of Ismaďl;x
EVENTHIST3559;Shah Ismaďl Safavid was not only a great conqueror but also a great consolidator and reformer. His competent rule laid the foundation for the resurrected Persian state. The people, who had suffered like animals under Tamerlane and the Turkmen tribes, regarded their Shah as a saint and set to their tasks with great enthusiasm.;x
ACTIONNAME3559A;Reform trade and infrastructure;x
ACTIONNAME3559B;Reform the army;x
ACTIONNAME3559C;Fortify the realm;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3560;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Shi'a rebels;x
EVENTHIST3560;Ever since the Safavid Shah Ismaďl the Great threw off the yoke of the White Sheep Turks to re-establish Persia as a nation, the Shi'a sect had grown stronger in Anatolia. Near the end of the reign of Bayezid II, the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) rose up in revolt against the Sunni regime. Supported by Shah Ismaďl and Bayezid's own son Ahmed, the rebels threatened to change the course of Ottoman history...;x
ACTIONNAME3560A;Support the Anatolian Shi'as;x
ACTIONNAME3560B;Leave them to their fate;x
ACTIONNAME3560C;Betray the rebels to please the Sultan;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3561;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Prince Beyazid flees to Persia;x
EVENTHIST3561;Süleyman the Great fought many wars with Persia to the overall advantage of the Ottomans. Yet another serious conflict sailed up on the horizon in 1559, when the Princes Selim and Bayezid fought each other in a civil war. Bayezid lost and fled to Persia in 1561, where he probably hoped to gain the support of the Shah, but Süleyman managed to get him returned for a large sum of gold. Bayezid and his sons were then executed in the most tragic event of Süleyman's life.;x
ACTIONNAME3561A;Deliver Prince Beyazid to the Sultan;x
ACTIONNAME3561B;Refuse to hand him over;x
ACTIONNAME3561C;Give active support to Beyazid;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3562;Turko-Persian Conflicts: Murad III's campaigns against Persia;x
EVENTHIST3562;Murad III, a Sultan ruled by women, fought the Persians in an exhausting war (1578-90) that severely strained the Empire and forced heavy taxes upon the citizens. Though the war was not for nothing--Persia had to cede Azerbaijan, Tiflis and Hamadan to the Ottomans--the resources might have been better spent elsewhere.;x
ACTIONNAME3562A;Teach the Turk a lesson!;x
ACTIONNAME3562B;Ignore the Ottoman threat;x
ACTIONNAME3562C;Seek diplomatic solution;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3563;Turko-Persian Tension;x
EVENTHIST3563;The Spahi revolts in Eastern Anatolia encouraged the Persian Shah to seek revenge for the humiliating losses incurred by Murad III. War broke out yet again in 1603.;x
ACTIONNAME3563A;Support the Turkish rebels and prepare for war;x
ACTIONNAME3563B;Concentrate on internal issues;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3564;The Reforms of Abbas the Great;x
EVENTHIST3564;The reign of Shah Abbas the Great marked the pinnacle of the Safavid dynasty. He developed a disciplined standing army, crushed the Uzbeks and avenged himself on the Ottomans. In 1598, he chose Isfahan as his new capital. A supporter of the arts, especially architecture, he adorned Isfahan with some of the finest Islamic monuments in the world. He built a number of mosques, schools, bridges and a major bazaar. During his reign, Persian craftsmen and artists excelled in creating fine silks, cloths, porcelain, metalwork, calligraphy, miniatures and carpets.;x
ACTIONNAME3564A;Move the capital to Isfahan;x
ACTIONNAME3564B;Retain the old capital;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3565;The Advisors of Abbas the Great;x
EVENTHIST3565;Shah Abbas greatly admired the military skills of the Western Europeans and gladly accepted Christian missionaries to his realm, even pretending to be on the verge of converting himself. The Shah finally secured the help of two Englishmen--Anthony and Robert Sherley--to reform the Persian army and navy. The results were not long in coming. Abbas took Bahrein from the Portuguese and sacked their base at Hormouz. The European advisors, however, were not popular in all quarters...;x
ACTIONNAME3565A;Hire the English advisors;x
ACTIONNAME3565B;Rely on domestic advisors;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3566;Political Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3566;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3566A;Let the Clans fight;x
ACTIONNAME3566B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3567;Political Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3567;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3567A;Let the Clans fight;x
ACTIONNAME3567B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3568;Political Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3568;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3568A;Let the Clans fight;x
ACTIONNAME3568B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3569;Political Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3569;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3569A;Let the Clans fight;x
ACTIONNAME3569B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3570;Political Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3570;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3570A;Let the Clans fight;x
ACTIONNAME3570B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3571;Political Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3571;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3571A;Let the Clans fight;x
ACTIONNAME3571B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3572;Political Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3572;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3572A;Let the Clans fight;x
ACTIONNAME3572B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3573;Political Turmoil;x
EVENTHIST3573;Safavid power was based on the Kizilbash (Shi'a Turkmen) tribesmen of Asia Minor who originally defeated the Ak Koyunlu. Unfortunately, the clans were unruly, constantly fighting each other and vying for control of the Shah. Under Abbas they were kept on a tight leash, but with his passing Persia was once more plagued by their infighting. Eventually their power waned, but they were only to be replaced by rebellious warlords from Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the 18th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3573A;Let the Clans fight;x
ACTIONNAME3573B;Buy the loyalty of the Clans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3574;Political Fragmentation;x
EVENTHIST3574;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;x
ACTIONNAME3574A;Let the factions conspire;x
ACTIONNAME3574B;Tighten state control;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3575;Political Fragmentation;x
EVENTHIST3575;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;x
ACTIONNAME3575A;Tighten state control;x
ACTIONNAME3575B;Let the factions conspire;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3576;Political Fragmentation;x
EVENTHIST3576;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;x
ACTIONNAME3576A;Let the factions conspire;x
ACTIONNAME3576B;Tighten state control;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3577;Political Fragmentation;x
EVENTHIST3577;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;x
ACTIONNAME3577A;Let the factions conspire;x
ACTIONNAME3577B;Tighten state control;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3578;Political Fragmentation;x
EVENTHIST3578;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;x
ACTIONNAME3578A;Let the factions conspire;x
ACTIONNAME3578B;Tighten state control;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3579;Political Fragmentation;x
EVENTHIST3579;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;x
ACTIONNAME3579A;Tighten state control;x
ACTIONNAME3579B;Let the factions conspire;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3580;Political Fragmentation;x
EVENTHIST3580;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;x
ACTIONNAME3580A;Let the factions conspire;x
ACTIONNAME3580B;Tighten state control;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3581;Political Fragmentation;x
EVENTHIST3581;The death of Abbas consigned Iran to a long and painful slide into chaos. The decline resulted from weak rulers, interference by the women of the harem in politics, the re-emergence of Kizilbash rivalries, maladministration of state lands, excessive taxation, the decline of trade, and the weakening of Safavid military organization.;x
ACTIONNAME3581A;Let the factions conspire;x
ACTIONNAME3581B;Tighten state control;x
#;x
# SWEDISH EVENTS;;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3217;The Engelbrekt Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3217;Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson is a legendary and enigmatic figure in Swedish medieval history. In 1434 the peasants of Dalarna (The Dales) in Sweden had had enough of union king Erik's crushing taxes and brutal sheriffs. Led by Engelbrekt, the peasants and miners, supported by certain factions within the church and gentry, rose up in open rebellion. They captured castle after castle and soon controlled the greater part of Sweden. Meanwhile, Erik Puke had joined Engelbrekt in revolt in Finland. For two years, Engelbrekt was the de-facto ruler of Sweden, but intrigue among the noblemen and infighting between Engelbrekt, Erik Puke and Karl Knutsson finally resulted in Engelbrekts murder at the hands of Mĺns Bengtsson Natt och Dag.;x
ACTIONNAME3217A;Have Engelbrekt murdered;x
ACTIONNAME3217B;Direct the rebellion towards Denmark proper;x
ACTIONNAME3217C;Pick of the torch of freedom!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3218;The Kalmar Recess;x
EVENTHIST3218;Following Sweden's victory over Russia in 1497, the scheming Union King Hans realized he had to curb the power of the Swedish marshal Sten Sture (the elder). Defeating the Swedes at Rotebro he marched into Stockholm and was crowned King of Sweden, but only after granting amnesty to Sten Sture and the rebels. This event was called the 'Kalmar Recess'. In 1500, following King Hans's crushing defeat by the peasant rebels in the Ditmarsk, Sten Sture and the Swedish nobles rejected the Kalmar Racess, claiming Hans had not been honoring the agreement. This was to mark the beginning of the end for the Union of Kalmar.;x
ACTIONNAME3218A;Reject the Kalmar Recess;x
ACTIONNAME3218B;Honor the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3219;The End of the Kalmar Union;x
EVENTHIST3219;The crown councils of Norway, Sweden and Denmark met in 1397 in the city of Kalmar and decided to unite the three Scandinavian nations under a single monarch. This 'Union of Kalmar', at the time the largest state in Europe, was troubled from the start by its loose organization and unbalancing Danish domination. Constant strife in the late 1470's between Sweden and Denmark led to the final dissolution of the Union in 1523, when the national council of Sweden chose the freedom fighter Gustav Eriksson Vasa as King Gustav I (1523-1560), long after Regent Sten Sture I of Sweden had defeated the Danes at the battle of the Brunkeberg in 1471.;x
ACTIONNAME3219A;Freedom!;x
ACTIONNAME3219B;Stay in the Union;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3234;The End of the Kalmar Union;x
EVENTHIST3234;The crown councils of Norway, Sweden and Denmark met in 1397 in the city of Kalmar and decided to unite the three Scandinavian nations under a single monarch. This 'Union of Kalmar', at the time the largest state in Europe, was troubled from the start by its loose organization and unbalancing Danish domination. Constant strife in the late 1470's between Sweden and Denmark led to the final dissolution of the Union in 1523, when the national council of Sweden chose the freedom fighter Gustav Eriksson Vasa as King Gustav I. You however, have chosen to roll the dice earlier...;x
ACTIONNAME3234A;Death to the Danish tyrant!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3220;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3220;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of the collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has accepted to sign an Agreement with Poland and Sweden.;x
ACTIONNAME3220A;Accept Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3220B;Only accept your part of the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3221;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3221;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of the collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has accepted to sign an Agreement with Denmark and Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3221A;Defy the Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3221B;Accept the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3222;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3222;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has decided to revert to Catholicism and defy all claims on its territories.;x
ACTIONNAME3222A;Defy the Knights;x
ACTIONNAME3222B;Accept this Government;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3223;The Centralization Reforms of Gustav Vasa;x
EVENTHIST3223;Upon his ascension to the Swedish throne, Gustav Vasa was faced with a seemingly endless list of discouraging tasks. The country was in massive debt to the Hansa (which threatened to side with Denmark in its attempts to restore the Union), the nobles were untrustworthy, and the army and navy were in shambles. Worst of all, however, was the unbalanced distribution of land. The crown lands were too small to provide the vital taxes needed to support the state. The king proved up to the challenge, and with unpopular reductions and obsessive micromanagement he got the country back on its feet. In his early reign, Gustav also sought to gain the Skĺne counties and Gotland from Denmark with the help of the Hansa. He didn't succeed, but the claim had been staked...;x
ACTIONNAME3223A;Hansa-friendly Reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3223B;Hansa-hostile Reforms;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3224;The Dacke Feud;x
EVENTHIST3224;Nils Dacke was a well-off farmer from Smĺland who got so fed up with the centralism, high taxes and confiscation of church property that he led the old border county in open revolt. Thousands of peasants with improvised weaponry marched across the border into Östergötland. Initially the peasants were successful, but when the king brought in German mercenaries their fortunes quickly reversed. In the forests of Smĺland, Nils Dacke is still regarded as a hero of the common folk.;x
ACTIONNAME3224A;Crush the rebellion;x
ACTIONNAME3224B;Negotiate with Dacke;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3226;The Parliament of Västerĺs;x
EVENTHIST3226;During the Swedish liberation war, the Crown had accrued enormous debts to the Hanseatic League and Gustav Vasa needed money quickly in order to placate the powerful merchants. At the Parliament of Västerĺs in the summer of 1527 he took the first step towards Protestantism when the church was obliged to 'lend' the state money in the form of silver chalices, bells and other valuable objects. Over the coming three decades, Sweden gradually slipped into the evangelic faith despite several uprisings.;x
ACTIONNAME3226A;Convert to Protestantism;x
ACTIONNAME3226B;Remain true to Catholicism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3227;The Walloons in Sweden;x
EVENTHIST3227;In 1614, the Walloon entrepreneur Louis de Geer set up shop in Sweden and undertook the development of the iron ore mining and foundries in northern Sweden. For some time already, Walloon craftsmen from the Hainaut, Brabant and Luxemburg regions had been fleeing unemployment and immigrated to Sweden. The influx of master metal workers and ore refiners vitalized the industry and led to a massive improvement in steel quality - a major advantage in weapons manufacture. In a few decades, Sweden became a major exporter of steel and cannon as well as copper and iron.;x
ACTIONNAME3227A;Encourage Walloon immigration;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3228;The Military Reforms of Gustavus Adolphus;x
EVENTHIST3228;In the early 17th century, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus undertook a set of measures to reform the Swedish military system. Sweden would develop a professional army around the conscription of soldiers on the basis of same geographical origin (cities, hamlets, villages) that would bring team spirit and cohesion to units that did not exist in most mercenary armies of the time. The tactical innovations included shallower and broader formations to maximize firepower, cross training between the army branches, and light, highly mobile field artillery. The new Swedish tactical doctrine was based on firepower and mobility, eschewing heavy artillery and slow-moving tercios.;x
ACTIONNAME3228A;Regional Conscription;x
ACTIONNAME3228B;Mercenary Core;x
ACTIONNAME3228C;Naval Expansion;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3230;Emperor Charles Philip of Russia;x
EVENTHIST3230;During the Russian Time of Troubles, Sweden intervened in favor of the elected Czar Vasily Shuisky. Poland also intervened and managed to place their candidate Vladislav Vasa on the throne for a short while, ousting Vasily Shuisky. When the Poles were eventually driven off, the Russians agreed to elect the Swedish prince Karl Filip, brother to Gustavus Vasa, but the young prince was reluctant to go, and certain political factions desired territorial concessions from the Russians instead. In 1613 the Russians got tired of waiting and united under Michael Romanov instead.;x
ACTIONNAME3230A;The Prince deserves better;x
ACTIONNAME3230B;He will make an excellent Czar!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3231;The Mercantile Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3231;During the first half of the 17th century, the newly risen great power of Sweden sought ways of reforming her trade as effectively as she had the army. Foreign entrepreneurs (mostly from the Low Countries, like Louis de Geer) started up flourishing businesses and provided excellent role models for Swedish merchants. The Swedes were even persuaded by certain Dutchmen to embark on lucrative colonial ventures, but the attempts were half-hearted as Sweden chose instead to pursue an aggressive continental policy. Swedish trade never really took off either, due to the constant mercantilist interference of a money starved government.;x
ACTIONNAME3231A;Mercantilist Policy;x
ACTIONNAME3231B;Free Trade Policy;x
ACTIONNAME3231C;Align with Dutch colonialism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3232;The Absolutism;x
EVENTHIST3232;After the disastrous war of 1674-79, which Sweden was more or less forced into by France, Charles XI and broad layers of the Swedish administration realized that something had to change. The King, in two surprisingly painless parliament sessions 1680 and 1682, assumed sole control of the country with no obligation to heed either parliament or royal council. Thus began the period of Caroline absolutism in Sweden, with the king called 'the Graycoat' for his humility and simple habits, answerable only to God.;x
ACTIONNAME3232A;The King shall rule supreme;x
ACTIONNAME3232B;The King must heed the Council;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3233;Axel Oxenstierna;x
EVENTHIST3233;Born in 1583, Axel Oxenstierna started his civil career for the Swedish State in 1602, and became Chancellor between 1612 and 1654. He proved to be the most able administrator Sweden has ever had. Like Charles IX, Oxenstierna was impressed by Calvinism, and harbored notions of adopting at least elements of that faith. As Gustavus Adolphus's right hand man, he fought against the king's plans to intervene in the Thirty Years War. However, after the death of the king at Lützen in 1632, he assumed the leadership of the Protestant cause and managed to convince the French to actively participate in the conflict. He always followed domestic policies closely, but lost most of his influence following the abdication of Queen Christina, which he opposed. He died in 1654, shortly after the coronation of King Charles X Gustavus.;x
ACTIONNAME3233A;Appoint him Chancellor;x
ACTIONNAME3233B;Allow him free reign;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3235;The Court of Appeals;x
EVENTHIST3235;Gustavus Adolphus founded the first Swedish court of appeals, 'Svea Hovrätt', in 1614 as a higher instance than the old local courts, or 'tingsrätt'. Today there are six such courts in Sweden.;x
ACTIONNAME3235A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3236;Oxenstierna's Regency;x
EVENTHIST3236;Upon Gustavus Adolphus not entirely unexpected but greatly feared demise at Lützen on November 6, 1632 Axel Oxenstierna had to shoulder the full burden of governing the realm as head regent for Gustavus's six year old daughter Christina. The brilliant administrator kept the nation running smoothly, but the aristocratic tendencies that had been kept in check by the late king were unleashed in full by the high lords of the regency to the great detriment of the lower classes and the Crown. One of the other five regents was Karl Karlsson Gyllenhielm, bastard brother to Gustavus and high admiral of the realm. Of the lot, he was the least concerned with personal wealth and privileges.;x
ACTIONNAME3236A;Regency under Oxenstierna;x
ACTIONNAME3236B;Regency under Gyllenhielm;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3237;The Quarter Reduction of Charles X;x
EVENTHIST3237;Charles Gustavus selection as crown prince came about only with promises of change for the peasants and burghers at the Riksdag of 1650. Thus, when he succeeded Christina to the throne in 1654 he felt an obligation to lighten their burden as well as strengthen the state finances. As always, there were only two real ways of accomplishing this - reduction or increased contributions from the aristocracy. With great reluctance the nobles agreed to a limited reduction. After all, increased contributions were almost the same thing as paying taxes, something nobles simply didn't do.;x
ACTIONNAME3237A;More land to the Crown!;x
ACTIONNAME3237B;Force the nobles to contribute more;x
ACTIONNAME3237C;Align with the Lords;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3239;Queen Christina-The Catholic Maiden;x
EVENTHIST3239;At the parliament of 1650 Christina had set her mind on making her cousin Charles Gustavus heir to the throne and she also did. But what if...?  Her intention to abdicate had reached the ears of Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie and the men around him. The High Nobility of Sweden defied this and managed to break any burgher-peasant coalition Christina manages to create. In a nightly discussion De la Gardie promised the Queen that she might herself choose the religion of her conscience if she stayed as Queen and ruled together with the cream of the Nobility. However, should she decide not to, then De la Gardie and his friend would see to it that Charles Gustavus never became heir. Thus, Christina surrendered and chose to stay on the throne in 1654.;x
ACTIONNAME3239A;Abdicate;x
ACTIONNAME3239B;Stay and personally convert to Catholicism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3240;De La Gardie's Regency;x
EVENTHIST3240;On his deathbed, Charles X appointed the regents for his son Charles in a way that would limit the power of the high aristocracy to avoid a situation similar to Axel Oxenstierna's regency. Soon after he was dead however, the Council and the House of Lords managed to replace two of his closest supporters, Prince Adolf Johan and Herman Fleming, with the more pliable Lars Kagg and Gustav Bonde. The result was a return to the government statutes of 1634, with policies closely aligned with the interests of the landed nobles.;x
ACTIONNAME3240A;Replace the king's men;x
ACTIONNAME3240B;Comply with the king's will;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3241;The Great Northern Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3241;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislas Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;x
ACTIONNAME3241A;Denmark First-Strategy;x
ACTIONNAME3241B;Poland First-Strategy;x
ACTIONNAME3241C;Russia First-Strategy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3243;The Great Reduction;x
EVENTHIST3243;The Swedish kings of the 16th and 17th centuries alternated between acceptance and dislike of the nobility. In Gustav Vasa's time there was little difference between a rich farmer and a nobleman, but the situation changed towards the end of his life. Erik XIV kept the nobles on a short leash whereas his brother John wanted to expand their privileges. The third brother, who was to become Charles IX, hated the nobility with an almost revolutionary fervor and surrounded himself with men of the lower classes, toying with ideas that were unheard of in his time. Under Gustavus Adolphus and Axel Oxenstierna the pendulum swung the other way and the nobles gained both land and power. This tendency took an abrupt end with Charles XI, who after the humiliating defeat of Sweden in 1679 commenced a policy of wide scale reductions of the lands and powers of the nobility and abolished the special privileges of the Baltic lords.;x
ACTIONNAME3243A;Time of reckoning for the lords;x
ACTIONNAME3243B;Bargain with the lords;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3244;The Great Army Reorganisation;x
EVENTHIST3244;Charles XI was not a great warrior king like his father and his son, but he was a great reorganizer and consolidator. Apart from his centralization efforts and huge reduction of aristocratic land holdings he also remodelled the army. Most importantly, he devised the genial 'indelningsverk', or military-tenure system. The system was a military organisation where the soldiers were given a croft to live in and cultivate (made possible by the reduction), where the harvest served as their wages. Thus the country could maintain a large army in both times of peace and of war. If a peasant assumed the responsibility of maintaining an enlisted rider, his horse and equipment, he was exempted from conscription and freed from paying taxes. The peasants could cooperate in groups of 2-5 farms and maintain a soldier or a sailor. The soldiers were organized into companies of 150 men, and every county should field a regiment of 1200 men. The new system also made no distinction between officers of noble birth and commoners.;x
ACTIONNAME3244A;Reform the army;x
ACTIONNAME3244B;Use the old system;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3245;The Oriental Diplomacy;x
EVENTHIST3245;The Great Northern War required powerful allies - something Sweden had rarely been blessed with before. Charles XII thought he had found such allies in the Ottoman Empire and the Ukrainian Cossacks under Mazepa, but his hopes were eventually most cruelly dashed. Mazepa proved much less resourceful than expected and the Turks were notoriously unreliable. However, the only alternative allies were the great nations of Western Europe, and they were in no real position to strike against Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3245A;Align with the Oriental Powers;x
ACTIONNAME3245B;Align with France;x
ACTIONNAME3245C;Align with England and Holland;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3246;Arvid Horn and the Age of Freedom;x
EVENTHIST3246;The death of the childless Charles XII left his younger sister Ulrika Eleonora in charge as Queen. The staunch parliamentarian, Chancellor Arvid Horn, immediately seized this opportunity to bring down the absolutism and strengthen the powers of Parliament. While his democratic leanings were in a way commendable, his actions were to completely destabilize Sweden and make her a puppet of foreign interests for the next 50 years. This so called Age of Freedom also saw the aristocracy regain some of their lost ground. However, the young queen saw no clear alternative that would not upset her war weary people too much.;x
ACTIONNAME3246A;Abandon absolutism;x
ACTIONNAME3246B;Hold on to the reins;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3247;The Product Act;x
EVENTHIST3247;In 1724, following the disastrous conclusion to the Great Northern War, the Swedish Riksdag decided to implement a policy similar to the English Act of Navigation of 1651. Success was very limited. Although the ship building industry was stimulated as a positive side-effect, the increase in trade revenues was slight. In the end, the act mainly succeeded in garnering the hostility of the English and Dutch merchants who were the obvious targets.;x
ACTIONNAME3247A;Pass the Act;x
ACTIONNAME3247B;Maintain the present policy;x
ACTIONNAME3247C;Ease up on the present policy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3248;Pietism and the Conventicle Edict;x
EVENTHIST3248;Pietism was a religious movement that started in Germany during the latter part of the 17th century. Traditionally, the Pietist movement has been viewed as a backlash against intellectualism prevalent in and among the Protestant ranks, especially in the Lutheran Church during that period. The poor Swedish soldiers, who spent long years as prisoners in Tobolsk following the battle of Poltava, had to hold their own Lutheran mass thus learning to appreciate pietism. It was with their return that the movement really took off in Sweden. However, the Swedish Lutheran Church disapproved most strongly of unauthorized preaching, which led to the Conventicle Edict of 1726, forbidding any religious gatherings outside the framework of the Church.;x
ACTIONNAME3248A;Sign the Conventicle Edict;x
ACTIONNAME3248B;Allow Pietism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3249;The Polish Succession of 1733;x
EVENTHIST3249;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;x
ACTIONNAME3249A;Fight for Old Stanislaus;x
ACTIONNAME3249B;Be Neutral under the Mists of Warcry;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3250;The Kurland Succession of 1726;x
EVENTHIST3250;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Sejm managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;x
ACTIONNAME3250A;We will defend our claims;x
ACTIONNAME3250B;Leave this death-trap alone;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3251;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3251;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on April 19 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child - even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. The Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3251A;Remain Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3251B;Anti-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3251C;Pro-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3253;The Mercantile Reforms of the Hats;x
EVENTHIST3253;The Swedish Hat party, impressed by the large manufactories in the Netherlands and England, decided to speed up the industrialization in Sweden by founding a number of state controlled ventures in cooperation with the potato farmer and industrial magnate Jonas Ahlströmer. Success was limited, but some of the manufactories proved able to turn out a handsome profit... eventually.;x
ACTIONNAME3253A;Time to Experiment;x
ACTIONNAME3253B;Mercantilism is Dead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3261;The Reforms of Gustav IV Adolf;x
EVENTHIST3261;Gustav IV Adolf was in many ways the complete opposite of his father. Upon assuming the throne, he immediately put an end to the glamorous but costly balls, state dinners and parties that Gustav III had so dearly loved. Indeed, despite his other failures, Gustav IV Adolf had a keen sense of economy and the state finances improved significantly under his administration.;x
ACTIONNAME3261A;Reform the economy;x
ACTIONNAME3261B;Carry on as before;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3262;The Coup d'Etat and the Enlightened Despot;x
EVENTHIST3262;Gustav III, upon succeeding to the Swedish throne, beheld a nation being sucked down into a maelstrom of chaos by the paralyzing bickering of the Hat and Cap parties. Something had to be done, and soon, or Sweden might share the same fate as poor, unfortunate Poland. So, rather than standing back and watching his nation being torn asunder by Scylla and Carybdis, the king took matters in his own hands and seized power through a bloodless Coup d'Etat. Thus began the Gustavian period of Swedish history.;x
ACTIONNAME3262A;The King shall rule!;x
ACTIONNAME3262B;No more tyrants!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3263;The Act of Union and Security;x
EVENTHIST3263;In response to the rising clamor for more power to the aristocracy, Gustav III appealed to the three lower estates (clergy, burghers, and peasants) of the Riksdag and in 1789 established a new constitution that augmented the royal authority. This Act of Union and Security was in effect almost a return to the days of absolutism under Charles XI and XII. It proved too much for the aristocracy however, and the king was murdered while attending the Stockholm opera house on March 16, 1792;x
ACTIONNAME3263A;Pass the Act;x
ACTIONNAME3263B;Refuse the Act;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3264;The Great Agricultural Reform;x
EVENTHIST3264;Gustav IV Adolf has always been blamed for the loss of Finland, and been accused of being a weak and insanely stubborn monarch. Time has forgotten the many important reforms he put in motion - not the least of which was the great agricultural reform supervised by Rutger MacLean. MacLean was a harsh man, who didn't hesitate to burn down the houses of peasants who refused to move to their assigned lots. But in the end the farmers thanked him, as the new methods and larger fields resulted in more bountiful harvests than ever before.;x
ACTIONNAME3264A;Initiate the Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3264B;Carry on as before;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3283;The Engelbrekt Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3283;Union King Erik was a harsh man, and his sheriffs reflected all of his worst traits. One of the cruellest was Jösse Eriksson, a nobleman of Danish birth and appointed sheriff of Bergslagen in Sweden. Acting like a petty chieftain, Jösse took whatever he fancied from the oppressed people - including their women. Finally, the peasants and miners had had enough and sent Engelbrekt to demand that Jösse be replaced by a decent man. King Erik agreed and sent an almost equally cruel sheriff, a German named Hans von Eberstein, to Bergslagen. The flames of revolt rose up in 1434...;x
ACTIONNAME3283A;Replace Jösse with Hans von Eberstein;x
ACTIONNAME3283B;Replace Jösse with a lenient sheriff;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3756;The Rebellion Spreads;x
EVENTHIST3756;Milord, the Swedish rebel Engelbrekt has spread his accursed rebellion to our peaceful realm!;x
ACTIONNAME3756A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3284;The Sound Due;x
EVENTHIST3284;The Sound Due was introduced by King Erik in 1429 and was not abolished until 1857. All ships passing through the Sound ('Řresund') were forced to anchor off Helsingřr and pay dues to the Danish Crown. The merchants had no choice but to comply since the Sound was the only water lane into the Baltic Sea. The due was enormous, and its impact on politics was almost as big as on the economy - the Danish king could easily decide on different levels of tariffs for the various nationalities of the ships passing through. Swedish merchants were often particularly targeted, which was an important contributing factor to the bitter enmity between the nations.;x
ACTIONNAME3284A;Impose the Sound Due;x
ACTIONNAME3284B;Let trade flow freely;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3285;The Pluralistic Reforms of Christian II;x
EVENTHIST3285;Upon succeeding to the throne, Christian II bypassed the Rigsrĺd and used the chancellery to grant commercial privileges to merchants, overriding the claims of Danish nobles and traders of the Hanseatic League. In 1517 Christian accused the governor of Copenhagen Castle of poisoning his lover Dyveke, and thereafter he ignored the Rigsrĺd and the royal charter. He created an essentially bourgeois government with the burgomaster of Malmö, Hans Mikkelsen, as his special counsellor;x
ACTIONNAME3285A;Reform the Government;x
ACTIONNAME3285B;Maintain Status Quo;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3286;Vornedskab;x
EVENTHIST3286;Up until the late 15th century the peasants in Denmark, like in Sweden, had been blessed with liberties uncommon to their class in Europe at the time. Under King Hans however, this took a bitter end with the adoption of 'vornedskab', or serfdom. Peasant sons were no longer allowed to move from their lands, and particularly the peasants who worked the fields of the aristocracy soon found themselves oppressed like never before.;x
ACTIONNAME3286A;Adopt Vornedskab;x
ACTIONNAME3286B;Let the peasants be free;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3287;The Scandinavian Constitution;x
EVENTHIST3287;In 1481 King Christian I died and left the throne to his son Hans. Since the Battle of Brunkeberg in 1471, Sweden had not been a part of the Union in anything but the name. In 1483 the Councils of the Scandinavian kingdoms drafted the Halmstad Recess, an attempt to provide a Scandinavian constitution which asserted the supremacy of the high nobility, but Sten Sture, the chancellor of Sweden, refused to send a delegation to Halmstad. The Swedes delayed signing the document until 1484, and then with certain provisos.;x
ACTIONNAME3287A;Draft the Scandinavian Constitution;x
ACTIONNAME3287B;Drop the whole idea;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3288;The Great Naval Reform;x
EVENTHIST3288;Under King Hans, who came to the throne in 1481, the fleet was given a more organised structure, and during his reign large ships were built by royal order. The 'Engelen' was built in Sřnderborg, where there was a good supply of oak for shipbuilding. The 'Maria', which was just as big, seems to have been built in Copenhagen, which has gradually become the home port of the fleet. By 1509 Denmark had one of the largest and best navies in Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3288A;Expand the Navy;x
ACTIONNAME3288B;Expand the Army;x
ACTIONNAME3288C;Build Fortifications;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3289;The End of the Kalmar Union;x
EVENTHIST3289;The crown councils of Norway, Sweden and Denmark had agreed in 1397 to the Union of Kalmar, a kind of united monarchy of northern nations where Danish influence was dominant. Constant fighting in the late 1470's between Sweden and Denmark led to the dissolution of the Union in 1523, under the reign of Swedish king Gustav I Vasa (1523-1560), long after Regent Sten Sture the elder of Sweden had defeated the Danes at the battle of the Brunkeberg (1471). The Union has fallen.;x
ACTIONNAME3289A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3290;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3290;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has accepted an Agreement with Poland and Sweden.;x
ACTIONNAME3290A;Accept the Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3290B;Defy the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3291;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3291;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandmaster has accepted an Agreement with Denmark and Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3291A;Accept Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3291B;Only accept your part of the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3292;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3292;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. The Grandmaster has announced that the Knights have converted back to Catholicism and will defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3292A;Defy the Knights;x
ACTIONNAME3292B;Accept this Government;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3293;The Count's Feud;x
EVENTHIST3293;When Frederik I died in 1533 the bishops and most of the aristocracy were initially opposed to the election of his son Christian, duke of Holstein, as new king because he was a Lutheran. The burghers and peasants on their part wanted a return of the deposed Christian II who was imprisoned at Sřnderborg. The mayors of Copenhagen and Malmö devised a plan together with the Hansa to free Christian II and turn the two largest Danish cities into partners of the Hanseatic League. The Danish Council gained the help of arch-enemy Gustav Vasa to thwart the plot, which became known as 'Grevefejden' (The Count's Feud) because the rebel forces were led by Count Christoffer of Oldenburg.;x
ACTIONNAME3293A;Support Christian of Holstein;x
ACTIONNAME3293B;Support Christian II;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3294;Peder Oxe;x
EVENTHIST3294;Peder Oxe was a financial genius who was recalled from exile by Frederik II when the Nordic Seven Years War had ruined the Danish economy. With Oxe at the helm from 1567 it did not take long before the state finances had recovered. He convinced the aristocracy to contribute more and reorganized the Sound Due so that the revenues tripled. He also improved the agriculture and educational system. Until his death in 1577, Peder Oxe and a few other lords were the de-facto rulers of Denmark.;x
ACTIONNAME3294A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3295;Danish East India Company;x
EVENTHIST3295;The founding of the first Danish East India Company was based chiefly on hopes and ambitions that had been aroused by the enormous revenues produced by the initial ventures of the British and Dutch companies. At the same time, there was a desire upon the part of the Danish monarch to play a dominant role in contemporary world trade, a desire that was apparently not always wholeheartedly endorsed by the Danish merchants of the period. In fact, the Danish trading venture proved to be without large or durable profits. The company itself lasted for only 34 years, and, throughout its existence, the company brought only seven cargoes of Asiatic goods to Copenhagen.;x
ACTIONNAME3295A;Found an East India Company;x
ACTIONNAME3295B;It is a useless venture;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3296;The Mercantile Reforms of Christian IV;x
EVENTHIST3296;Christian IV was inclined to occupy himself with every minor detail of his administration while losing sight of the larger problems. Not only did he personally lay down the lines of Denmark's mercantilist policy, he even established the import duties, he started state-subsidized and privileged trading companies and manufactories--all of them with no marked success--and insisted on auditing their accounts personally.;x
ACTIONNAME3296A;Mercantilist Reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3296B;Free Trade Reforms;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3297;The Absolutism;x
EVENTHIST3297;Absolutism in Denmark was a result of the lengthy political crisis and the acute state of emergency which resulted from the last of the Karl Gustav wars against Sweden in 1657-60. Despite his weak position when elected king in 1648, Frederik III's political skill allowed him to succeed in ousting two of his main adversaries in the Rigsrĺd as early as the 1650s. The two were the seneschal Corfitz Ulfeldt and the governor of Norway Hannibal Sehested, who were both married to Frederik's half-sisters. The king's heroic conduct during the siege of Copenhagen in the winter of 1659 had, in addition, made him widely popular at a time when the nobility and the Rigsrĺd were increasingly being discredited. In October 1660, these events led the estates - the nobility only reluctantly - to create a hereditary monarchy. The new system meant that the king was no longer dependent on the Rigsrĺd, and he immediately used his new power to introduce absolutism, which was temporarily established on 10 January 1661 in the Hereditary Monarchy Act before being fully set out in Kongeloven (the King's Law) of 1665, the basic law of Danish absolutism.;x
ACTIONNAME3297A;Establish Absolutism;x
ACTIONNAME3297B;Maintain the present system;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3298;The Modernisation of the Navy;x
EVENTHIST3298;The reign of Frederik II saw a marked increase in Danish sea power, and the king took a deep personal interest in building up the fleet. This policy was continued and further developed by his legendary son, Christian IV, who sailed with the fleet every year during his reign. Christian IV's intense interest in the fleet was manifest at all levels, from the naval base at Bremerholm to the duties of his admirals and the equipment of the ships.;x
ACTIONNAME3298A;Reform the Navy;x
ACTIONNAME3298B;Reform the Army;x
ACTIONNAME3298C;Build fortifications;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3299;Peder Griffenfeld;x
EVENTHIST3299;Peder Griffenfeld was perhaps the most brilliant advisor a Danish king has ever had. Peder was born Schumacher to a wealthy Copenhagen family. After study and travel abroad in 1654-62, he returned to enter state service as royal librarian. Soon winning the favour of the absolutist king Frederick III, he became secretary of the king's chamber, in which post he drafted the 1665 Kongeloven ('King's Law'), which was a justification of absolutism. In 1670, the year of the king's death, Schumacher was made Count Griffenfeld. By 1674 he had risen to the post of high chancellor of Denmark under King Christian V.;x
ACTIONNAME3299A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3300;The Great Northern Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3300;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislas Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;x
ACTIONNAME3300A;Try to balance things;x
ACTIONNAME3300B;The Navy adequate founds;x
ACTIONNAME3300C;The Army adequate founds;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3301;Den Danske Lov;x
EVENTHIST3301;The concentration of power in the person of the king strengthened the tendency toward juridical unity in the entire kingdom. On 15 April 1683 Christian V signed the Danish Law ('Danske Lov'), a comprehensive Statute Book, which represented a break with the regional juridical variations of earlier times (the provincial laws, or 'landskabslove'). In the Danish Law it was expressly forbidden to criticize the king, the government and Absolutism, while the situation was also maintained regarding censorship. Yet, the Danish Law of 1683 and Norwegian Law of 1687 were exceptional for their time in their uncommonly humane legislation. The peasant laws were also important, providing as they did tenant farmers with legal recourse against abuses by the landlords.;x
ACTIONNAME3301A;Sign the Danish Law;x
ACTIONNAME3301B;Keep the old system;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3302;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3302;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3302A;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3302B;Pro-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3302C;Anti-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3305;The Mercantile Reforms of Christian VI;x
EVENTHIST3305;Christian VI was a firm believer in heavy-handed mercantilism and large state controlled manufactories. Although his protectionist reforms did have a positive effect on the for Denmark all-important agriculture, they were mostly costly failures that retarded the commercial development of the nation for decades to come.;x
ACTIONNAME3305A;Mercantilist Reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3305B;No Reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3305C;Free Trade Reforms;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3306;Stavnsbĺndet;x
EVENTHIST3306;The serfdom, or 'vornedskab', was first abolished in 1702 (it was in use only on the islands), then re-invented for all of Denmark in 1733 under the name of 'stavnsbĺndet' - male peasants below the age of 36 were forbidden to move from the manor without the consent of the landowner. (Less than 5 percent of the land was owned by peasants.) The new law had the effect of securing cheap labor for the nobles as well as a good supply of soldiers for the state but was, of course, intensely hated by the victims.;x
ACTIONNAME3306A;Pass the law;x
ACTIONNAME3306B;Drop the law;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3307;Pietism;x
EVENTHIST3307;Like his consort, Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Christian VI was imbued with German pietism and devoutly encouraged a pietistic national church. He banned theater performances on Sundays and holidays, and after 1738 actors and entertainers were not even allowed to enter the country. Frivolous amusements were also banned at court, but the royal couple's love of splendor led to costly buildings, such as Christiansborg Castle (built 1733-45).;x
ACTIONNAME3307A;Endorse Pietism;x
ACTIONNAME3307B;Outlaw Pietism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3308;The Regency of J.H.E. Bernstorff;x
EVENTHIST3308;In 1766 Christian VII was crowned king of Denmark, succeeding his father Frederik V. Christian was unfortunately quite insane. His mental instability has been attributed to a brutal childhood governor and to morally corrupt court pages. After his 1766 marriage to Caroline Matilda, the daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales, he gave himself up to debauchery. During his entire reign the country was run by others. First up was the foreign minister J.H.E. Bernstorff, a devious and competent man who managed to get Catherine II of Russia to renounce certain of her claims to parts of the duchy of Holstein. However, Bernstorff's position grew increasingly precarious and he was dismissed from office on Sep. 15, 1770.;x
ACTIONNAME3308A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3309;The Regency of Struensee;x
EVENTHIST3309;Johann Friedrich Struensee took over as the real ruler of Denmark after Bernstorff was dismissed. Originally a German physician, Struensee came to know the Danish king when he was named to accompany the mentally unstable Christian VII on a European tour (1768-69), a post that led to Struensee's appointment as court physician in 1769. Dominating the king, he became the lover of Queen Caroline Matilda in 1770. He was soon able to abolish the council of state and the office of statholder (governor) of Norway in 1770. In June 1771 he had the king name him privy Cabinet minister, and in July he was made a count. From March 1771 until January 1772 Struensee introduced a number of reforms, including freedom of the press, reduction of peasant labor service, a unitary judiciary, and reform of Copenhagen's municipal government. Having alienated many officials, however, he was the victim of a conspiracy in January 1772, when he was arrested and tortured to death for his liaison with the queen.;x
ACTIONNAME3309A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3310;The Landbo Commission;x
EVENTHIST3310;In 1784, by order of the crown prince, Count Ludvig Reventlow drew up a plan to improve the conditions for the serfs ('fćstebřnder'). The plan was approved on Jul. 18 and the so called Landbo Commission was appointed to see to its execution. Thanks to the strong leadership of Reventlow, a compassionate humanitarian, the original commission was expanded in 1786 and, through gradual improvements and temporary setbacks, eventually led to the complete abolishment of serfdom ('stavnsbĺndet') in Denmark in 1800.;x
ACTIONNAME3310A;Assign the commission;x
ACTIONNAME3310B;Stavnbĺndet works well;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3311;The Great Agricultural Reform;x
EVENTHIST3311;Denmark was and is primarily an agricultural nation, and it was one of the first to adopt the new farming methods and tools that were invented in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Fields were reallotted, improved ploughs were used, crop rotation was introduced and new high-yield crops (potato, Indian corn) from the New World were taken into wide use. Not all of the reforms were greeted with joy by the peasants, but the most unpopular by far involved the splitting of villages into separate farms so that the peasants could live closer to their fields.;x
ACTIONNAME3311A;Reform the agriculture;x
ACTIONNAME3311B;Do not upset the people;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3312;The Regency of Ove Hřegh-Guldberg;x
EVENTHIST3312;Hřegh-Guldberg was of humble background. He earned a theology degree in 1753, and in 1761 became professor of rhetoric at Sorř academy. He was appointed tutor to Prince Frederik, half brother of the future king Charles VII, in 1764. As Frederick's private secretary in 1771, he shared Frederik's hostility to Count Johann Friedrich Struensee, then supreme in Denmark through his domination of Christian VII - Hřegh-Guldberg took part in a conspiracy that led to Struensee's arrest and execution in 1772. Thereafter, Hřegh-Guldberg, along with Prince Frederik and the dowager queen Juliana Maria, gained significant power in the Danish state. In 1774 Hřegh-Guldberg was made confidential cabinet secretary. Soon, without consulting the other council ministers, he was issuing orders signed by the incompetent Christian VII. He took over control of foreign policy after dismissing foreign minister Count A.P. Bernstorff in 1780. Hřegh-Guldberg was forced out of power during a 1784 coup d'état led by Prince Frederik.;x
ACTIONNAME3312A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3313;The Regency of A.P.Bernstorff;x
EVENTHIST3313;Recalled to office in April 1784, Bernstorff, until his death, served as foreign minister in a moderate liberal government. He supported a series of reform measures including the regulation of landlord-peasant relations and the emancipation of the serfs. In foreign affairs, Bernstorff carefully pursued a policy of neutrality. When the French Revolution broke out, he condemned any interference in the domestic affairs of France and avoided every anti-French coalition. In March 1794 he negotiated a neutrality treaty with Sweden for protecting the merchant shipping of both countries by combined squadrons. Bernstorff's foreign policy won him the respect of European diplomats - his domestic policy gained him such popularity among the Danes that his death (June 21, 1797) was regarded as a national calamity.;x
ACTIONNAME3313A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3516;Hohenzollern Prussia become Polish Duchy;x
EVENTHIST3516;In the religious turmoil of the Reformation one of the early converters to the new religion is the Teutonic Orders Grandmaster from Brandenburg, Albrecht of Hohenzollern. Inspired by Luther he also decides to secularize the land areas under his control, Prussia, into a Protestant duchy. Naturally the duchy is to be inherited by his bloodline.;x
ACTIONNAME3516A;Secularize Prussia as Polish vassal;x
ACTIONNAME3516B;Secularize Prussia as independent country;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3517;Prussian incorporation into Brandenburg;x
EVENTHIST3517;Historically the Prussian duchy was incorporated into the rest of Hohenzollern Brandenburg 1618. But what if it hadn't? What if a minor branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty had inherited? Maybe as a consequence of Polish political pressure...;x
ACTIONNAME3517A;Unite with Brandenburg;x
ACTIONNAME3517B;Keep separate;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3527;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3527;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3527A;Anti-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3527B;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3527C;Pro-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3528;The Polish Succession of 1733;x
EVENTHIST3528;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;x
ACTIONNAME3528A;Support France in this Affair;x
ACTIONNAME3528B;Take it easy and only go for Saxony;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3529;The Kurland Succession of 1726;x
EVENTHIST3529;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Sejm managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;x
ACTIONNAME3529A;We will defend our claims;x
ACTIONNAME3529B;Leave this deathtrap alone;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3530;The Enlightened Reforms of Frederick the Great;x
EVENTHIST3530;After the end of the reign of Louis XIV in France and the following wars of the Spanish succession, the age of enlightenment slowly began to spread all over Europe by the words of writers and philosophers of the time such as Locke, Rosseau, Diderot, Hume, Leibniz and Montesquieu. The New Ideals was religious freedom, education and freedom of speech and political opinion. The monumental work that captured the essence of the enlightenment was Diderot's Encyclopédie, taking 25 years for it's completion and in the end totaling a collection of no less then 35 volumes of 1000 pages each describing everything from how to knit a sock to methods of improving the manufacturing of artillery pieces. Of the monarchs of Europe none was a stronger believer of these ideas than the Prussian King, Friedrich II also know as Frederick the Great.;x
ACTIONNAME3530A;Reforms of Enlightenment;x
ACTIONNAME3530B;No Change;x
ACTIONNAME3530C;Reforms of Reaction;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3531;The Bavarian Succession of 1777;x
EVENTHIST3531;After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dynasty in Bavaria (1777), Joseph II endeavored to strengthen the position of Austria within the Empire. His plan to exchange territories with Charles Theodore of the Palatinate, the heir of the Bavarian throne (Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate for Lower Austria) led to the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779). Prussia intervened in July 1778 in what she saw as a dangerous Austrian expansion. It was a short conflict which started with a Prussian invasion of Bohemia but was terminated in May 1779s when Empress Maria Theresa forced her son Joseph II to capitulate. The peace was concluded at Teschen on 16th May 1779 and Austria settled for the small Inn district.;x
ACTIONNAME3531A;Defend Bayern against these false claims;x
ACTIONNAME3531B;Do not interfere in the Habsburg Backyard;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3532;Von Scharnhorst's and Von Stein's Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3532;After the humiliating defeat against Napoleons armies and the harsh terms that followed in the peace, the need for drastic measures for Prussia to regain its former military and economical strength was obvious. A wide range of reforms implemented led to the abolishment of serfdom, privileges being revoked and an efficient decentralized government as well as compulsory military service. However this was not a sure thing as different segments of society wanted different types of reforms. It could have been quite differently.;x
ACTIONNAME3532A;Plebeian Mass Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3532B;Frederickian Elite Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3532C;Balanced Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3533;The Partition of Poland;x
EVENTHIST3533;Stanislas II Poniatowsky (1764-1795) had been elected King of Poland under Russian pressure. The favorite of Catherine II of Russia, he aspired to reform the conditions of his realm, described as 'anarchy tempered by civil war'. Russia placed her supporters in the 1767 Confederation of Slutsk to prevent any curtailment in the Liberum Veto. Civil war occurred in 1768 and by 1772, the powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria, under the inspiration of Frederick II, proceeded to the first partition of Poland, taking border provinces from her and demanding that the Liberum Veto be maintained and all reforms abandoned.;x
ACTIONNAME3533A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3534;The Partition of Poland;x
EVENTHIST3534;Following the first partition of the country in 1772, the 1788-1791 Fours Years Diet of Poland took opportunity of the war between Russia, Turkey and Sweden (1788-1790) to attempt the transformation of Poland into a hereditary constitutional monarchy, which was proclaimed in the Constitution of May 1791. Influenced by Russia, the opposition forced the king to 'join' and called Russian troops to restore order. This led to a further partition of the country in 1793, between Prussia and Russia, which deprived Poland of most of her territory. She would disappear after the 1794 popular uprising of Kosziucko and the final dissolution of the state in 1795.;x
ACTIONNAME3534A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3518;Reform of the Brandenburg Army;x
EVENTHIST3518;The Elector Friedrich Wilhelm (1640-1688), known as the Great Elector, had been one of the major winners of the Thirty Years War, increasing the size of his Prussian realm by nearly a third. His major achievement was to achieve the administrative unity and the setting up of a small professional army of 24,000 men. He also managed to get his country free of Polish lordship over Prussia, and to welcome French 20,000 French Protestant refugees. On 28th June 1675, his army fought a tactical stalemate with the Swedes at the battle of Fehrbellin. The Swedes was unable to go on the offensive from poor preparations, and thus lost the war. That Sweden was unable to carry the sword of Gustavus Adolphus had a striking resonance all over Europe and Prussia occupied Swedish Pomerania until 1679.;x
ACTIONNAME3518A;Offensive Army Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3518B;Defensive Army Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3518C;Navy Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3521;Protestants expelled from France;x
EVENTHIST3521;On April 13th, 1598 Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes, a new law granting French Huguenots a large degree of religious toleration. Almost a hundred years later his grandson Louis XIV, a fervent Catholic despot striving for complete religious and politicial unity within France, viewed the coexistence of the Roman and Calvinist churches as a potential catalyst for renewed civil war. Having already encouraged the persecution of France's Lutherans and Calvinists for over a decade, in October 1685 Louis issued the Edict of Fontainebleau - essentially a complete revocation of his grandfather's Edict of Nantes. Within a few years, more than half a million Huguenots had fled to Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and parts of Germany and North America, thereby depriving France of her most industrious commercial class.;x
ACTIONNAME3521A;We welcome you with open arms!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3522;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3522;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3522A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3522B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3523;The Prussian African Trade Company;x
EVENTHIST3523;As all major nations of this period, Friedrich Wilhelm also tried to duplicate the enormous success of the Dutch Veerinigte Oostindische Companie and tap into the richness it brought its investors and the Dutch economy from the New World. However as most other duplication attempts, especially by countries with little tradition of Naval Power, it would ultimately fail to deliver anything but grief to its investors.;x
ACTIONNAME3523A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3524;The Kingdom of Prussia;x
EVENTHIST3524;The Brandenburg areas formally belonged to the Holy Roman Empire but the ruling Hohenzollern family of Prussia-Brandenburg had higher aspirations than merely staying electors under the Holy Roman Emperor, a position which by this time had become next to inherited within the powerful Habsburg family. Since Friedrich Wilhelm had managed to get full control of the Prussian areas from Poland in the 1660 Peace in Oliwa, his son, Friedrich III of Brandenburg, had the option to declare himself King of Prussia, since it was physically situated outside of the borders of the Empire. Obviously this would anger the HRE Emperor somewhat, but the Emperor also needed to secure Prussia-Brandenburg support in the soon to follow war of the Spanish succession and was not likely to risk a confrontation and risk losing one of its strongest allies over this issue.;x
ACTIONNAME3524A;The Kingdom of Prussia is born!;x
ACTIONNAME3524B;Stay Elector-Prince!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3636;The incorporation of Prussia into Brandenburg;x
EVENTHIST3636;After inheriting and ruling the Prussian duchy for a few generations the Hohenzollern officially incorporated the area into Brandenburg. However the area was still formally in a state of vassalage under the Polish king and treading easily was advisable. Angering the Polish king could lead to war, but the savings for not having to pay taxes to Poland would be substantial.;x
ACTIONNAME3636A;Keep Polish sovereignty;x
ACTIONNAME3636B;Defy Polish sovereignty;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3404;Russian claims in the East;x
EVENTHIST3404;In 1552, Czar Ivan IV the Terrible had launched an expedition against the Khanate of Kazan, east of Nijni-Novgorod and a blocking point on the Volga. The use of heavy bombard guns breached the walls of the Tatar city, which was promptly overwhelmed and annexed. In 1556, in the wake of its success against Kazan four years earlier, Czar Ivan IV the Terrible launched a new expedition against the Khanate of Astrakhan, southward down the Volga. The capture of Astrakhan opened an access to the Caspian Sea and put the whole Volga basin under Russian control. Cities like Samara (1586), Saratov (1590) and Tsaritsyne (1589) were founded along the river to ensure proper control.;x
ACTIONNAME3404A;It all belongs to Mother Russia;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3405;Russian claims on Poland-Lithuania;x
EVENTHIST3405;Ivan IV of Russia had extended the borders of his homeland far to the South and the East, but had met with strong resistance in the West, in particular in Livonia. Wars with Poland, Lithuania (then a part of Poland) and even Sweden would last till 1583. Poland had annexed Lithuania in 1569 and, after many defeats at the end of the Polish army, Ivan had to sign a peace treaty in 1582 where he lost all his previous Western gains in territory. Enmity between the two countries would remain high, culminating with the Polish occupation of Moscow (1610) during the Times of Troubles (1598-1618).;x
ACTIONNAME3405A;It all belongs to Mother Russia;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3406;Russian claims on the Steppes;x
EVENTHIST3406;Immediately after the fall of Astrakhan, in the year 1557, Ivan IV launched a campaign in the steppes south of Kazan, the realm of the Nogaď Horde, heirs of some Mongol people. This was the first stepping stone for the expansion eastward. The Russian expansion eastward, led between 1560 and 1581 by Cossacks under Yermak and the private venture of the Stroganov merchants of Nijni-Novgorod had seen much territory fall under control of the Russian Czar. The conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1584 and the destruction of the last realm of Genghis Khans heirs in Siberia was the last step before the exploration and control of the vast hinterland, that would eventually see the Cossacks build cities out of their Ostrogs (simple fortifications to ensure transit) and reach the Pacific ocean at Okhotsk in 1645.;x
ACTIONNAME3406A;It all belongs to Mother Russia;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3407;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3407;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandaster has announced that he has signed an Agreement with Poland and Sweden.;x
ACTIONNAME3407A;Defy the Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3407B;Accept the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3408;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3408;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, at this time the Grandaster has announced that he has signed an Agreement with Denmark and Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3408A;Accept Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3408B;Only accept your part of the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3409;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3409;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, the Germans have reverted to Roman Catholicism and threaten to launch a crusade against us.;x
ACTIONNAME3409A;Defy the Knights;x
ACTIONNAME3409B;Accept this Government;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3414;The Time of Trouble;x
EVENTHIST3414;During the power struggles over the succession of Ivan IV, the boyar Boris Godunov became regent in 1588. Following the murder of the Czar's son Dimitri in 1591, he was elected Czar and reigned till 1605. The Times of Troubles (Smuta 1605-1613) started had in fact started in 1601 when the 'False Dimitri.', an adventurer posing as the Czar's son arrived on the scene with Polish assistance, following famine and unrest. The Poles had taken Moscow in 1605, but the Boyars, with Swedish help (Sweden would receive Livonia in exchange of her intervention by the terms of the Treaty of Vyborg in 1609), managed to withstand both a second 'false Dimitri.' and the Poles who, although they took Smolensk in 1611, were forced out of Moscow in 1612 by a popular uprising. An assembly of the Empire elected a new Czar, Michael Romanov, who overcame the troubles and founded a new dynasty that would last till 1917.;x
ACTIONNAME3414A;Support Domestic Candidates;x
ACTIONNAME3414B;Support Polish Candidates;x
ACTIONNAME3414C;Support Swedish Candidates;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3421;The Treaty of Nerchiinsk;x
EVENTHIST3421;The permanent Russian exploration and colonization of Siberia that started under Ivan the Terrible had regularly continued all along the 17th century, with most of eastern Siberia discovered by the end of the century (Kamchatska was reached in 1679). The Amur basin had been explored by Khabarov in the 1650s and in 1689, a Russo-Chinese border conflict was settled by the first Chinese-European agreement, the Treaty of Nerchiinsk, fixing the Amur border. In 1727, the Kyakhta treaty would even make provisions for a Russian trading station to be established in Peking, the capital of the new Manchu dynasty (1644-1911).;x
ACTIONNAME3421A;Accept the Treaty;x
ACTIONNAME3421B;Reject the Treaty as Preposterous;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3422;The Great Northern Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3422;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislas Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;x
ACTIONNAME3422A;Create a Grand Alliance;x
ACTIONNAME3422B;Let the others bleed first;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3425;Mazepa's Ukrainian Uprising;x
EVENTHIST3425;In 1708, the Great Northern War was raging. In one of their traditional rising against their masters, be they Polish or Russians, the Zaparog Cossacks of Ukraine revolted under the leadership of their Hetman, Mazepa. His appeals to Charles XII of Sweden were listened to and in 1708-1709, the Swedish army moved to Ukraine, in the unfounded hope to find winter supplies and reinforcements. They only met defeat at Poltava, while the Cossack insurrection was utterly suppressed and most Cossacks deported to the eastern provinces of the Russian Empire.;x
ACTIONNAME3425A;We have dealt with separatists before;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3429;The Polish Succession of 1733;x
EVENTHIST3429;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;x
ACTIONNAME3429A;Secure Poland for the Wettins;x
ACTIONNAME3429B;Give the Wettins a helping hand;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3430;The Kurland Succession of 1726;x
EVENTHIST3430;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Sejm managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;x
ACTIONNAME3430A;Prepare to grab Kurland;x
ACTIONNAME3430B;Ignore this petty matter;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3431;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3431;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3431A;Pro-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3431B;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3431C;Anti-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3435;The Pugatchev Uprising;x
EVENTHIST3435;The revolt started in 1773 in the Urals region. Led by Emelian Pugatchev, it was an uprising of displaced Cossacks and peasants, following a leader who claimed to be Peter III, the assassinated husband of Czarina Catherine II. In the winter of 1773-1774, the revolt had taken control of most of the Volga basin and even threatened Moscow, bringing the realm of Catherine to the brink of collapse. Finally, regular troops under Suvarow managed to capture Pugatchev near Tsaritsyn and he was executed in Moscow.;x
ACTIONNAME3435A;The Masses are moving Sire;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3440;The Partition of Poland;x
EVENTHIST3440;Stanislas II Poniatowsky (1764-1795) had been elected King of Poland under Russian pressure. The favorite of Catherine II of Russia, he aspired to reform the conditions of his realm, described as 'anarchy tempered by civil war'. Russia placed her supporters in the 1767 Confederation of Slutsk to prevent any curtailment in the Liberum Veto. Civil war occurred in 1768 and by 1772, the powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria, under the inspiration of Frederick II, proceeded to the first partition of Poland, taking border provinces from her and demanding that the Liberum Veto be maintained and all reforms abandoned.;x
ACTIONNAME3440A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3441;The Partition of Poland;x
EVENTHIST3441;Following the first partition of the country in 1772, the 1788-1791 Fours Years Diet of Poland took opportunity of the war between Russia, Turkey and Sweden (1788-1790) to attempt the transformation of Poland into a hereditary constitutional monarchy, which was proclaimed in the Constitution of May 1791. Influenced by Russia, the opposition forced the king to 'join' and called Russian troops to restore order. This led to a further partition of the country in 1793, between Prussia and Russia, which deprived Poland of most of her territory. She would disappear after the 1794 popular uprising of Kosziucko and the final dissolution of the state in 1795.;x
ACTIONNAME3441A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3265;The Social Revolution of Joăo I;x
EVENTHIST3265;Joăo I was chosen by the people to rule in Portugal in 1385. He was also much loved throughout his reign and made a lot of changes to the benefit of both the people and to strengthen the Portuguese trade as well as ability to explore the New World. Of course there were powerful noblemen not happy about these changes since it meant losing some of the power they had before.;x
ACTIONNAME3265A;Support the king;x
ACTIONNAME3265B;Support the aristocracy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3266;The Afonsine Ordinances;x
EVENTHIST3266;Throughout Portuguese colonization the salary for officials was only a token sum. However it was assumed that any important position would allow for the person appointed to gain huge personal wealth. It was two sides of the same coin. On one side, the king didn't have to pay high salaries, but on the other hand large parts of the profits stayed in the hands of the officials.;x
ACTIONNAME3266A;Every man makes his own fortune;x
ACTIONNAME3266B;Demand less corruption;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3267;The Duke of Coimbra;x
EVENTHIST3267;King Afonso was only 6 years old when he became king of Portugal. For the first 8 years of his reign (1438-46) the country was ruled well by the Duke of Coimbra in his place. However, after Don Afonso had ascended the throne as was customary at the age of 14, intriguing noblemen at the court managed to cast doubts in the young king's mind about the intentions of the duke. The duke was sent away from the king, but later decided to return to his side and help him rule the country. The duke not wanting to leave anything to chance, in fear of his conspiring enemies at the court, made the bad decision to approach the king accompanied by a force of several dozen soldiers for his own protection. The conspirators however managed to convince the king that his old beloved friend was now trying to start a rebellion against him. The king thus sent out an army to engage the enemy before he arrived. There was no real battle, but the Duke of Coimbra was killed nevertheless.;x
ACTIONNAME3267A;King is tricked;x
ACTIONNAME3267B;The duke survives and assists the king;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3268;Commercial Conflict in the Indian Ocean;x
EVENTHIST3268;When the Portuguese had settled themselves in India, they started a blockade and privateer campaign against Arab shipping in the Oman Sea, effectively stopping trade and cutting off the Spice supplies to Alexandria, where Venetian tradesmen used to buy these prized exotic goods. This prompted a reaction from the Caliph of Cairo who decided to send a fleet, partly build with Venetian help in Suez, which met the Portuguese squadron under Albuquerque off the Indian port of Diu in 1508. Portuguese caravel cannons and seamanship soundly defeated the Caliphs fleet and the Spice trade was more than ever in the hands of the Lusitanian.;x
ACTIONNAME3268A;Forcefully control spice trade;x
ACTIONNAME3268B;Negotiate trading rights;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3269;The Holy Inquisition;x
EVENTHIST3269;The Holy Inquisition came from Spain also to Portugal in 1536 and stayed until 1668, however it had more influence with the Spanish monarchs than the Portuguese ones.;x
ACTIONNAME3269A;Institute them!;x
ACTIONNAME3269B;Do not institute them!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3270;The Societas Jesu;x
EVENTHIST3270;The Societas Jesu was a religious order with the main agenda to spread Catholic faith. Wherever the Portuguese went across the world the Jesuits followed in their trail.;x
ACTIONNAME3270A;Institute them!;x
ACTIONNAME3270B;Do not institute them!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3271;Governor Martim Afonso de Sousa in Brazil;x
EVENTHIST3271;Leading colonists where given strips of land that extended from the Brazilian coast reaching into the interior. The captains (land owners) settled colonists in their respective captaincies and were required to provide them protection and justice. As the captaincies were independent they were unable to defend themselves from foreign pirates. Joăo III appointed a governor general with authority over the captaincies. De Sousa established his capital at Săo Salvador da Baía. He defeated French pirates in a naval engagement in the bay of Rio de Janeiro. De Sousa also intensified colonization and created stability in Brazil.;x
ACTIONNAME3271A;Appoint de Sousa;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3272;King Sebastiăo's Expedition;x
EVENTHIST3272;In the year 1578, King Sebastiăo of Portugal embarked on an expedition to conquer Morocco, where Portugal already held the region of Tangiers and Ceuta. Shortly after his landing, at the battle of Al-Khazar Kebir, the Moroccan Berbers of Moulay Ismaďl so soundly defeated the Portuguese army that the king was killed, along with most of the Portuguese nobility fighting with him. This disaster led the way to Spanish control of Portugal and was the starting point of Portugal's decline. However, as the Ghost of Portugal you might want otherwise. What is your choice, Sire?;x
ACTIONNAME3272A;A Crusade against the Heretics in Africa;x
ACTIONNAME3272B;Declare the king insane and lock him up for good;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3273;Epidemic Plague;x
EVENTHIST3273;The plague comes sweeping in over the country from Spain with devastating effects and horrible losses;x
ACTIONNAME3273A;Arrgh!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3274;Filipe II's claims to the Throne;x
EVENTHIST3274;After the Portuguese king had died without an heir, the Portuguese was forced to elect Filipe II of Spain as king over Portugal. He would rule both his nations in an excellent way, and was mourned not only by the Spanish, but also the Portuguese at his death. His successors however did not make a very good job - a fact that would result in a National Uprising.;x
ACTIONNAME3274A;Accept the New Government;x
ACTIONNAME3274B;Accept the king, but not the government;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3275;The Meuthen Agreement;x
EVENTHIST3275;John Meuthen was born in 1650. An accomplished diplomat, he is well remembered for the treaty signed in 1703 between England and Portugal. The main purpose of the treaty was to allow free introduction of English wool and cloths to Portugal in exchange of free entry of Portuguese wine into England (Port wine). The treaty made in effect Portugal an economic and political satellite of England, was effectively in place all the way to 1750, when King D José I choose to ignore it, even while it was still formally in effect until 1836. John Methuen died in 1706 shortly after his greatest success.;x
ACTIONNAME3275A;Offer the Agreement - become vassal of England;x
ACTIONNAME3275B;Don't Offer the Agreement - remain independent;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3276;Count da Ericeira;x
EVENTHIST3276;Count da Ericeira was a strong believer of Mercantilism and helped reform Portugal state towards higher control of the Portuguese trade.;x
ACTIONNAME3276A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3277;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3277;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Holy Roman Empire (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3277A;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3277B;Pro-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3277C;Anti-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3278;An earthquake destroys Lisbon;x
EVENTHIST3278;The earthquake that destroyed Lisbon was a catastrophe of huge proportions that resounded across Europe and the New World. November 1st, 1755 had started as a beautiful day - everyone had crammed into the city's numerous churches to celebrate a public holiday, when the ground suddenly started to shake and those very same churches started caving in, crushing the city's populace. For those who managed to survive it was far from over as fires broke out all over the city, with Lisbon's strong coastal winds serving only to fan the flames towards the centre of the city, creating a virtual inferno which incinerated thousands. The death toll mounted further as a result of the tidal waves caused by the initial quake. It is thought that around 30,000 - 40,000 people died that day, with the unique combination of all four elements (earth, wind, water and fire) attributed to an Act of God against the people of the city. Though Lisbon would be rebuilt and eventually recover economically, its status as one of Europe's premier centres of trade and shipbuilding was over for good - the hub of the Portuguese Empire would become the great Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, Portugal's future capital.;x
ACTIONNAME3278A;Disaster!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3279;Marquis de Pombal;x
EVENTHIST3279;Literally from the ashes of Lisboa, a new leader rose to the power and managed to shake entire Portugal out of the paralyzation caused by the earthquake. He forced through many far reaching reforms. During his rule Lisboa was rebuilt and Portugal entered into the pre-industrial era. In many ways his excellent governing would, for a time, bring back Portugal almost to its former level of glory a few hundred years back.;x
ACTIONNAME3279A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3280;The Tavoras Conspiracy;x
EVENTHIST3280;A conspiracy to kill King Don José I (1750-1777) was revealed and prevented, by Marquis de Pombal. Pombal used this event to forge his power into a virtual dictatorship. Pombal was a radical reformer, but he was also very power-hungry and without remorse he hunted down anyone that could threaten him in the name of the king.;x
ACTIONNAME3280A;Crush the Opposition;x
ACTIONNAME3280B;Be Lenient;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3281;The Expulsion of Marquis de Pombal;x
EVENTHIST3281;After the death of the king the forces that had been conspiring to end his life earlier now turned their attention towards the person that had been the real ruler of the Portuguese kingdom, Marquis de Pombal. With no support from a king, Pombal's position was hazardous at best and he was forced to flee. Consequently the reforms he had started that had gotten Portugal back on the path to prosperity were not to continue. Instead grossly reactionary policies implemented by the 'Old Nobility and the Men of the Church' again moved Portugal backwards, threatening to let her end up in the backwater of most of the other European powers in the centuries to come.;x
ACTIONNAME3281A;Expel him;x
ACTIONNAME3281B;Let the 'Great Marquis' rule;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3282;The Liberal Opposition;x
EVENTHIST3282;With the Revolution in France, intellectuals in Portugal also formed to crave the 'Rights of Men' and with a reactionary government this created instability in the country for several years.;x
ACTIONNAME3282A;Growing opposition;x
ACTIONNAME3282B;The King concede to liberal ideas;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3535;Pierre d'Aubusson;x
EVENTHIST3535;The Grandmaster Hospitaler d'Aubusson who so successfully had defended Rhodos against the previous sultan, Mehmed II, imprisoned the brother of the Turkish sultan Bayezid II despite a promise of safe conduct in 1483. Such a prestigious captive was obviously a strong negotiation asset for many of the enemies of the Ottoman Empire and several countries was prepared to pay large sums for him.;x
ACTIONNAME3535A;Hostage to Papacy for gold and Cardinal appointment;x
ACTIONNAME3535B;Hostage to Hungary for gold;x
ACTIONNAME3535C;Hostage to Venice for gold and trade rights;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3536;Rhodians and other Greeks accepted into the Order;x
EVENTHIST3536;In the early 16th century, Rhodians and other Greeks were rashly allowed into the order in a last grand effort to build up manpower to stop the Turkish onslaught.;x
ACTIONNAME3536A;OK;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3537;The Great Carrack of Alexandria;x
EVENTHIST3537;The small but proficient fleet of the Knights was the scourge of Muslims for hundreds of years. Keeping the waters clear of enemy privateers as well as capturing trade ships of the Muslims, kept the coffers on Rhodos full and Muslim sailors in terror. One of the most famous events was the capturing of the Great Carrack from Alexandria in 1569, filled with enormous riches.;x
ACTIONNAME3537A;Praise the Lord!;x
ACTIONNAME3537B;We are not pirates...;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3539;Gabriele Tadini de Martinengo;x
EVENTHIST3539;Martinengo was the best fortification engineer of Europe. He was authorized to improve the fortresses on Rhodes. In 1521, when he had worked for a couple of months he was so enamored with the Knights and their ideals that he kneeled in front of the Grand Master and begged him to make him a Knight. The Grand master accepted him into the brotherhood and he fought bravely dying in battle of Rhodes in 1522.;x
ACTIONNAME3539A;Improve our defenses;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3540;Spain gives Malta to the Order;x
EVENTHIST3540;The island of Malta was offered to the Knights of St John of Jerusalem by the king of Spain, in return for helping to defend the city of Tripoli in Africa.;x
ACTIONNAME3540A;Accept Malta and become a Spanish vassal;x
ACTIONNAME3540B;Accept Malta, but not to become a vassal;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3541;Jean Parisot de la Valette;x
EVENTHIST3541;After it was acquired by the Knights, Malta became as strong a fortress as Rhodes had been. Under Grand Master Jean Parisot de La Valette, they 1565 successfully withstood an Ottoman siege consisting of 180 ships and close to 50.000 men against only 9000 defenders for six months, before the invader was forced to leave. The new capital city of Valletta became a town of splendid palaces and unparalleled fortifications. Growing in power and wealth owing mainly to their maritime raiding adventures against the Turks.;x
ACTIONNAME3541A;Improve defenses;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3542;The Holy League;x
EVENTHIST3542;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again.;x
ACTIONNAME3542A;Support the Holy League;x
ACTIONNAME3542B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3069;The Ransoming of the king and Purge of the Highland Chiefs;x
EVENTHIST3069;The rightful king of the Scots, James I, had been imprisoned in England since 1406. During his imprisonment the country was ruled by this Uncle Robert Stewart (1406-1420), 1st duke of Albany, and later his son Murdac (1420-1424). Neither of the two, nor the majority of the Scottish nobility, had any real interest in seeing the return of a strong king back on the throne. It thus took until 1424, 18 years, before the ransom was collected and finally sent to England to have the king freed. Historically James I took his revenge by executing Murdoc and a few other noblemen and taking a lot of actions to reduce the power of the Scottish nobility. He also managed to introduce a lot of other good reforms to strengthen Scotland as a country.;x
ACTIONNAME3069A;The king is ransomed and takes revenge on the nobility;x
ACTIONNAME3069B;The king is ransomed but forgives the nobility;x
ACTIONNAME3069C;The king is not ransomed;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3070;The assassination of James I;x
EVENTHIST3070;In February 1437 James I was assassinated by conspirators within the nobility looking to gain control of the crown for Walter Stewart, earl of Atholl. James I's wife however quickly saw to it that the responsible where tortured to death. However James son was only 6 years old and the Scottish kingdom was thrown into a time of power struggle between mainly 3 families (the Crichtons, the Livingstons, and the Douglases) for control of the young Scottish king and realm.;x
ACTIONNAME3070A;Rats!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3071;The Breaking of the Douglases;x
EVENTHIST3071;In 1449 the king James II was old enough to marry and reclaim control of his kingdom. He immediately seized the Livingston estates, but was a bit more lenient against the Douglasses. In a quarrel in 1452 however he himself stabbed William, 8th Earl of Douglas, to death. Historically this was the end of the power of the Douglas family and 3 years later all their land was confiscated and their castles demolished.;x
ACTIONNAME3071A;Destroy the castles and confiscate the lands of Douglases;x
ACTIONNAME3071B;Make peace with the Douglas family;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3072;The Auld Alliance;x
EVENTHIST3072;In 1512 France and Scotland renewed their ''Auld Alliance'' as a counterbalance to England's involvement in the anti-French schemes of Pope Julius II. This later drew the Scottish into a disastrous war against the English.;x
ACTIONNAME3072A;Ally with France;x
ACTIONNAME3072B;Don't ally with France;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3073;Cardinal Beaton;x
EVENTHIST3073;As a trusted advisor of James V, Cardinal David Beaton managed to make sure that Scotland did not follow in England's footsteps and become Protestant. Instead he worked to strengthen the bond to Catholic France and even managed to arrange two marriages with French noblewomen which both brought considerable dowries in gold to the Scottish courts treasury.;x
ACTIONNAME3073A;Excellent minister;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3074;John Knox and the Religious Strife;x
EVENTHIST3074;John Knox became something of a spokesman for Protestantism in Scotland in the 1540ies. Initially he was accompanying George Wishart on his preaching tours, but Wishart was captured and handed over to Cardinal David Beaton in St Andrews. There he was trialed and burned on the stakes in 1546 for spreading Protestantism heretics. Three months later Cardinal Beaton was murdered in revenge by Protestants. When John Knox arrived in St Andrews about a year later he was persuaded by scholars at the university to preach in the town. In June 1547, French assistance to fight the Protestants arrived and the castle of St Andrews which capitulated on terms that was later not kept. Knox and others were carried off to slavery in the French galleys but due to English intervention Knox was released 19 months later. He could however not return to Scotland and continue his preaching but had to stay under the protection of the English and had a large influence on the forming of the English Puritanism. He stayed in England until the Catholic Mary Tudor ascended the throne, at which time he thought it wise to flee to the continent. There he formulated his view that 'God-fearing magistrates and nobility have both the right and the duty to resist, if necessary by force, a ruler who threatens the safety of true religion'. In 1559 he again was able to return to Scotland and was astounded by the progress made by the Reformed cause and by the eager reception given to him by all classes in the community.;x
ACTIONNAME3074A;Religious Turmoil;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3075;The First Covenant;x
EVENTHIST3075;In 1557, a powerful group of nobles, called the Lords of the Congregation, drew up a Protestant proclamation which was later called the First Covenant, calling for the expulsion of the Catholic Church from Scotland. The motives however were probably much more to be able to confiscate the vast riches of the Catholic Church in Scotland then purely true faith.;x
ACTIONNAME3075A;Support the Lords of the Congregation;x
ACTIONNAME3075B;Oppose the Lords of the Congregation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3076;The Fate of Mary Stuart;x
EVENTHIST3076;In 1565 Mary married her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, an English nobleman. The bridegroom was proclaimed Henry, King of Scots. Their only child was to become James I of England. Mary soon became disenchanted with Henry. He had become overbearing, arrogant and carried away by his new title. He made enemies of some of the powerful nobles and, because of that enmity, there was a plot to kill him. Some thought that Mary had knowledge of the plot. The rift between Mary and her husband became public knowledge. She turned to a Scottish nobleman, a very powerful man, the Earl of Bothwell, for support. He and other Scottish noblemen proposed to do whatever they could to help the queen in her dilemma. This decision led to a failed explosion plot and to the strangulation death of Darnely. A few months later, Mary and the Earl married. This angered the populace who suspected Bothwell's participation in the murder of their King. Mary's subjects were outraged and turned against her. She was able to lead an army against them, and although it was equal in number to the confederate army, it was visibly inferior in discipline. On June 15, 1567, Mary's forces were defeated at Carberry Hill, and she was forced to abandon Bothwell and surrender herself to the confederate lords. On July 24, at Lochleven, she was prevailed upon to sign an act of abdication in favor of her son, who was crowned as James VI five days afterward at Stirling. Escaping from her island-prison at Lochleven on May 2, 1568, she was able within a few days to assemble an army of 6000 men. On May 12 her army was defeated by the regent Moray at Langside, near Glasgow. Four days afterward, in spite of the entreaties of her best friends, Mary crossed Solway Firth and sought refuge at the court of Elizabeth I, queen of England, only to find herself a prisoner of Elizabeth for life.;x
ACTIONNAME3076A;Force her to Abdicate;x
ACTIONNAME3076B;Support the Queen;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3077;The Time of the Regents;x
EVENTHIST3077;Since the abdication of Mary Stuart a regency ruled Scotland in the name of the minor aged king James. When the regent James Stewart-Moray, the Protestant and very pro English bastard brother of Mary Stuart, was murdered in January 1570, the country plunged into a power struggle between the supporters of the Queen and the supporters of the regency.;x
ACTIONNAME3077A;Support the Regent;x
ACTIONNAME3077B;Support the Queen;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3078;The Crown of England;x
EVENTHIST3078;Being of Tudor blood on his mothers side, king James VI inherited his mother's claim on the English throne when she was executed by Elizabeth I. Keeping good relations towards the English, even though they had executed his mother, would put him within reach of the English crown, while an outcry for revenge would probably have earned him respect among many of his noblemen it would possibly have squandered any opportunity to gain the English crown peacefully.;x
ACTIONNAME3078A;Close policy with England;x
ACTIONNAME3078B;Fuzzy Friendliness;x
ACTIONNAME3078C;Furious Outrage;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3079;The Civil War down South;x
EVENTHIST3079;The English Civil War (1642-1648) was the result of a long power struggle between the Stuart monarchs and the Puritan-led Parliament. Intensification of royal judicial procedures (Star Chamber) and demands for taxes (1635, ship money for naval construction) was faced by Parliamentary opposition (summary of grievances in the 1641 Grand Remonstrance) and execution of royal advisors. The arrest of John Pym, the Puritan leader and the Catholic uprising in Ulster (1641) sparked the war between the Royalists and the Parliament. The decisive reform and new model army of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) led to the capture and execution of king Charles I (1649) and the establishment of the English Commonwealth, a military dictatorship controlled by a Lord Protector (Cromwell - 1653) and a reduced (Rump) Parliament. Following successful wars against Holland (1652-1654) and Spain (1654-1659), the monarchy would be re-established by General Monk in 1658, to the profit of Charles II Stuart (1660-1688), a fervent absolutist.;x
ACTIONNAME3079A;Declare the king's position forfeit;x
ACTIONNAME3079B;Accept the king, but crave concessions;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3080;The Civil War down South;x
EVENTHIST3080;The English Civil War (1642-1648) was the result of a long power struggle between the Stuart monarchs and the Puritan-led Parliament. Intensification of royal judicial procedures (Star Chamber) and demands for taxes (1635, ship money for naval construction) was faced by Parliamentary opposition (summary of grievances in the 1641 Grand Remonstrance) and execution of royal advisors. The arrest of John Pym, the Puritan leader and the Catholic uprising in Ulster (1641) sparked the war between the Royalists and the Parliament. The decisive reform and new royal army of the led to the routing and destruction of the puritan cause (1649) and the establishment of the English Monarchy, a religious peace enforced by royal military dictatorship controlled by the king and a reduced (Rump) Parliament. Following successful wars against Holland (1652-1654) and Spain (1654-1659), the monarchy would establish Absolutism in 1688, to the profit of the Stuart Dynasty, fervent absolutists.;x
ACTIONNAME3080A;Exterminate the Puritan Opposition;x
ACTIONNAME3080B;Let them live, but forfeit their rights;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3081;The Restoration of the Stuarts;x
EVENTHIST3081;After years of chaotic civil war in the commonwealth and the death of basically the only person that could realistically receive support from all sides, Cromwell, the situation was, if possible, more confused then ever before. When one group of officers determined to dissolve the remains of the Long Parliament, called the Rump, a former royalist and commander of the largest force in Britain, George Monck, decided that enough was enough. He promptly marched his army down from Scotland to reinstitute the Rump. However once there he realized that probably the only real long-term solution to the mess was to restore Charles II as king. In February 1660 Monck reversed Pride's Purge, inviting all of the secluded members of the Long Parliament to return to their seats under army protection. A month later the Long Parliament dissolved itself, paving the way for the return of the king.;x
ACTIONNAME3081A;King Charles II;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3082;The Glorious Revolution;x
EVENTHIST3082;The king after Charles II, his brother James II, was a Catholic. He was accepted as king grudgingly by most English people, but when he started to force the issue of equal rights between Catholics and Protestants in the Protestant Commonwealth the issue heated up. In itself it might not have had such dire consequences, but in the light of Louis XIV revoking of the Edict of Nantes and the following the losses in the English Civil War, James II actions caused much anger and discontent. Thus the king's effort on behalf of Catholics was doomed.  Seven eminent Englishmen, among them the Tory Earl of Danby and Henry Compton, bishop of London, wrote inviting William of Orange, stadholder in the Netherlands, to help get rid of James II. William in need of an ally against France accepted the invitation and on the 5th of November 1688 his troops landed in Bixham. He slowly advanced almost unopposed on London giving ample time for those still loyal to the highly unpopular king to reconsider. In the end James II realized his weak position and fled to France. James flight was interpreted as an abdication and William was offered the English crown.;x
ACTIONNAME3082A;House of Orange;x
ACTIONNAME3082B;House of Stuart;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3083;The Scottish East India Company;x
EVENTHIST3083;As all other nations in this time with a coastline also the Scottish tried to duplicate the efforts of the highly successful English East India Company.;x
ACTIONNAME3083A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3084;Major Road Constructions in the Highlands;x
EVENTHIST3084;The improving of roads and trade routes in northern Scotland had a great impact on Scottish economy in these areas, leading to increased trade and thus also higher tax incomes;x
ACTIONNAME3084A;Medium Investment;x
ACTIONNAME3084B;Large investment;x
ACTIONNAME3084C;Small investment;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3085;The Glasgow Chamber of Commerce;x
EVENTHIST3085;The opening of the Scottish Chamber of Commerce did a lot for helping Scottish pre-industrial trade and was one of the many factors behind keeping the Scottish economy Scottish.;x
ACTIONNAME3085A;Trade reform;x
ACTIONNAME3085B;Protective Trade reform;x
ACTIONNAME3085C;Free trade;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3699;Nurhachi's Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3699;In 1584, the Khan Nurchachi managed to unite all the Tungusian tribes, the so-called Kin-Tungus, later known as Manchus. He also reformed government, administration and the judicial system with China as model. Nurhachi also invented the written Manchurian language.;x
ACTIONNAME3699A;Innovative Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3699B;Conservative Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3700;The Eastern Mongols Assimilated;x
EVENTHIST3700;Several large Eastern Mongol tribes unite under Nurchachi and his number of 'flags' (armies) increases from four to eight. It is now that he set his goal to conquer China. In 1616 he take the title 'Kin-Khan' to show that his people descend from the Kin-Tungus. He also takes the name 'Aisin Giorin (Golden tribe). In 1625 he attacked China, a development that ultimately ended in a total Manchurian victory.;x
ACTIONNAME3700A;We are ready to attack;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3701;Manchu Dynasty in China;x
EVENTHIST3701;In 1625 Nurhachi and his Manchu tribes attacked China driving deep into her weak body. China upset by revolts and rebellion cannot defend herself effectively. Though Nurhachi and his son, Abahai are great generals, it will not be until 1644 that a Manchu ruler ascends the Imperial throne and after that it take more than 16 years until China is pacified.;x
ACTIONNAME3701A;I am Emperor of China;x
#;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3001;The Lollard Heresy;x
EVENTHIST3001;Lollards were a heretical group following the theological teaching of John Wyclif. Popular protests against the wealth, power, and pride of the clergy, were frequent, and in times of disorder would express themselves in an extreme form. They had been persecuted several times during the 14th century, and its last appearance was in the early 15th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3001A;Stop the Heretics;x
ACTIONNAME3001B;Let them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3002;The Wars of the Roses;x
EVENTHIST3002;The Wars of the Roses, so called, took place over a period of about 35 years, between 1452 and 1487. They were a series of battles, skirmishes and sieges, in which were killed many hundreds of men, including many of the nobility of England. The fighting was interspersed with long periods of peace. They were in essence a struggle between two branches of the royal family, the Plantagenets. The main branch of the family in the person of Richard II was deposed in 1399 by Henry, Duke of Lancaster who became king as Henry IV. He, his son Henry V and his grandson Henry VI ruled England for the next 60 years uninterruptedly. The Lancastrians were a junior branch of the Plantagenets, descended from the third son of Edward III John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. A rival branch of the royal family were descended from Edmund Duke of York, fourth son of Edward III but also descended in the female line from Lionel, Duke of Clarence, his second son. They thus had a superior dynastic claim which they allowed to lie dormant until the incapacity of Henry VI caused a break down in law and order. This allowed Richard Duke of York an opportunity in the 1450s to present himself as the one man who could bring peace and justice to the country as rightful king. Richard of York was killed at the battle of Wakefield in late 1460 and his son Edward, the new Duke deposed and imprisoned Henry VI and was crowned king in February 1461. Edward ruled a disturbed realm for nearly ten years, until he was in turn deposed and sent into exile in favor of a restored Henry VI. The following year Edward returned from exile and Henry was again deposed after the decisive battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury in 1471 and this time was murdered to prevent any further restorations.;x
ACTIONNAME3002A;House of York;x
ACTIONNAME3002B;House of Lancaster;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3003;Bosworth Field;x
EVENTHIST3003;Richard III had many enemies, and on 7 August, Henry Tudor landed near Milford Haven with about 2,000 French mercenaries and a handful of Lancastrian lords and knights. He gathered reinforcements as he marched through Wales, then through Shrewsbury, Stafford and Atherstone. Richard was at Nottingham, and moved from there to Leicester on 19 August, and by 21 August the two armies were facing each other about two and a half miles south of Market Bosworth. Richard's army was just under 12,000 strong, but 4,000 of his troops were commanded by the Stanley brothers, whose loyalty was suspect. Henry had only 5,000 troops. During the battle Both the Stanleys changed allegiance to Henry, swinging the numerical advantage to his favor. The battle was fought on and around Ambion Hill, close to Sutton Cheney, and lasted only two hours. Richard had the better position, but did not take advantage by attacking Oxford while he was still deploying his troops. This allowed Oxford to launch the first attack and the Duke of Norfolk, who was commanding Richard's forward battle division, was soon killed. For the first hour, the fighting was evenly matched, but Richard lost the battle through the treachery of the Stanleys, who deserted his cause. Even more damaging was of the Earl of Northumberland's failure to bring Richard's reserves into action when he saw the Stanleys go over to the enemy. Richard made a last attempt to win victory by directly attacking Henry with is personal guard, and almost succeeded, having cut down Henry's standard bearer. Richard's gamble failed, and he was struck down. The battle ended because his followers had no other definite leader. Richard was the last king of England to die on the battlefield. His death effectively ended the Wars of the Roses, and Henry VII started a new dynasty, the Tudors.;x
ACTIONNAME3003A;House of Tudor;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3006;Support Middle-class Bureaucrats;x
EVENTHIST3006;King Henry did continue the Yorkist tradition of promoting government officers from the middle class (primarily clerics and lawyers.) But he did not create the middle class government that many historians propose;x
ACTIONNAME3006A;Give them your support;x
ACTIONNAME3006B;Prohibit them from working in the Government;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3007;Court of the Star Chamber;x
EVENTHIST3007;The Court of Star Chamber was a court of law which evolved from meetings of the king's royal council. Although its roots go back to the medieval period, the court only became powerful as a separate entity during the reign of Henry VII. In 1487 the court became a judicial body separate from the king's council, with a mandate to hear petitions of redress. The Court of Star Chamber was named for the star pattern painted on the ceiling of the room at Westminster Palace where its meetings were held. In a sense the court was a supervisory body.;x
ACTIONNAME3007A;Yes, we need one;x
ACTIONNAME3007B;No, we don't;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3009;The Act of Supremacy;x
EVENTHIST3009;Henry VIII Tudor of England (1509-1547) had first received in 1521 the Papal title of Defensor Fidei (Defender of the Faith) for his pamphlet against Luther. The king's main concern was over his succession and in 1529, when the Papal Curia rejected his proposal to divorce Catherine of Aragon, he had the Legate of the Pope, Cardinal Wolsey, executed and coerced the English clergy to recognize the king as the supreme head of the Church. He had his divorce granted in 1533 and married the lady-in-waiting Ann Boleyn (executed 1536). Altogether, Henry VIII contracted 6 marriages.;x
ACTIONNAME3009A;Take Command of the Church of England;x
ACTIONNAME3009B;Accept Rome's Supremacy, but ignore it on a personal level;x
ACTIONNAME3009C;Wycliffe's path is the true path;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3010;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3010;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3010A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3010B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3012;The Merchant Adventures;x
EVENTHIST3012;In the 1550's, to navigators who habitually used a globe, it seamed obvious that there must be a more direct route to the East across the Arctic, than round the Cape of Good Hope. Most 16th century maps shown the Arctic as an open sea, but little else was known. A considerable number of northern voyages were planned in England and, to this end many trading companies were being formed. The most famous is the 'Company of Merchant Adventurers for discovery of regions, dominions, islands and places unknown.' who had as first Master the aging Sebastian Cabot.;x
ACTIONNAME3012A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3013;Jane Grey and the Revolt against Northumberland;x
EVENTHIST3013;As the granddaughter of King Henry VIII's elder sister Mary, Lady Jane Grey had a claim to the English throne. Married against her will in 1553 to Lord Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland, she was used as a pawn by Northumberland, who was King Edward VI's regent, in his determined effort to retain his power after the king's death. King Edward VI was deadly sick and during his last illness Northumberland had him sign a 'device' excluding Henry VIII's daughters, the future queens Mary I and Elizabeth I, from the throne in favor of Jane. On July 10, 1553, four days after Edward's death, Jane was proclaimed queen. Her reign lasted only until July 19. The country supported the Catholic Mary's claim, and Northumberland's forces were dispersed by troops loyal to Mary. Lady Jane's life was initially spared, but convinced she did not need another focus of Protestant opposition and a further rival to the throne Mary had Jane and her husband executed on Tower Hill on February 12, 1554.;x
ACTIONNAME3013A;Let us revolt against Northumberland;x
ACTIONNAME3013B;Let us negotiate with Northumberland;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3014;Bloody Mary and King Felipe of England;x
EVENTHIST3014;In 1554 the Catholic Queen Mary married Felipe of Spain, a union that opened great possibilities for both England and Spain. Felipe was granted the title King of England by Parliament, but was not allowed to govern the country. But the imminent question of importance was over religion. The Act of Supremacy had given clerical control to the monarch, but the people of England were sundered over religion. Catholics demanded Papal authority, while Protestant wanted liberal clerical laws. Mary chose to throw in her lot with the fanatical Catholics, and a wave of terror commenced earning her the nickname 'Bloody Mary'. My Eminence! How will you act?;x
ACTIONNAME3014A;Reinstate Papal power over Church of England;x
ACTIONNAME3014B;Make Catholicism the most favored religion;x
ACTIONNAME3014C;Confirm religious freedom for all;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3015;The Muscowy Trade Company;x
EVENTHIST3015;In 1553, the Merchant Adventurers Company sent a fleet of three ships with the intent of sailing to China through the Northeast Passage. Most ships were struck frozen by the ice-cap and all their crew died of starvation, except the Edward, under senior navigator Richard Chancellor, who entered the White Sea and reached Arkhangelsk, a small village that would later grow to a port in 1584. There he learned about the wealth and power of the Russian emperor and journeyed in horse-drawn sleighs, in winter, to Moscow. Although Russia and England had diverging interests in establishing relationships with each other, the Muscovy Trade Company formed to exploit the new trade was a commercial success, in particular with the Russian fur trade.;x
ACTIONNAME3015A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3016;Sir Francis Walsingham;x
EVENTHIST3016;Sir Francis Walsingham was Queen Elizabeth's Private Secretary. His main achievement was the perfect organization of a secret service and spying network that proved extremely efficient in aborting all conspiracies against the Queen's life and all other political and diplomatic plots. Extremely anti-Spanish, he was also the protector of Drake and financed most of the famous privateer early expeditions against the Iberian power.;x
ACTIONNAME3016A;Let him become our Spymaster!;x
ACTIONNAME3016B;No I do not trust him!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3017;Sir Thomas Gresham's Currency Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3017;English financier, born in London, and educated at the University of Cambridge. After attending the university, he was apprenticed to his uncle, a merchant, in whose service he displayed unusual business ability. In later years he became one of the wealthiest men in England. In 1551 he was appointed a factor, or royal agent, by King Edward VI. Charged with the management of the royal debt abroad, he virtually liquidated it by adroit financial manipulations on the bourse, or stock exchange, of Antwerp. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1559. While serving as her financial agent abroad, Gresham found that his tasks were difficult to execute because of the lower value of English currency in relation to the currencies of other countries.;x
ACTIONNAME3017A;Excellent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3018;The Northern Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3018;Elizabeth I wanted a religious settlement to establish in England a Protestant Anglican Church with herself as the Supreme Governor. History records that her task was accomplished with the minimum of persecution'. Things worsened when Mary Queen of Scots fled to England, seemingly because the Scots got fed up with her mismanagement of Scottish affairs. But Mary was a Catholic claimant to the English throne and therefore more than a bit of an embarrassment. So Elizabeth I locked Mary away in various castles. Mary became the centre of numerous conspiracies to overthrow the upstarts' who had displaced the ancient aristocracy. The idea was to marry Mary to Norfolk, England's only Duke. This represented a serious threat to Elizabeth but Norfolk seemed undecided and continued to delay until Elizabeth invited him to London whereupon she locked him in the Tower. She had correctly suspected that the Earls of Northumberland, Westmorland and Cumberland (Percys, Nevilles and Cliffords) were involved in the conspiracy and accordingly invited them to London. The Earls guessed their accommodation would be the Tower and opted instead for a rebellion which began on the 9 November 1569. There was some popular support. The Catholic faith had survived in the North and there was real resentment against the Tudor domination and Elizabeth I's new men. Northumberland mustered his troops in Richmond on the 16 November offering great wages to all who came forth and burning for those who did not and he did returned on 28 November with 1000 horsemen and a few foot soldiers and spoiled' the town. Around the 23 November a few wealthy inhabitants joined the rebellion, just as it neared collapse. This defection did not go unnoticed and this time the other side led by Lord Willoughby ransacked the surrounding countryside. Sir George was appointed provost marshal and martial law was declared except of course for the wealthy that was exempt. Elizabeth I ordered that 700 of the riffraff be executed -the wealthy would forfeit their estates to help fund the Crown's costs-, 200 of these were to be from or around Richmond. On the 8 January the provost marshal arrived. Questioning of the prisoners began and on the 10 January the executions were carried out. Seemingly only a smaller number were actually executed, perhaps around 57, 12 of whom were from Richmond. The decade after the Rebellion was a difficult period for Catholics who faced constant persecution. Religious meetings were held in secret away from the eyes of unfriendly informants. It seems however that the few gentry who were accused in court of holding Catholic beliefs were the mere tip of a great pyramid' which represented a hidden underground movement.;x
ACTIONNAME3018A;Keep Norfolk in the Tower and smash the rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3018B;Keep Norfolk in the Tower and start to negotiate;x
ACTIONNAME3018C;Release Norfolk;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3019;The Creation of the London Stock Exchange;x
EVENTHIST3019;The year 1571 saw the creation of the London Stock Exchange. Although small in importance and with limited trading in the 16th and 17th centuries, it would grow and gradually overcome its Amsterdam competitor and prove to be the most active stock market in 18th century Europe, boosting the English trade, manufacturing and economy as a whole. England would then benefit from an easy and reliable access to credit.;x
ACTIONNAME3019A;Expand Loan Market;x
ACTIONNAME3019B;Issue Strict Control;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3020;The Beheading of Mary of Scots;x
EVENTHIST3020;Born in 1542, six days before the death of her father, Mary Stuart is crowned Queen of Scotland in her infancy. Raised in Catholic France and married at fifteen to the heir of the French throne in alliance against the Protestant English. She returned to Scotland only after the death of her husband in 1560;x
ACTIONNAME3020A;Behead her!;x
ACTIONNAME3020B;Let her live imprisoned though;x
ACTIONNAME3020C;Set her free, but send her to the Guise in France;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3021;The Canceling of Royal Monopolies;x
EVENTHIST3021;Elizabeth's popularity began to wane towards the end of her reign. The war with Spain dragged on inconclusively. The parliament became less tractable and began to object to the abuse of the royally granted monopolies, which was used to reward her favorites and tolerate considerable corruption. A last Golden speech to Parliament in 1601 reaffirmed her love for her subjects, but it came in the context of a bitter clash over royal monopolies, which she ceased from.;x
ACTIONNAME3021A;Cancel them!;x
ACTIONNAME3021B;Strengthen them!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3022;Hugh O'Neill's Irish Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3022;Hugh O'Neill lived in England in the 1560s. He served the government in the 1580s but in 1594 rebelled. Dissatisfied with the English government's persistent policy of playing the chiefs against one another, O'Neill was also angered by the English refusal to restore the lands granted to his grandfather. At last he formed an alliance with the other Irish chiefs and sought aid against Protestant England from Catholic Spain. He achieved something like unity among his allies and, after 1595, defeated some of Queen Elizabeth's best commanders in Ireland. O'Neill was defeated while attempting to join a Spanish force that arrived at Kinsale in 1601. His Irish allies dispersed, and O'Neill retreated to Ulster. In 1603 he made peace with the English, surrendering his tribal authority. King James I later pardoned him.;x
ACTIONNAME3022A;Crush the Irish!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3025;The English Civil War;x
EVENTHIST3025;The English Civil War (1642-1648) was the result of a long power struggle between the Stuart monarchs and the Puritan-led Parliament. Intensification of royal judicial procedures (Star Chamber) and demands for taxes (1635, ship money for naval construction) was faced by Parliamentary opposition (summary of grievances in the 1641 Grand Remonstrance) and execution of royal advisors. The arrest of John Pym, the Puritan leader and the Catholic uprising in Ulster (1641) sparked the war between the Royalists and the Parliament. The decisive reform and new model army of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) led to the capture and execution of king Charles I (1649) and the establishment of the English Commonwealth, a military dictatorship controlled by a Lord Protector (Cromwell - 1653) and a reduced (Rump) Parliament. Following successful wars against Holland (1652-1654) and Spain (1654-1659), the monarchy would be re-established by General Monk in 1658, to the profit of Charles II Stuart (1660-1688), a fervent absolutist.;x
ACTIONNAME3025A;Parliament;x
ACTIONNAME3025B;The King;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3027;The Act of Navigation;x
EVENTHIST3027;Cromwell, Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth promulgated the Act of Navigation in 1651. It was mostly directed against the Dutch carrier trade and provided that all goods shipped to and from England was to be transported on English ships, while also confirming the colonial exclusive policy. The Act directly caused the first English-Dutch war of 1652-1654 and the second in 1665-1667. At the Peace of Breda (1667), New Amsterdam (New York) was exchanged for Surinam (Dutch Guiana) and the Act slightly modified. It nevertheless contributed to the enormous growth in English naval and colonial trade.;x
ACTIONNAME3027A;Enact;x
ACTIONNAME3027B;The present policy is perfect;x
ACTIONNAME3027C;Ease the present policy up;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3030;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3030;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3030A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3030B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3032;The Glorious Revolution;x
EVENTHIST3032;When Charles I had won the English Civil War he set out persecuting the Puritans many of which moved to the American colonies. He also closed Parliament and ruled by decree which created dissent among most groups in the English society.  His son Charles II though fully understood that the moderate Protestants were the key group and he needed them badly. By introducing religious freedom, disqualifying religion as an issue when attaining a governmental post, and creating an ideology of the Monarch as standing above all religious issues he managed to create a feeble truce among Englishmen. As a consequence Charles revived Parliament, but greatly diminished its powers. However, Charles set high standards ensuring fair and regular elections and that every one was equal under law. His brother James was a staunch Catholic and not particular found of the opposition that had deified a lot of his ambitions. James, influenced by the Duke of Tyrconnell and the Earl of Sunderland, had the Tory leader, Earl Danby propose in Parliament that the royal suspension power was to be abolished if Parliament passed a Declaration of Rights. In a masterly executed scheme the Whig leader, Earl Shaftsbury, made the proposal fall. King James was outraged and held a speech in Parliament in forming the Gentlemen that either he would govern as the appointee of God or they pass a redrafted Declaration of Rights. The choice was theirs, theirs alone. Finally after days of negotiation the Parliament accepted what would be called the Bill of Rights creating a division of powers between Parliament, an independent Star Chamber and the king. Parliament would create and pass laws, and control certain taxes as tax of income and wealth, while the king would approve laws and direct the foreign policy, execute wars and control the majority of taxation. Thus the venerable series of events called the 'Glorious Revolution' came to be...;x
ACTIONNAME3032A;Absolute Monarchy;x
ACTIONNAME3032B;Constitutional Monarchy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3034;The Creation of Bank of England;x
EVENTHIST3034;The Bank of England was founded in 1694. It soon enjoyed a reputation of seriousness and reliability, in particular regarding the credibility of the English Pound Sterling, in a time where most other currencies were at the mercy of state bankruptcies and coinage debasement. This stability was preponderant in the slowly but constantly increasing domination of the world economy by Great Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. It also allowed a greater flexibility to the British government in raising funds for warfare.;x
ACTIONNAME3034A;National Loans at 500 ducats;x
ACTIONNAME3034B;National Loans at 200 ducats;x
ACTIONNAME3034C;National Loans at 800 ducats;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3035;Phillip of Bourbon succeeds Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3035;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;x
ACTIONNAME3035A;Fight him;x
ACTIONNAME3035B;Accept it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3036;Charles of Habsburg succeeds Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3036;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus tried to name Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. However in the late phase of the Franco-Spanish negotiations a secretary of one of the Spanish ministers leaked out information and Habsburg partisans back in Madrid argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, so Charles II hard beset, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Charles of Habsburg. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against Austria and Spain. Thus when Austrian forces reinforced the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;x
ACTIONNAME3036A;Accept it conditionally;x
ACTIONNAME3036B;Fight him;x
ACTIONNAME3036C;Accept it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3037;The Act of Union;x
EVENTHIST3037;In the midst of the Spanish Succession War (1700-1713), the Parliament voted the Act of Union in 1707. When confirmed by the Scottish vote, it established the Union of Scotland and England (and its Irish possessions) under the same monarch into one realm under the title of Great Britain. A new flag, the Union Jack was adopted as a symbol of the Union.;x
ACTIONNAME3037A;We are Great Britain;x
ACTIONNAME3037B;A personal union is enough;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3038;The Hanoverian Succession;x
EVENTHIST3038;The 1701 Act of Establishment had been voted to regulate the succession to the throne, ensuring no Catholic dynasty would ever rule England. When the personal union with the Dutch Republic had ended in 1702 on the death of William of Orange, his sister-in-law Queen Anne (1702-1714) reigned but failed to provide a surviving legitimate heir. Thus, on her death the crown went to Georg Ludwig, Elector of Hanover (1714-1727), the closest Protestant heir by descent of James I. He and his son Georg August (1727-1760) were German born and would always follow closely the fate of their Electorate, making it in fact if not in law a vassal of the new kingdom of Great Britain. To many people however, the alternative had been there from the beginning: Anne's younger half-brother, the exiled James Stuart, Prince of Wales...;x
ACTIONNAME3038A;The Elector of Hanover;x
ACTIONNAME3038B;The Prince of Wales;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3039;The 'Fifteen;x
EVENTHIST3039;This rebellion of the Jacobite cause led by the Earl of Mar began in 1715. By the end of September, most of the Highlands were in his control and his army numbered some 5,000 with more appearing daily. But all this was done without even notifying the king they were claiming to support. The Old Pretender, King James III, was not even aware of the situation as of yet. Word was sent to the king, and the size of the force continued to grow. The Earl, with his growing army, moved to Perth and established his base there after taking the city. Meanwhile another Jacobite army was forming to the south, The Old Pretender hearing the news began to make preparations for his trip to Scotland and his crowning. By early November, the northern Jacobite army numbered some 12,000, mostly Clansmen from the Highlands. The Earl then decided to march south where he soon met the army of the Duke of Argyll, the only remaining government troops in Scotland. The Jacobite forces were mismanaged and split. The southern army marched south to raise Lancashire instead of turning on the Duke of Argyll's flank, while a much smaller force under the Duke defeated the larger northern army of the Jacobites at Sherrrifmuir on November 13th. The southern army was also met and defeated at Preston by other government forces in England. The Jacobites were forced to retreat to Perth, while still waiting for their leader to arrive. The Old Pretender finally arrived in Scotland on the 22nd of December after leaving fittingly enough from Dunkirk. But the matter was already settled, as the Duke of Argyll was already receiving reinforcements of experienced troops and was preparing an overwhelming force to march north. The King, James III, was again forced to retreat after spending a dismal six weeks in Scotland.;x
ACTIONNAME3039A;We will smash them!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3040;Sir Robert Walpole;x
EVENTHIST3040;Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford (1676-1745) was appointed War Minister in 1708. Compromised in many scandals, he loses his functions but is recalled upon the advent of the Hanoverian dynasty. He fervent partisan of European overall peace and balance, he dominated English political life from 1721 to 1742, as First Lord and Exchequer, a Prime Minister in fact if not in title.;x
ACTIONNAME3040A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3042;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3042;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3042A;Pro-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3042B;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3042C;Anti-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3043;The 'Forty-Five;x
EVENTHIST3043;In 1745, the war of the Austrian Succession was raging in Europe. England had most of her troops busy in the Austrian Netherlands. The time seemed ripe for Charles-Edward Stuart (1720-1788) to boldly land in Scotland. He and his Jacobite supporters managed to beat an English army at Prestonpans on October 2nd, 1745 and entered Edinburgh where he had his father James recognized as King of Scotland. At the head of a small army, he then invaded England as far as Derby, but had to retreat when promised French support did not materialized (the intended landing of French troops had failed). Caught up by the British army under Cumberland (recalled from the Low Countries), he is soundly defeated at Culloden on 16th April, 1746. This was the best shot the Stuarts ever got to reclaim the throne, but the rash young prince did not listen to the sober advice of his Generals, thus forever burying the Stuart cause.;x
ACTIONNAME3043A;We will smash them!;x
ACTIONNAME3043B;The Stuarts take back the throne!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3044;William Pitt the Elder;x
EVENTHIST3044;William Pitt, 'the first Pitt' (1708-1778), was the grandson of the Governor of Madras. Initially destined for a military career, he became a deputy in the Commons, member of the Whigs and an ardent patriot. Striving to give England a world maritime empire, he leads the coalition government of 1757 despite the profound hatred of George II and obtained decisive results in Canada and India. His departure in 1763 saved France from the toughest clauses of the Treaty of Paris ending the Seven Years War. Back to power in 1766-1778 despite his poor health, he advocated war against France in 1778.;x
ACTIONNAME3044A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3045;The East India Company;x
EVENTHIST3045;Created two years before its Dutch equivalent, the English East India Company had a difficult start. Its first trading posts in the Moluccas (Amboina) and Indonesia were soon overwhelmed and closed by the Dutch and activity concentrated to India (Madras, Bombay, Calcutta). It is there that she would know its greatest success, from a small trading ventures of harbor factories to the large Indian Empire build by Warren Hastings and Robert Clive (from 1757 onwards) that would control most of the Indian subcontinent. The company would outlast all its competitors and would only be taken over by the British government in 1867, in the wake of the great Sepoy revolt of 1857.;x
ACTIONNAME3045A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3046;The Sale of Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3046;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was England who bought it in 1768 and restored order, making it the major Mediterranean base from which to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte the Great Son of the Island.;x
ACTIONNAME3046A;Offer to buy Corsica;x
ACTIONNAME3046B;Pass the opportunity;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3047;Tax Revolt in America;x
EVENTHIST3047;In 1765-1767 the British Parliament issues the Stamp tax and numerous tolls in the American Colonies. It is view appropriate that the colonists pay for the high costs of the Seven Years War or The French and Indian Wars as it is known in America. The colonists however react spontaneously. The Congress of Massachusetts expresses a sharp protest, which is seconded by many other colonies. The most important of the agitators are Samuel Adams, who creates the 'Sons of Liberty' in Boston, and the lawyer Patrick Henry. His Majesty's government decides to send troops to America and order the Governors to dissolve the congresses of the colonies. This increases the revolutionary tendencies further...;x
ACTIONNAME3047A;Stamp tax and Tolls;x
ACTIONNAME3047B;Stamp tax, Defense tax and Tolls;x
ACTIONNAME3047C;More Taxes in England;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3048;The American Colonial Policy;x
EVENTHIST3048;Lord North has come to power in Britain and immediately abolishes the hated tolls in America, with one exception-The Tea Toll. The reason is to underscore the right of the British Parliament to pass laws. This retreat though comes too late. The struggle against the tolls have become a struggle for constitutional rights and when bloodshed occur in Boston, in what have been called the Boston Massacre, the tension is at maximum level.;x
ACTIONNAME3048A;Abolish all Tolls, but the Tea Toll;x
ACTIONNAME3048B;Keep all Tolls;x
ACTIONNAME3048C;Abolish all Tolls;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3049;The American Revolution;x
EVENTHIST3049;Following the closure of Boston harbor in 1773, there were skirmishes at Lexington and Concord in 1775, and an attempted invasion of British Canada late in 1775. The lack of compromise from the British and the spirit of the Sons of Liberty on the colonial side led to the meeting of a Continental Congress which issued the Declaration of Independence on 4th July, 1776. The United States of America were born and would endure nearly 7 years of guerilla and regular warfare, with its lot of betrayal, unrest, torn-families, defeats and victories (Saratoga 1777, bringing in the French alliance in 1778, and Yorktown 1781) that would finally lead England to concede defeat, lose all the territory of her former 13 colonies, and recognize the American independence at the Treaty of Paris in 1783.;x
ACTIONNAME3049A;Revoke the Constitutional Freedom of the Colonies;x
ACTIONNAME3049B;Install British Administration and Judges;x
ACTIONNAME3049C;Start Negotiations for Self-Determination;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3052;The North American Union;x
EVENTHIST3052;As the British won what they call 'The War of American Rebellion' hostilities dragged on. Heavily occupied by British troops isolated insurrectionists held on to the flag of freedom with guerilla attacks. The British Government though took certain measures, making all colonists British citizens and all territories of His Majesty's Government equal in rights and power. Most so-called 'Americans' still felt themselves being different from the average Londoner, but King George's rule was just and fair. Slowly the insurrectionists attacks started to strike back at themselves as ordinary people started to view them as brigands. In pace with their failure to get support they become more radical and when the French Revolution appeared they happily picked up that ideology of violence and hatred. The Reign of Terror in France and the British problems in Quebec quickly made ordinary people to flock to the English banners. The British Government seized the initiative and issued the Act of the North American Union. All colonies would now become province with their own parliament fully empowered for local governance. The same would be true for the Motherland. The British Government in London and the Grand Parliament would now also accept and include members from the North American Union. This decision was very successful and with the power of the New World behind her back London could much direct the decisions of the Congress of Vienna in 1801.;x
ACTIONNAME3052A;We won the Struggle!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3055;The Creation of the Continental Army;x
EVENTHIST3055;On May 10, 1775 representatives from all thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia deciding to create a national army, The Continental Army, under the leadership of the Cavalier George Washington of Virginia. This was a very important for the young Nation as the Professional Army was the first stepping stone to recognition from the Old World. The form of the army was though hotly debated. How will you choose, Sire?;x
ACTIONNAME3055A;Raise Professional Army;x
ACTIONNAME3055B;Raise Provincial Militias;x
ACTIONNAME3055C;Call for Volunteers;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3056;The Congress' Printing Machine;x
EVENTHIST3056;In 1779 the Military situation was severe, but the economic situation was even worse. The Congress was not yet an efficient vehicle of governance and members of it let the printing press run freely. The money was needed, but the effect was a growing inflation. The usage of the printing press was a collective decision the body of men responsible could have decided differently. How will you decide, Sire?;x
ACTIONNAME3056A;Print more money;x
ACTIONNAME3056B;Use with constrain;x
ACTIONNAME3056C;Stop immediately;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3057;The US Constitution;x
EVENTHIST3057;In 1787 the representatives of all colonies except Rhode Island met to create a joint constitution. After four months' hard labour the US constitution was signed. This made the US the first modern democracy, but it had its price. It was a great compromise between many interests and thus a source of both conflict and cooperation among the citizens of the new United States of America. During the forging of the constitution a number of different approaches were tried. Which one will you choose, O Spirit of America?;x
ACTIONNAME3057A;Governmental Balance of Power;x
ACTIONNAME3057B;Strong Federal Government;x
ACTIONNAME3057C;Confederacy of Independent States;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3058;US. Presidential Election of 1796;x
EVENTHIST3058;Campaign and the Issues, 1796: Federalist flocked under the banner of John Adams, who vowed to reinforce Washington's Strong Government. Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists opposed the growing government and rode the wave of popular fears of insidious royalism. Adams supporters retaliated by condemning the French Revolution as Monocracy, the former cherished by the Anti-Federalists. The Anti-Federalists on the other hand still viewed England as the principal enemy and said that Adams was going to pay lip service to Her Majesty's Government. Washington's support and the New Englanders effort to stop Alexander Hamilton from sabotaging Adams campaign gave Adams a marginal electoral victory, 71-68. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;x
ACTIONNAME3058A;John Adams;x
ACTIONNAME3058B;Thomas Jefferson;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3059;Federal Taxes on Property;x
EVENTHIST3059;In July 1798 President Adams approved legislation levying federal taxes on property. This had consequences. The most obvious was the Fries Rebellion of 1799, a group of armed Pennsylvanians resisted tax assessors and collectors. But it also created a great debate of the limits of power of government that never ended, but continues up to this day and beyond. However, depending on the political position of the President and the representatives in Congress a different legislation package could have been approved. How will you choose, Mr. President?;x
ACTIONNAME3059A;Limited Federal Taxation Rights;x
ACTIONNAME3059B;No Federal Taxation Rights;x
ACTIONNAME3059C;Unlimited Federal Taxation Rights;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3060;US. Presidential Election of 1800;x
EVENTHIST3060;Campaign and the Issues, 1800: The Federalists urged voters to choose God - and a religious President (Adams) over Jefferson... and no God. Initially the Federalists monopolized the media thanks to the Sedition Act that outlawed most opposition as treason. Though this Act was also the rallying point of the Anti-Federalists, or the Republicans, as they were now called as James Madison had written the controversial Virginia and Kentucky Resolution in 1798-1799 which declared the Sedition Act unconstitutional. At a late stage the majority in New York changed and the new electoral votes changed the balance into the favor of Jefferson. However as the nominally vice presidential candidate Aaron Burr got the same number of electoral votes as the Jefferson, Burr later forced the issue to a vote in the House which was eventually won by Jefferson. The Electoral Votes: Jefferson 73, Burr 73, Adams 65. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;x
ACTIONNAME3060A;Thomas Jefferson;x
ACTIONNAME3060B;Aaron Burr;x
ACTIONNAME3060C;John Adams;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3061;The Louisiana Purchase;x
EVENTHIST3061;In 1803 Napoleon of France was hard pressed for cash as he was set on a dream of European hegemony. He therefore offered the Louisiana Territory, a vast region between the Mississippi and the Rockies against a lump sum of $15 million. The President and the Senate agreed and the United States nearly doubled its size. Sire, you would only get the provinces that France presently owns (South of Canada and North of Mexico) for a lump sum of 1000 ducats. How will you choose, Mr. President?;x
ACTIONNAME3061A;Accept Offer;x
ACTIONNAME3061B;Decline Offer;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3062;US. Presidential Election of 1804;x
EVENTHIST3062;Campaign and the Issues, 1804: President Jefferson handily checked a feeble challenge from the dying Federalist Party. The Party had been severely damaged by a radical group within called the Essex Junta, which had tried in vain to enlist some eastern seaboard states to secede from the union forming a New England Confederacy free of Jeffersonian Democracy. Among the elites of the country many still supported the Federalists and Pinckney, but the masses were discouraged by the behavior of the Junta. The Biggest Issue was the Louisiana Purchase as Federalists feared that more immigrants (Jefferson-supporters that is) would break the balance of power at the expense of the Federalists. Thus Jefferson made significant inroads in once solidly Federalist New England and victory was his. Electoral Votes: Jefferson 162, Pinckney 14. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;x
ACTIONNAME3062A;Thomas Jefferson;x
ACTIONNAME3062B;Charles Pinckney;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3063;US. Presidential Election of 1808;x
EVENTHIST3063;Campaign and the Issues, 1808: As Thomas Jefferson retired he endorsed James Madison as his successor. Madison was only vulnerable to one issue - The Embargo. As Secretary of State he had been handled the Embargo which was both retaliation against French and British disrespect and a policy of Protectionism. The Embargo was very unpopular in both camps, thus the Federalists once again revitalized under Charles Pinckney and Free-Trade Republicans threatened to support the republican vice presidential candidate George Clinton. The Free-Trade threat never materialized and although Pinckney did well he could not compete with the popularity of former President Jefferson. Jefferson was instrumental in urging fellows and foes alike to stand behind Madison and thus securing his victory. Electoral Vote: Madison 122, Pinckney 47, Clinton 6. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;x
ACTIONNAME3063A;James Madison;x
ACTIONNAME3063B;Charles Pinckney;x
ACTIONNAME3063C;George Clinton;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3064;Hawks and Doves of 1812;x
EVENTHIST3064;During the years up to the War of 1812 the English had never respected the independence of the United States de facto. England disrespected US neutral rights at sea and impressed American seamen and confiscated the goods of her ships at sea. She also encouraged and supported Indian Unrest in the West. This together with the fact that some American gentlemen like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun lobbied aggressively for war in an effort to exploit the opportunity to seize Canada made it hard for the President in International affairs. The Nation was though badly divided and when the President asked the Congress for a declaration of war (June1) the South and the west voted for and New England against. The war was not a great success for the United States military and the White House was bombard by the Royal Navy. Only the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 was considered a victory. The war ended in a status quo peace, but it could very well have ended differently. Who will you choose Mr. President?;x
ACTIONNAME3064A;Support War hawks;x
ACTIONNAME3064B;Support Doves;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3065;US. Presidential Election of 1812;x
EVENTHIST3065;Campaign and the Issues, 1812: The War of 1812 dominated the campaign. Because the United States suffered early defeats in the West, DeWitt Clinton's supporters blasted the president for incompetence in directing the war effort, a war that Federalists denounced as groundless. Madison's campaigners defended the war as necessary to establish American neutral rights. Madison was not that popular, but two things turned against Clinton. First, Clinton tried to appeal to hawks and doves alike making his position non-credible. Second, Madison was a president at war and people rallied to his defense. Electoral Votes: Madison 128, Clinton 89. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;x
ACTIONNAME3065A;James Madison;x
ACTIONNAME3065B;DeWitt Clinton;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3066;US. Presidential Election of 1816;x
EVENTHIST3066;Campaign and the Issues, 1816: There were no big issues. James Monroe was supported by two popular former presidents, Jefferson and Madison, and Monroe was a skilled tactician doing very little campaigning. The election was a sure thing all from the beginning as there were in fact only one efficient party, the Republicans. The Federalists existed, but was trashed from opposing the War of 1812 and had its voters in the New England area. Its organization and form was old and obsolete and it did not even officially nominate a candidate. It though supported Rufus King who put up only token opposition against the republican juggernaut. The Republicans was on the other hand an all-American movement with strong bases in New York, Virginia and in the South from which it campaign with skill and effect. Four republican presidential terms in a row had strengthened the party proportionally to the decline of the Federalists. James Monroe won a walk-over even if it was not as superior as his victory in 1820 where he grabbed all electors but one. Electoral Votes: Monroe 183, King 34. How will the Spirit of America choose this time?;x
ACTIONNAME3066A;James Monroe;x
ACTIONNAME3066B;Rufus King;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3067;Adams-Onís Treaty;x
EVENTHIST3067;During the First Seminole War (1817-1818) US forces had attacked Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves in Florida that had raided Georgia and massacred residents. To root out the problem General Andrew Jackson burnt villages and overthrew the Spanish governor. This episode convinced the Spanish government that the United States was capable of seizing Florida at will. This belief grew so strong that the Spanish government offered Florida to the United Sates for a lump sum of money. The agreement was finalized by U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Spanish Minister Luis de Onís. Mr. President, we will get Florida for a lump sum of 500 ducats should we heed the offer?;x
ACTIONNAME3067A;Accept Offer;x
ACTIONNAME3067B;Decline Offer;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3068;The Economic Dependency on England is broken;x
EVENTHIST3068;After the second war with England, The War of 1812, the United States' economic dependency on England had finally come to an end. Domestic industry, filled the vacuum created by a suspension of trade with Europe, emerged from the war a vital, expanding force in the economy. America had taken its first steps in the evolution from a largely agrarian nation into an industrial giant.;x
ACTIONNAME3068A;At last!!!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3086;Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3086;Many countries had view the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3086A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3093;The Meuthen Agreement;x
EVENTHIST3093;John Methuen was born in 1650. An accomplished diplomat, he is well remembered for the treaty signed in 1703 between England and Portugal. The main purpose of the treaty was to allow free introduction of English wool and cloths to Portugal in exchange of free entry of Portuguese wine into England (Port wine). The treaty made in effect Portugal an economic and political satellite of England, and was abrogated only in 1836. John Methuen died in 1706 shortly after his greatest success.;x
ACTIONNAME3093A;Accept the Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3093B;Denounce the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3101;Jean D'Arc and the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3101;At a young age Joan of Arc began to hear voices-those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the dauphin, later King Charles VII.  Charles gave her an army and her inspiration rescued France from defeat against the English.;x
ACTIONNAME3101A;Heed the Advice of Jean D'Arc;x
ACTIONNAME3101B;Ignore the Advice of Jean D'Arc;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3102;The Birth of a Permanent Taxation System;x
EVENTHIST3102;Charles VII remodeled French finances, established heavy taxation, particularly through the taille, a direct land tax. Extracting the wealth of the land has always been a tough nut to crack for the centralizing French kings. To tap the vast riches of the French lands new and improved taxation methods were needed time after time. Throughout history the methods used became more and more rationalized to optimimize gains for the treasury. The Birth of a Permanent Taxation Systems was a major step towards this aim.;x
ACTIONNAME3102A;Issue it;x
ACTIONNAME3102B;Let it be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3103;The Creation of the First Permanent Army;x
EVENTHIST3103;Charles VII, although dominated by his mistress, Agnčs Sorel, proved an able administrator. He reorganized the army into a permanent force after forcing the British withdrawal from Guienne.;x
ACTIONNAME3103A;We need a Permanent Force!;x
ACTIONNAME3103B;We can safely rely on the Nobles!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3104;The End of the Hundred Years' War;x
EVENTHIST3104;Louis XI benefited from the outcome of the Hundred Years' War. The virtual destruction of the feudal nobility enabled him to unite France more solidly under the royal authority and to promote and ally with the middle class.;x
ACTIONNAME3104A;Now let us take care of those Nobles;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3105;The Inheritance of Anjou;x
EVENTHIST3105;The Kingdom of Naples had become a possession of Aragon (and thus of Spain) in 1443, as well as Sicily. Its last ruler, René of Anjou had lost his realm to Ferdinand of Aragon who reigned from 1458 to 1494. His death in 1494 led a weak king, Alfonso, on the throne. His kingdom would probably end into the hands of the rulers of Spain. However, Charles VIII of France, a direct heir of the house of Anjou, also had legal claims to the throne. Following Charles VIII expedition to Naples in 1494 to claim his Anjou inheritance, and which had ended in disaster despite his brilliant victory at Fornova on 5th July 1495 (the Furia Francese), other wars were to erupt due to dispute over Milano, Swiss intervention in the conflict and the diplomatic and covert efforts of the Papacy under Julius II from 1503. In total, six wars would ravage the peninsula, from 1494 (Naples) to 1559 (peace concluded between France and the Habsburgs at Catteau-Cambresis on 3rd April). They would see the alternance of French victories (Marignano in 1515) and defeats (Pavia 1525) and would even extend to the borders and interior of France.;x
ACTIONNAME3105A;Let us claim what is rightfully ours!;x
ACTIONNAME3105B;Let us drop our claims for good!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3106;The State takes control of the Guilds;x
EVENTHIST3106;The word gilde, or ghilde, is but one of many terms used formerly in France and in the Low Countries to denote what the more modern word corporation stands. In France and the Low Countries a guild was originally a sort of fraternity for common support, protection, and amusement. The members paid each a certain contribution to the common fund. After the end of the fifteenth century, under the despotic rule of the French kings, the guilds ceased to be a means of protection for a majority of their members. Their privileges became a means of filling the royal coffers at the expense of the employers;x
ACTIONNAME3106A;Take Control of the Guilds;x
ACTIONNAME3106B;Do not mess with the Guilds;x
ACTIONNAME3106C;Give more control to the Guilds;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3107;The League of Cambrai;x
EVENTHIST3107;In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;x
ACTIONNAME3107A;Express Support;x
ACTIONNAME3107B;Ignore;x
ACTIONNAME3107C;Express Hostility;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3108;French claims in Italy weakened;x
EVENTHIST3108;During the Period 1524-1529 the French King experienced several setbacks. Not only did he starts and lose several campaigns in Italy, but in 1526 he was also captured and brought to Madrid in chains where he had do denounce all his claims. It did not end with that though. The French King refused to denounce his claims and again and again attacked in Italy. However, slowly he understood that the Italians would not accept a French monarch. For them belonging to a weak Holy Roman Empire was much better, and the French King also found that his opponents never had a problem with getting the majority of the lesser Italian states into their alliance. So at last after numerous fruitless wars the French King gave up his claims in Italy.;x
ACTIONNAME3108A;No one seem to acknowledge our claims;x
ACTIONNAME3108B;We will never drop our claims on what is ours;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3109;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3109;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3109A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3109B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3110;War of Religion in France;x
EVENTHIST3110;There are traditionally eight different Wars of Religion in France between 1562 and 1598. The first seven ones (1562-1563, 1567-1568, 1568-1570, 1572-1573, 1575-1577, 1577, 1579-1580) have common features: a split society between Catholics and Protestants, fragmented and erratic military operations, peace edicts that are more like truce than real peace. The question of the royal succession put the very existence of the kingdom at stake, even dividing Catholics in opposing fractions, After 1589 and King Henry III murder, Spanish intervention transforms the civil war in outright international conflict. The violence and hatred between Protestants and Catholics had increased all over France in the years 1562-1572. The powerful Duke of Guise (from the Lorraine province) set up a Catholic League to react against the Protestants and what he considered a weak royal power. Although he was assassinated on 23rd December 1588 upon the order of King Henry III, the League then openly revolted and refused to recognize the king or his designated heir, and called for Spanish military aid, going so far as to offer the throne to the Spanish infant. These moves were the sparks that would light the fire.;x
ACTIONNAME3110A;French Moderates;x
ACTIONNAME3110B;French Protestants;x
ACTIONNAME3110C;French Ultra Catholics;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3111;At the Walls of Paris;x
EVENTHIST3111;In May 1588 the Wars of Religion entered their final chapter. The people of Paris, influenced by rabid Leaguer preachers, were disatisfied with Henri III and his failure to suppress the Protestants. Even a moderate Catholic was almost as bad as a heretic to the Leaguers. An uprising caused Henri III to flee Paris, the Catholic League took control of the government and welcomed the Duc de Guise. The League pressed for a meeting of the Estates-General: their proposed heir to the crown was the Cardinal de Bourbon, Navarre's uncle, Henri III might be forced to abdicate. On Christmas Eve, when Guise was at Blois for the meetings, Henri III invited him in his quarters for some discussion. The doors were bolted and Guise was cut to pieces, his body burnt, the bones dissolved, and the ashes scattered. The same fate was visited on his brother, the Cardinal de Guise. The two best heads from the house of Guise out, it still left the younger brother, the Duc de Mayenne. The League presses printed revolutionary tracts and the Sorbonne proclaimed that is was just and necessary to depose Henri III, and any citizen was morally free to commit regicide. The League sent an army against Henri III, and Henri III turned to Navarre for an alliance. Their forces joined to reclaim Paris. In July 1589, a monk begged an audience with the king and put a knife into his spleen. On his deathbed, Henri III called for Navarre and named him his heir. Some of the late Henri III's followers gave their loyalties to the new king, and others melted away into the night. The League staged coups in many cities of France. Well financed by Spain, Mayenne took to the field. Henri IV brought the war into the north, which he knew was critical if he wanted to be more than king in Gascony. In September, Henri defeated Mayenne at Arques. His army swept through Normandy, taking town after town that winter. In March 1590, he inflicted an even more crushing defeat on the League at Ivry. The Cardinal de Bourbon died, weakening the League position. Henri laid siege to Paris in the spring and summer. Alarmed, Philip II of Spain ordered the Duke of Parma, the most able commander of the age, to divert himself from suppressing the Dutch to relieving the siege. There were no open combat, but Henri IV was obliged to withdraw. In 1593, the League held an Estates-General in Paris, to name a candidate for the throne. The Spanish proposed Philip II's daughter who would marry the Duc de Guise. It went against the Salic law, and Parliament passed a decree that the crown could not go to a foreigner. At this point, Henri IV made his 'perilous leap' and abjured his faith in July 1593, in the church of St. Denis, reputedly saying that 'Paris is worth a mass.' In the spring of 1594, Henri IV entered Paris without firing a shot.;x
ACTIONNAME3111A;The Kingdom is ours!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3112;The Holy League;x
EVENTHIST3112;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pie V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: 'At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again...';x
ACTIONNAME3112A;Support the Holy League;x
ACTIONNAME3112B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3113;At the Walls of Paris;x
EVENTHIST3113;In May 1588 the Wars of Religion entered their final chapter. The people of Paris, influenced by rabid Leaguer preachers, were disatisfied with Henri III and his failure to suppress the Protestants. Even a moderate Catholic was almost as bad as a heretic to the Leaguers. An uprising caused Henri III to flee Paris, the Catholic League took control of the government and welcomed the Duc de Guise. The League pressed for a meeting of the Estates-General: their proposed heir to the crown was the Cardinal de Bourbon, Navarre's uncle, Henri III might be forced to abdicate. On Christmas Eve, when Guise was at Blois for the meetings, Henri III invited him in his quarters for some discussion. The doors were bolted and Guise was cut to pieces, his body burnt, the bones dissolved, and the ashes scattered. The same fate was visited on his brother, the Cardinal de Guise. The two best heads from the house of Guise out, it still left the younger brother, the Duc de Mayenne. The League presses printed revolutionary tracts and the Sorbonne proclaimed that is was just and necessary to depose Henri III, and any citizen was morally free to commit regicide. The League sent an army against Henri III, and Henri III turned to Navarre for an alliance. Their forces joined to reclaim Paris. In July 1589, a monk begged an audience with the king and put a knife into his spleen. On his deathbed, Henri III called for Navarre and named him his heir. Some of the late Henri III's followers gave their loyalties to the new king, and others went away. The League staged coups in many cities of France. Well financed by Spain, Mayenne took to the field. Henri IV brought the war into the north, which he knew was critical if he wanted to be more than king in Gascony. In September, Henri defeated Mayenne at Arques. In winter, his army swept through Normandy, taking town after town. In March 1590, he inflicted a more crushing defeat at Ivry. The Cardinal de Bourbon died, weakening the League position. Henri laid siege to Paris in the spring and summer. Alarmed, Philip II of Spain ordered the Duke of Parma, the most able commander of the age, to relieve the siege. The two met in a pitched battle around Paris. Henri IV won and forced the Spaniards to withdraw and the Parisians acknowledged him as King. In 1593, the Moderates held an Estates-General in Paris to name a candidate for the throne. The Spanish proposed Philip II's daughter who would marry the Duc de Guise. It went against the Salic law, and Parliament passed a decree that the crown could not go to a foreigner. Henri IV made his bid: he seized all Catholic leaders, executing them. France was declared a Reformed country, but religious freedom was ensured for all. Henri was King without needing the Catholic Church's support.;x
ACTIONNAME3113A;The Kingdom is ours!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3114;Le Tellier and Louvois;x
EVENTHIST3114;Michel Le Tellier (1603-1685) was the son of a counsellor at the Account Chamber. Pinpointed by Prime Minister Cardinal Mazarin, he his named Secretary of War in 1643. He starts the needed reformation of the French army and war administration as minister till 1666 and Chancellor till 1677. His eldest son, Louvois, perfected his achievement and offered his master, Louis XIV, with the largest and best army of the last half of the 17th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3114A;These Excellent Military Specialists!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3115;Samuel de Champlain and the Hurons;x
EVENTHIST3115;Samuel de Champlain was sent by a man named Aymar de Clermont who had been given the privilege to establish a fur trading company by the king of France. During his travels Samuel de Champlain made friends with the Indians. He spent time with the Algonquin and Huron Indians exploring the area.;x
ACTIONNAME3115A;Let us befriend the Hurons;x
ACTIONNAME3115B;Let us befriend the Creek;x
ACTIONNAME3115C;Let us befriend the Iroquois;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3116;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3116;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3116A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3116B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3117;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3117;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3117A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3117B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3118;Revolt in France;x
EVENTHIST3118;Marie de' Medici was married to Henry in 1600. After his assassination 1610 she became regent for her son Louis XIII. She reversed the policies set by her husband;x
ACTIONNAME3118A;Treat the Noble Rebels with Dignity;x
ACTIONNAME3118B;Kill them and expropriate their land;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3119;Protestant Revolt in Navarra;x
EVENTHIST3119;In the reign of King Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu decided to suppress Protestant political privileges. An uprising (1621-22) against the introduction of Catholicism in Béarn was put down by Richelieu, and the Protestants lost all the strongholds given to them under the Edict of Nantes, except Montauban and La Rochelle.;x
ACTIONNAME3119A;Crush them!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3120;Richelieu;x
EVENTHIST3120;Armand Du Plessis, Cardinal of Richelieu, was 39 years old when he became Chief Minister of King Louis XIII in 1624. His main successful efforts in domestic policy were the fight against the upper nobility and the Protestant political privileges. He also supported overseas trade, colonial expansion and the constitution of a permanent royal navy. Its most notable achievement remained the diplomatic game he played during the Thirty Years War, pushing with French gold the Swedish intervention in 1630 and ultimately joining the war in 1635. His aimed had been the reduction of the House of Habsburg and the extrication of France from encirclement by enemy territory. He is considered as the inventor of the concept of Real Politik.;x
ACTIONNAME3120A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3121;War of Religion in France;x
EVENTHIST3121;The immediate issue was the French Protestants' struggle for freedom of worship and the right of establishment. Of equal importance, however, was the struggle for power between the crown and the great nobles and the rivalry among the great nobles themselves for the control of the king.;x
ACTIONNAME3121A;Crush this State-within-the-State;x
ACTIONNAME3121B;Try a Tolerant Policy of Reconciliation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3122;The Fronde in France;x
EVENTHIST3122;The Fronde (1648-1653) was mostly the last revolt of the French nobility against royal absolutism. It had started by the revolt of the Parliament of Paris (at the time the highest French court with jurisdiction over royal edicts) against the domestic policies of Cardinal Mazarin, who acted as Prime Minister of the 5-year-old Louis XIV. It was followed by that of the upper nobility (Fronde des Princes), but the rebellion was finally suppressed by a combination of Machiavellian diplomacy, betrayals and reverses of fortune. The Parliament was muzzled (it would not be convened again before 1789) and the upper nobility deprived of political power, preparing the advent of total royal absolutism under the Sun King, Louis XIV, after 1661.;x
ACTIONNAME3122A;Crush the Parliament and the Nobles;x
ACTIONNAME3122B;Crush the Parliament, but appease the Nobles;x
ACTIONNAME3122C;Appoint the Prince of Condé as Regent;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3123;Academie Francaisé;x
EVENTHIST3123;Cardinal Richelieu a liberal patron of literature, he created l'Academie Francaise in 1636 in order to promote French language and literature pursuits. Although the scientific academy never matched the associated literary Académie in fame, it did make a number of important scientific discoveries in the eighteenth century. It was French expeditions in 1735 and 1743, for instance, which established the oblate shape of the earth.;x
ACTIONNAME3123A;Yes, we want it!;x
ACTIONNAME3123B;No, it's too expensive!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3124;Colbert;x
EVENTHIST3124;Nominated Minister of Finance in 1661, Jean-Baptiste Colbert (born 1619) developed the first national economy of the modern age. His state-guided economy included better tax collection, statistical planning of the budget and regular bookkeeping. An advocate of Mercantilism (also Colbertism), he aimed at a favorable French balance of trade through the export of valuable finished products (luxury items, etc...) and high import tariffs. He encouraged a more efficient domestic trade (roads, canals, suppression of local duties), established state monopolies, subsidized manufactures, promoted navigation and trade associations, fixed agricultural prices, encouraged marriage and prohibited emigration (except to Canada), etc.. To support his policies, he also greatly enlarged the size of the royal navy. While mercantilism promoted commerce and crafts, thereby increasing prosperity, peasants were not stimulated to increase their production. When he died in 1683, his son Colbert de Seignelay pursued his task till 1690.;x
ACTIONNAME3124A;Build a Navy and modernize the Infrastructure;x
ACTIONNAME3124B;Concentrate on Economic Domination;x
ACTIONNAME3124C;Concentrate on Naval Supremacy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3125;The Commissioning of Versailles;x
EVENTHIST3125;The major influence which France did exert over the baroque age was one of courtly opulence. In 1669 Louis XIV (1638-1715) decided to convert an old hunting lodge at Versailles into a palace of unprecedented magnificence. It was completed in 1682, and the court moved in 1683. There was not a kingly or princely court in Europe which could match Versailles for the opulence of its gilded interiors, its mirrors and chandeliers, with an appropriately matching flamboyance of courtly ceremony, and there was not a kingly or princely court in Europe which did not, either openly or secretly aspires to match this model;x
ACTIONNAME3125A;We need it for the Glory;x
ACTIONNAME3125B;Useless piece of...;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3126;Versailles stands in Unearthly Glory;x
EVENTHIST3126;It was an insignificant village made famous by Louis XIV, who built (mid-17th cent.) the palace and grounds that have become almost synonymous with the name Versailles. The growth of the town began in 1682, when Louis moved his court there. The huge structure, representing French classical style at its height, was the work of Louis Le Vau, J. H. Mansart, and Charles Le Brun. André Le Nôtre laid out the park and gardens, which are decorated with fountains, reservoirs, and sculptures by such artists as Antoine Coysevox. A huge machine was built at Marly-le-Roi to supply water for the fountains. The park contains two smaller palaces, the Grand Trianon and the Petit Trianon, as well as numerous temples, grottoes, and other decorative structures. The scene of the beginnings of the French Revolution, Versailles never again became a royal residence.;x
ACTIONNAME3126A;A Sun-Palace for a Sun-King!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3127;Chambers of Reunion;x
EVENTHIST3127;Aiming at European hegemony and the rounding of French frontiers in the North and in the East (to the Rhine), Louis XIV had established the Chambers of Reunion, courts that advanced claimed to Imperial territories. These expansionist policies were at first tolerated by France powerless neighbors. It reached its climax in 1681, with the annexation of the free city of Strasbourg in Alsace and the 1684 occupation of Luxembourg. The reunion were recognized by the Empire in the 1684 Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683) and this led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686);x
ACTIONNAME3127A;Make the Claim;x
ACTIONNAME3127B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3128;Protestants expelled from France;x
EVENTHIST3128;One of the preoccupations of Louis XIV had been the restoration of national unity, in particular religious unity. Safeguarding the Catholic Church by royal privileges and censoring Papal decrees (Gallicanism), he also sent dragoons to harass French Protestant families, persecuting them into conversions. In 1685, his revocation of the Edict of Nantes prompted nearly half a million Huguenots (French Protestants) to flee the country, to more tolerant places such as Holland (from where many migrated to South Africa) or realms that welcomed them (20 000 to Prussia alone). With them, France lost commercial, judicial and cultural elite, to the benefit of her enemies.;x
ACTIONNAME3128A;Expel the Traitors;x
ACTIONNAME3128B;Have Mercy with these Misguided Creatures;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3129;Catholics rights revoked;x
EVENTHIST3129;Since the day Henri IV instituted the Reformed Church of France religious peace had only been upheld by the Edict of Nantes. His son tried to uphold this fragile peace and at the same time supported the Reformed faith and it managed to peacefully convert many people. His grandson, Louis XIV, did feel that the change was not fast enough. And as one of the preoccupations of Louis XIV had been the restoration of national unity, it also included religious unity. Safeguarding the Reformed faith by royal privileges and forbidding communication with the Holy Seal, he also sent dragoons to harass French Catholic families, persecuting them into conversions. In 1685, his revocation of the Edict of Nantes prompted nearly three million Leaguers (French Catholics) to flee the country, to more pleasant places such as Spain (from where many migrated to South America) or realms that welcomed them (80 000 to Poland alone). With them, France lost an agricultural workforce and lowered the manpower for her armies, to the benefit of her enemies.;x
ACTIONNAME3129A;Expel the Traitors;x
ACTIONNAME3129B;Have Mercy with these Misguided Creatures;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3130;Phillip of Bourbon succeeds Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3130;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;x
ACTIONNAME3130A;Splendid;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3131;Charles of Habsburg succeeds Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3131;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus tried to name Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. However in the late phase of the Franco-Spanish negotiations a secretary of one of the Spanish ministers leaked out information and Habsburg partisans back in Madrid argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, so Charles II hard beset, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Charles of Habsburg. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against Austria and Spain. Thus when Austrian forces reinforced the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;x
ACTIONNAME3131A;No, it is ours!;x
ACTIONNAME3131B;We must accept the will of poor Carlos;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3135;Charles de Broglie;x
EVENTHIST3135;Charles de Broglie was an Earl of France that became the master spy organizer of King Louis XV. Under the king's direction and ideas, he organized the first complete and structure secret service, 'Le Secret du Roy'. His network covered most of Europe and, if its first mission in the Polish succession question failed, his major achievement was the role played during the American War of Independence, in providing the first and precious help to the Insurgents (military supplies, finance, diplomatic support to Franklin's mission in Paris, etc...);x
ACTIONNAME3135A;Let him become our Spymaster!;x
ACTIONNAME3135B;No I do not trust him!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3136;The Polish Succession of 1733;x
EVENTHIST3136;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne. My Lord, we do not know whom has control of the kingship, but we must act quickly.;x
ACTIONNAME3136A;Risk local war for the kingdom;x
ACTIONNAME3136B;Risk major war for the kingdom;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3137;Fleury;x
EVENTHIST3137;Born in 1653 the son of a tax collector, Hercule de Fleury becomes the preceptor of the young Louis XV on 23rd August 1715. A great confidence always prevailed between master and student and in 1726, at 73 years of age, Fleury becomes Prime Minister, and this till his death in 1743. Faithful, honest, Fleury was above all a partisan of peace and did his best to maintain it. Under his government, France enjoyed the longest peaceful period of its history for the last 3 centuries.;x
ACTIONNAME3137A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3138;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3138;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3138A;Anti-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3138B;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3138C;Pro-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3139;Machault and the 5 percent tax;x
EVENTHIST3139;Neither the aristocracy nor the clergy pay the general land tax, the taille;x
ACTIONNAME3139A;Introduce it, except for Nobles and Priest;x
ACTIONNAME3139B;Introduce it for all;x
ACTIONNAME3139C;Do not introduce it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3140;The Sale of Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3140;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was France, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769.;x
ACTIONNAME3140A;Offer to buy Corsica;x
ACTIONNAME3140B;Pass the opportunity;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3141;Turgot and the Economic Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3141;Turgot issued his 'Six Edicts' eliminating the forced labor system of building roads, dissolved the guild system, lifted all sorts of tariffs and foreign trade controls, and implemented the Physiocrats' favorite policy - a single tax on landowners.;x
ACTIONNAME3141A;Let him Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3141B;Don't let him Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3142;Necker announce the Budget Deficit;x
EVENTHIST3142;Jacques Necker was originally a conservative compromise to the post as minister of finance. He however introduced a number of financial reforms, including a more equitable system of taxation and a plan for the funding of the national debt. In 1781 Necker is forced to announce the budget deficit in an effort to get new loans. The figures are highly colored, but every one can now see what absurd sums the Court spends.;x
ACTIONNAME3142A;Remove him and install Calonne;x
ACTIONNAME3142B;Encourage his excellent work;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3144;The General Estates;x
EVENTHIST3144;The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 was a success for France and revenge from previous defeats. However, it did nothing to ease the financial problems but rather increased the burden of debts. The success of the American independence movement also reinforced criticism of the regime. The 1786 commercial treaty with Britain was followed by a sharp decline in domestic industrial production, a very severe famine resulting from bad harvests, unrest and finally public bankruptcy in 1788. The King was forced to recall the Estates General, a feat unseen since 1626. On 5th May 1789, the Estates General convened at Versailles and soon pronounced itself a National Assembly (17th June), pledging to stay until they devised a constitution. Louis XVI acknowledged the changes in the situation, but the dismissal of his popular finance minister Necker and troop concentrations in the suburbs prompted the Paris masses to storm the state prison of La Bastille on 14th July 1789. The French Revolution had started.;x
ACTIONNAME3144A;Economic Reforms, but no Social Change;x
ACTIONNAME3144B;Economic Reforms and small Social Change;x
ACTIONNAME3144C;Economic and Social Reforms;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3145;The Reign of Terror;x
EVENTHIST3145;As Robespierre's militantly radical faction was brought to power in the People's Assembly a campaign to root out the 'Enemy within' started. Mass arrests of 'thought-to-be' royalist sympathizers were followed by the September massacres, after which Madame Guillotine was held warm by the blood of the people.;x
ACTIONNAME3145A;The September-murders have taken place;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3146;The Execution of King Louis;x
EVENTHIST3146;After the failed flight of the royal family on 20 June 1791 the king is forced into house-arrest. When the Reign of Terror starts the nobility is beheaded en-masse and the king is declared to have conspired with foreign powers and thus considered a traitor. The king is first forced to abdicate, imprisoned and called 'Citizen Capet'. On 15 Jan 1793 the National Convent votes for a proposal to execute the king with the figures 361 votes against 360. On 21 Jan 1793 King Louis is beheaded.;x
ACTIONNAME3146A;361 votes for and 360 against execution;x
ACTIONNAME3146B;361 votes against and 360 for execution;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3147;The Chouan Revolt;x
EVENTHIST3147;As the French revolution dragged on and saw permanent turmoil and the outburst of war, the people of the western province of France (Poitou, Vendée, Brittany) came to regret the old regime and its relative stability, if not liberty. The unwise move of the Republican government to suppress the old clergy and replace the Catholic cult, combined with the return of some Royalist nobles, were the sparks that ignited a terrible revolt in 1794 that would force the diversion of large number of troops and mass massacres.;x
ACTIONNAME3147A;Royalists and Ultra Catholics are on the move;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3148;Napoleon Bonaparte;x
EVENTHIST3148;Born in Corsica on 15th August 1768, Napoleon Bonaparte undertook military education at the royal military college of Brienne (graduated in 1785). A young artillery lieutenant when the French revolution erupted, he grabbed his first opportunity at the siege of Toulon in 1793 and then become the youngest general in the French revolutionary armies. A military genius, his victories in Italy in 1796 (and again 1800) and his campaign in Egypt 1798 would sharpen his thirst for power and he would become consul, then Emperor, marking the dawn of a new age.;x
ACTIONNAME3148A;We need Brilliant Leadership!;x
ACTIONNAME3148B;We don't want a new Caesar!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3149;The Empire of France;x
EVENTHIST3149;After the defeat of Austria and Prussia Napoleon had a free hand to reorganize Europe and numerous relatives to install on the thrones of his satellite kingdoms. The result was known as the Grand Empire. In a glamorous crowning Napoleon picked his crown from the hands of the Pope and put it on his own head. Then he started to readdress Europe. Having annexed Tuscany, Piedmont, Genoa, and the Rhineland directly into France, Napoleon placed the Kingdom of Holland (which until 1806 was the Batavian Commonwealth) under his brother Louis, the Kingdom of Westphalia under his brother Jérôme, the Kingdom of Italy under his stepson Eugčne as his viceroy, the Kingdom of Spain under his brother Joseph, and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (carved out of Prussian Poland) under the nominal sovereignty of his ally the king of Saxony. To link his allied states in northern and southern Germany, Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine. Even Austria seemed to fall into Napoleon's sphere of influence with his marriage to Archduchess Maria Louise in 1810;x
ACTIONNAME3149A;Vive l'Empereur!;x
ACTIONNAME3149B;Deepen the value of the Republic;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3150;Torquemada and the Expulsion of the Moors;x
EVENTHIST3150;After having expelled the Jews on 3rd August 1492, the Catholic sovereigns of Spain considered it was time to look after the Moorish population of Al-Andalus, the southern part of the peninsula from the old Muslims kingdoms of Valencia and, above all, Grenada. With the renewal of the Inquisition (Torquemada 1493-1498), Spain became a country of religious fanatics where agricultural work and crafts were considered labors unworthy of Christians. The massive forced conversions, enslavement or, more often;x
ACTIONNAME3150A;Let us be rid of those we cannot trust;x
ACTIONNAME3150B;Let us make a clean sweep for the Glory of God;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3151;The Habsburg Wedding;x
EVENTHIST3151;In 1496, when the King of Aragon Ferdinand and the Queen of Castile Isabella married their heir Joan the Mad to Habsburg heir Philip the Fair, they started the historical union between what would be called the Spanish and the Austria Habsburgs. The son from this marriage, Charles V, would become the emperor of the largest territory in Western Europe, having inherited the lands of Castile, Aragon, Burgundy and Austria. The Habsburgs would pursue this intra-family wedding policy till the end of the 17th century. My Lord, King Carlos has decided to rule the world from Vienna.;x
ACTIONNAME3151A;Humbly Accept Carlos' Wise Decision;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3152;The Quest for the New World;x
EVENTHIST3152;After the Conquest of Granada, Spain was filled with veterans and warriors of the faith with nothing to do and many needs. Deeds and needs would be fulfilled as Cortez and Pizarro started out to conquer South- and Central America. All these people became the hacienda-owners and trader-barons of the New World bringing wealth both into their own pockets and the vaults of the Spanish treasury.;x
ACTIONNAME3152A;A New Reconquista! A New Beginning!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3153;The Trade Center of Seville;x
EVENTHIST3153;With the discovery of the New World, Seville entered its greatest period of prosperity. It was the chief port of trade with the new colonies, as well as a major shipyard and launch point for Spain's numerous exploratory expeditions. The city soon became extremely wealthy thanks to Spain's treasure fleets bringing back plundered South American gold and silver, and so the Habsburg monarchs quickly let it have a monopoly on all such freight going to and from her New World colonies.;x
ACTIONNAME3153A;The New World is our oyster!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3154;The Fuggers;x
EVENTHIST3154;The Fuggers were a peasant family of weavers from Augsburg during the 15th Century who rose through trade and transactions in money to Bankers of the Habsburgs and the Popes. Jakob Fugger the Rich (1511-1525) financed Charles V's wars and election to the Empire, controlled European lead, silver and copper production and obtained a monopoly in quicksilver. Anton Fugger (1525-1560) had trading concessions in Chile, Peru and Moscow. However, the company declined by the end of the 16th Century because of state bankruptcies in Spain, family conflicts and lack of interest on the part of the heirs.;x
ACTIONNAME3154A;Let the Fuggers run our Finances;x
ACTIONNAME3154B;Turn the Fuggers offer down;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3155;The Communeros;x
EVENTHIST3155;The commons, angered by the exploitation by the nobles formed into brotherhoods, notably the 'Communeros' of Castile and the 'Germania' of Valencia, and attempted to pressurize the nobles into giving them more rights and a better deal.;x
ACTIONNAME3155A;Crush the Rebellion;x
ACTIONNAME3155B;Use force, but give concessions to the Peasantry;x
ACTIONNAME3155C;Use force, but give concessions to the Nobility;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3156;The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem;x
EVENTHIST3156;Being driven from the island of Rhodes by the Turks the knights wandered homeless until in 1530 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V conferred upon them the sovereignty of the island of Malta.;x
ACTIONNAME3156A;Give Malta to the Knights of St. John;x
ACTIONNAME3156B;Don't give them anything;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3157;The Abdication of Charles V;x
EVENTHIST3157;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee Catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;x
ACTIONNAME3157A;Yes Father!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3159;Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;x
EVENTHIST3159;In 1566 Dutch Nobles courts the regent Margerete of Parma in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene. The only answer they get is from the Count de Barlaymont saying 'Ce Gueux' (These Beggars!) in a spiteful voice. The Dutch take to that name with pride calling themselves 'The Gueses'. One of the effects of the insulting denial is that the citizenry of Antwerpen storms the churches and destroy the relics and paintings. It then spread from town to town. Knowing the effect in Madrid William of Orange try to stop these acts of violence, but it's futile. The grass has caught fire...;x
ACTIONNAME3159A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3159B;Lower the taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3160;The Purge of the Morisques;x
EVENTHIST3160;Southern parts of Spain were inhabited mostly by Muslim Morisques. From the time of the Spanish Inquisition (1478), however, attempts at conversion were made more forcibly, often including confiscation of property, torture, or murder.;x
ACTIONNAME3160A;Force them to become Good Catholic Spaniards;x
ACTIONNAME3160B;Let them be as they are needed for the economy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3161;The Holy League;x
EVENTHIST3161;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: 'At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again'.;x
ACTIONNAME3161A;Support the Holy League;x
ACTIONNAME3161B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3166;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3166;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3166A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3166B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3168;National revolt in Portugal;x
EVENTHIST3168;In 1640, Portugal had been under the domination of Spanish kings for 60 years, since the fall of the Aviz dynasty in 1578. However, in 1640, the Portuguese rose up in revolt and started a long liberation war against Spain. A long 24 years struggle, along with Spanish defeat in the Thirty Years War (1648), Peace with France (1659) would lead to a renewed independence for Portugal, under the new Braganza dynasty, which would turn to Stuart England as an ally and protector (marriage of Catherine of Braganza with Charles II and transfer of Bombay to England as a dowry).;x
ACTIONNAME3168A;Put it down!;x
ACTIONNAME3168B;Appease them!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3172;France opens Chambers of Reunion;x
EVENTHIST3172;Louis strove vigorously for supremacy in foreign affairs for the next ten years the king limited his policies to diplomacy. He set up chambers of reunion to unearth legal grounds for claims on a number of cities, which Louis promptly annexed.;x
ACTIONNAME3172A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3172B;Give in to France;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3173;The Succession of Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3173;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out. My Lord, whom do you name your successor?;x
ACTIONNAME3173A;Felipe of Bourbon;x
ACTIONNAME3173B;Carlos of Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3174;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3174;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3174A;Anti-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3174B;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3174C;Pro-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3175;The Sale of Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3175;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was Spain, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. His brother, Josef Bonaparte, would once become King of Spain herself.;x
ACTIONNAME3175A;Offer to buy Corsica;x
ACTIONNAME3175B;Pass the opportunity;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3177;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3177;Many countries had view the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3177A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3178;The Habsburg Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST3178;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Maximilian of Habsburg. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Maximilian's inheritance was transmitted to their son Philip the Fair, husband of the Spanish heiress Joanna of Castile. Their eldest son, Charles V, would later reign over the Austrian and Spanish Habsburg territories.;x
ACTIONNAME3178A;It's all mine!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3179;The Spanish Wedding;x
EVENTHIST3179;In 1496, when the King of Aragon Ferdinand and the Queen of Castile Isabella married their heir Joan the Mad to Habsburg heir Philip the Fair, they started the historical union between what would be called the Spanish and the Austria Habsburgs. The son from this marriage, Charles V, would become the emperor of the largest territory in Western Europe, having inherited the lands of Castile, Aragon, Burgundy and Austria. The Habsburgs would pursue this intra-family wedding policy till the end of the 17th century. From where do you want the Habsburg Empire to be ruled My Lord?;x
ACTIONNAME3179A;Let the Habsburg Empire be ruled from Vienna;x
ACTIONNAME3179B;Let the Habsburg Empire be ruled from Madrid;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3180;The Valois Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST3180;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Charles of France. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Charles' inheritance was transmitted to Louis the Spider King, their son. Ruling over France and Lotharingia, only the Imperial Crown lay between him and the rebirth of the Empire of Charlemagne...;x
ACTIONNAME3180A;I crave blood!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3181;The Habsburg Inheritance of Milano;x
EVENTHIST3181;The Duchy of Milan, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, had become a powerful Condottiere (mercenary) nation under the Sforza family, led by Ludovic Le More (1451-1508). Upon his capture in 1500, the Duchy is open to opposing claims. Louis XII of France is the grandson of Valentine Visconti (great-granddaughter of the first Duke of Milan) and has thus a direct claim. The Emperor has also a claim as suzerain of an Imperial fiefdom. The Duchy would end in the Emperor's basket, by force of arms, after the disastrous defeat of the French at Pavia in 1525.;x
ACTIONNAME3181A;Rule as separate country;x
ACTIONNAME3181B;Rule as part of Austria;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3182;The League of Cambrai;x
EVENTHIST3182;In 1508 Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice, which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;x
ACTIONNAME3182A;Express Support;x
ACTIONNAME3182B;Ignore;x
ACTIONNAME3182C;Express Hostility;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3183;The Fuggers;x
EVENTHIST3183;The Fuggers were a peasant family of weavers from Augsburg during the 15th Century who rose through trade and transactions in money to Bankers of the Habsburgs and the Popes. Jakob Fugger the Rich (1511-1525) financed Charles V's wars and election to the Empire, controlled European lead, silver and copper production and obtained a monopoly in quicksilver. Anton Fugger (1525-1560) had trading concessions in Chile, Peru and Moscow. However, the company declined by the end of the 16th Century because of state bankruptcies in Spain, family conflicts and lack of interest on the part of the heirs.;x
ACTIONNAME3183A;Let the Fuggers run our Finances;x
ACTIONNAME3183B;Turn the Fuggers offer down;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3187;The Habsburg Inheritance of Bohemia;x
EVENTHIST3187;In the year 1526 King Lajos II died childless, Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg, also King-elect of Bohemia and thus Elector of the Empire managed to have the kingship become hereditary in his family.;x
ACTIONNAME3187A;I will become the King of Bohemia;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3191;The Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;x
EVENTHIST3191;In 1566 Dutch Nobles courts the regent Margerete of Parma in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene. The only answer they get is from the Count de Barlaymont saying 'Ce Gueux' (These Beggars!) in a spiteful voice. The Dutch take to that name with pride calling themselves 'The Gueses'. One of the effects of the insulting denial is that the citizenry of Antwerpen storms the churches and destroy the relics and paintings. It then spread from town to town. Knowing the effect in Vienna William of Orange try to stop these acts of violence, but it's futile. The grass has caught fire...;x
ACTIONNAME3191A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3191B;Lower the taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3192;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3192;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3192A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3192B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3193;The Royal Letter of Bohemia;x
EVENTHIST3193;Pressed by the Estates of Bohemia and fearing the increasing power of his brother Ferdinand, Emperor Rudolf issued the Royal Letter of Bohemia. The letter gave religious freedom for all Protestants in Bohemia and the later recall of the letter would be one of the causes for the thirty years war.;x
ACTIONNAME3193A;Issue it;x
ACTIONNAME3193B;Do not issue it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3194;The Defenestration of Prague;x
EVENTHIST3194;The revolt began in Prague after the royal letter of Bohemia had been recalled. Two royal officers were hurled from a window by Protestant members of the Bohemian diet-the so-called Defenestration of Prague (May, 1618). Ferdinand was declared deposed and the Bohemian throne was offered to Frederick V, the elector palatine.;x
ACTIONNAME3194A;Not good at all;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3196;The Edict of Restitution;x
EVENTHIST3196;This brief document purported to do no more than enforce the terms of the Peace of Augsburg. However, the interpretation put on that document was that which had been urged by partisans of Catholicism. Thus it became the source of outrage from many important Protestant leaders as Christian IV of Denmark and Gustav II Adolphus of Sweden, and also a good reason for war...;x
ACTIONNAME3196A;Yes, and eradicate Protestants in Bohemia;x
ACTIONNAME3196B;No, and appease Protestants in Bohemia;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3198;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3198;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3198A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3198B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3199;Phillip of Bourbon succeeds Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3199;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;x
ACTIONNAME3199A;No, it is ours!;x
ACTIONNAME3199B;We must accept the will of poor Carlos;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3200;Charles of Habsburg succeeds Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3200;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus tried to name Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. However in the late phase of the Franco-Spanish negotiations a secretary of one of the Spanish ministers leaked out information and Habsburg partisans back in Madrid argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, so Charles II hard beset, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Charles of Habsburg. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against Austria and Spain. Thus when Austrian forces reinforced the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;x
ACTIONNAME3200A;Splendid;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3201;Noble Revolt in Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3201;As struggles came and went the ruling family of Hungary, the Habsburgs, had established the following pattern in treating their nobility. During times of foreign war, nobles were granted rights which the crown then tried to recall as soon as peace came. This, naturally, often triggered revolts. Following this pattern, taxes and military drafts were imposed upon the nobles after Hungary's decisive victory over the Turks in 1699. But, when Austria went to war with France in 1703, the nobles revolted once again, and forced the Emperor Charles V to restore the old system of noble privileges, in the Peace of Szatmar of 1711.;x
ACTIONNAME3201A;Stick!;x
ACTIONNAME3201B;Carrot and stick;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3202;The Oostende Company;x
EVENTHIST3202;The company was a highly successful colonial trading company, mostly active in the Chinese tea trade and also in the Bengals where it had a colony/fort factory. Its success was short-lived however because of Habsburg dynastic reasons when Maria Theresia came to the throne. The VOC was so annoyingly successful to the Dutch and the English that the abolishment of it was a demand to not oppose the ascending to the throne of Maria Theresia.;x
ACTIONNAME3202A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3204;The Polish Succession of 1733;x
EVENTHIST3204;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;x
ACTIONNAME3204A;Give the Wettins a helping hand;x
ACTIONNAME3204B;Secure Poland for the Wettins;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3205;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3205;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3205A;Staunchly Defend Your Rights;x
ACTIONNAME3205B;Meekly Argue for Moral Justice;x
ACTIONNAME3205C;Publicly promise Concessions;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3206;Kaunitz;x
EVENTHIST3206;Wenzel-Anton, Earl and then Prince of Rittberg-Kaunitz (1711-1794) is a noble from Bohemia. Impregnated of the culture of the Englightenment, a devoted civil servant, he always had the full confidence and support from Empress Maria-Theresa. After a diplomatic career, he became Chancellor of Austria in 1753, till 1792. A partisan of alliance shifts, he worked out the closer ties with France that led to the Seven Years War, but also managed to renew with Frederick II of Prussia in time to be part of the first partition of Poland.;x
ACTIONNAME3206A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3207;The Bavarian Succession of 1777;x
EVENTHIST3207;After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dynasty in Bavaria (1777), Joseph II endeavored to strengthen the position of Austria within the Empire. His plan to exchange territories with Charles Theodore of the Palatinate, the heir of the Bavarian throne (Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate for Lower Austria) led to the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779). Prussia intervened in July 1778 in what she saw as a dangerous Austrian expansion. It was a short conflict which started with a Prussian invasion of Bohemia but was terminated in May 1779s when Empress Maria Theresa forced her son Joseph II to capitulate. The peace was concluded at Teschen on 16th May 1779 and Austria settled for the small Inn district.;x
ACTIONNAME3207A;Make legal claims on Bayern;x
ACTIONNAME3207B;Do not interfere;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3208;Metternich;x
EVENTHIST3208;Metternich began his state career in 1797 as representative of the Westphalian College of counts at the Congress of Rastatt, but in less than a decade, he had managed to become ambassador of Saxony and Preussen as well as the Austrian representative in France. His career primed in 1809 when he was assigned the post as minister of Austrian foreign affairs. Until 1813 Metternich will pursue a policy of acquiescence to French supremacy.  A policy which ends with the creation of the Quadruple Alliance, the war against France, and the allied victory the very same year. The following 35 years have been called the Age of Metternich for during this time he was the chief arbiter of Europe. The Metternich system depended upon political and religious censorship, espionage, and the suppression of revolutionary and nationalist movements. This system holds part of the blame for the revolutions of 1848.;x
ACTIONNAME3208A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3209;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3209;Many countries had view the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3209A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3216;The Enlightened Reforms of Josef II;x
EVENTHIST3216;Joseph II, 1741-90, Holy Roman Emperor (1765-90), King of Bohemia and Hungary (1780-90). After his fathers death 1765, Joseph acted as emperor and co-regent with his mother but had little real influence. Resenting this fact, he takes to traveling until his mothers death in 1780. He then begins reformations largely based on his own philosophy and principles, rather than those originating in the Enlightenment. These reforms consisted of nothing less than the abolition of hereditary and ecclesiastic privileges as well as the creation of a civil service based on merit and loyalty rather than birth.;x
ACTIONNAME3216A;Reforms of Enlightenment;x
ACTIONNAME3216B;No Change;x
ACTIONNAME3216C;Reforms of Reaction;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3315;The Duke of Alba and the Edict of Blood;x
EVENTHIST3315;In 1567 the Duke of Alba arrived in the Netherlands bringing Spanish Elite troops and very determined to break the Dutch Insurrection. Alba issued the Edict of Blood, which allowed him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition was intensified and hundreds of people were executed. In 1568 Alba arrested and executed the Count Horn and Egmont making William of Orange the only leader left to take up the flag.  In 1570 Alba by himself introduced a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch had paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spread in the Netherlands...In 1573 it was clear that the 'Heroic General' had failed to subjugate the Dutch.;x
ACTIONNAME3315A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3315B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3316;Alessandro Farnese and the Union of Arras;x
EVENTHIST3316;In 1578 Alessandro Farnese, son of the former regent Margerete, arrived in the Netherlands. Farnese had good character and was humane, as well as being a good general and politician. In him William of Orange got a powerful opponent. Farnese quickly understood that Spain only could keep its mastery of the Netherlands if it complied with the wishes of the Catholic provinces. In 1579 Farnese managed to get some of the southern Catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which made peace with Spain. However some of the Northern provinces then created the Union of Utrecht the first sign of a new country. Later on Farnese used the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North and the northerners were only saved by the multiple events of the War between England and Spain and the sudden death of Farnese in 1592.;x
ACTIONNAME3316A;Sign the Union of Arras;x
ACTIONNAME3316B;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3316C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3317;The Trial of Gilles de Rais;x
EVENTHIST3317;Gilles de Rais was a marshal of France and man of wealth whose distinguished career ended in a celebrated trial for satanism, abduction, and child murder. The trial revealed that de Rais was not alone in his perversity. In the beginning, he kept the number of conspirators at a minimum, but as time went on and the tally of victims rose, more people both men and women, were brought into the butchery. It is still not totally clear if de Rais was innocent or a psychotic murderer. However, France's enemies had lot to win by his demise as he had been one of Jean d'Arc's favorite generals.;x
ACTIONNAME3317A;Guilty;x
ACTIONNAME3317B;Not Guilty;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3319;The Valois Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST3319;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Charles of France. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Charles' inheritance was transmitted to Louis the Spider King, their son. Ruling over France and Lotharingia, only the Imperial Crown lay between him and the rebirth of the Empire of Charlemagne...;x
ACTIONNAME3319A;It's all mine!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3320;The Habsburg Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST3320;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Maximilian of Habsburg. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Maximilian's inheritance was transmitted to their son Philip the Fair, husband of the Spanish heiress Joanna of Castile. Their eldest son, Charles V, would later reign over the Austrian and Spanish Habsburg territories.;x
ACTIONNAME3320A;I crave blood!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3325;Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;x
EVENTHIST3325;In 1566 Dutch Nobles courts the regent Margerete of Parma in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene. The only answer they get is from the Count de Barlaymont saying 'Ce Gueux' (These Beggars!) in a spiteful voice. The Dutch take to that name with pride calling themselves 'The Gueses'. One of the effects of the insulting denial is that the citizenry of Antwerpen storms the churches and destroy the relics and paintings. It then spread from town to town. Knowing the effect in Paris William of Orange try to stop these acts of violence, but it's futile. The grass has caught fire...;x
ACTIONNAME3325A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3325B;Lower the taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3326;The Duke of Guise and the Edict of Blood;x
EVENTHIST3326;In 1567 the Duke of Guise arrived in the Netherlands bringing French Elite troops and very determined to break the Dutch Insurrection. Guise issues the Edict of Blood, which allow him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition is intensified and hundreds of people are executed. In 1568 Guise arrest and execute the Count Horn and Egmont making William of Orange the only leader left to take up the flag.  In 1570 Guise by himself introduce a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch have paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spreads in the Netherlands...In 1573 it is clear that the 'General of the League' has failed to subjugate the Dutch.;x
ACTIONNAME3326A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3326B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3327;The Duke of Mayenne and the Union of Arras;x
EVENTHIST3327;In 1578 the Duke of Mayenne, member of the powerful Guise family, arrives in the Netherlands. The Duke of Mayenne have good character and is efficient, as well as being both a good general and politician. In him William of Orange get a powerful opponent. Mayenne quickly understands that France only can keep its mastery of the Netherlands if it complies with the wishes of the Catholic provinces. In 1579 France manages to get some of the southern Catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which makes peace with France. However some of the Northern provinces now create the Union of Utrecht the first sign of a new country. Later on Mayenne uses the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North and the northerners are only saved by the murder-attempt of Mayennes two elder brothers in 1588 forcing him to leave for France immediately.;x
ACTIONNAME3327A;Sign the Union of Arras;x
ACTIONNAME3327B;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3327C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3328;Hofkanzlei, Hofkammer and Hofrat;x
EVENTHIST3328;The Habsburg ruler reserved two places for Hungarians in the Hofrat which he was organizing as his central advisory council for his dominions as a whole - it was they themselves who failed to take up the offer;x
ACTIONNAME3328A;Create these New Functions;x
ACTIONNAME3328B;Let the Nobility run these mundane things;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3334;The Duke of Alba and the Edict of Blood;x
EVENTHIST3334;In 1567 the Duke of Alba arrived in the Netherlands bringing Croat and German Elite troops and very determined to break the Dutch Insurrection. Alba issues the Edict of Blood, which allow him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition is intensified and hundreds of people are executed. In 1568 Alba arrest and execute the Count Horn and Egmont making William of Orange the only leader left to take up the flag.  In 1570 Alba by himself introduces a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch have paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spreads in the Netherlands...In 1573 it is clear that the 'Heroic General' has failed to subjugate the Dutch.;x
ACTIONNAME3334A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3334B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3335;Alessandro Farnese and the Union of Arras;x
EVENTHIST3335;In 1578 Alessandro Farnese, son of the former regent Margerete, arrives in the Netherlands. Farnese have good character and is humane, as well as being both a good general and politician. In him William of Orange get a powerful opponent. Farnese quickly understands that Austria only can keep its mastery of the Netherlands if it complies with the wishes of the Catholic provinces. In 1579 Farnese manages to get some of the southern Catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which makes peace with Austria. However some of the Northern provinces now create the Union of Utrecht the first sign of a new country. Later on Farnese uses the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North and the northerners are only saved by the thirteen year long war between Austria and the Ottomans that started in 1593.;x
ACTIONNAME3335A;Sign the Union of Arras;x
ACTIONNAME3335B;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3335C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3337;The Partition of Poland;x
EVENTHIST3337;Stanislas II Poniatowsky (1764-1795) had been elected King of Poland under Russian pressure. The favorite of Catherine II of Russia, he aspired to reform the conditions of his realm, described as 'anarchy tempered by civil war'. Russia placed her supporters in the 1767 Confederation of Slutsk to prevent any curtailment in the Liberum Veto. Civil war occurred in 1768 and by 1772, the powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria, under the inspiration of Frederick II, proceeded to the first partition of Poland, taking border provinces from her and demanding that the Liberum Veto be maintained and all reforms abandoned.;x
ACTIONNAME3337A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3338;The Partition of Poland;x
EVENTHIST3338;Following the first partition of the country in 1772, the 1788-1791 Fours Years Diet of Poland took opportunity of the war between Russia, Turkey and Sweden (1788-1790) to attempt the transformation of Poland into a hereditary constitutional monarchy, which was proclaimed in the Constitution of May 1791. Influenced by Russia, the opposition forced the king to join and called Russian troops to restore order. This led to a further partition of the country in 1793, between Prussia and Russia, which deprived Poland of most of her territory. She would disappear after the 1794 popular uprising of Kosziucko and the final dissolution of the state in 1795.;x
ACTIONNAME3338A;Poland is trying to reform and it must be stopped;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3339;Serfdom is formally abolished;x
EVENTHIST3339;At long last, serfdom is formally abolished in Estonia and Latvia. Peasants in Lithuania, as well as in Russia proper, have to wait another 50 years before serfdom is struck from the books. But while the Estonians and Latvians gain their freedom by law, their lives do not change that much in practice: German barons continue to own all the land, and they retain rights to restrict the movement of peasants and to inflict physical punishment. Without land, most peasants can't sustain themselves economically and are forced to keep working for their centuries-old German masters.;x
ACTIONNAME3339A;Yes, certainly!;x
ACTIONNAME3339B;No, certainly not!;x
ACTIONNAME3339C;No, and go further!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3341;Bernadotte inherit the Swedish Throne;x
EVENTHIST3341;Count Mörner believed that Sweden needed a French Marshal as King and asked Bernadotte, the Prince of Pontocorvo, of he would accept. After that Mörner went to Napoleon to get the Emperor's consent. Napoleon judged Bernadotte as a schemer and wanted to get rid of him and thus accepted. Back in Sweden, Mörner told the Parliament that Bernadotte had accepted and that Napoleon supported him. So the Parliament was more or less forced to elect Bernadotte.;x
ACTIONNAME3341A;Adieu!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3346;Native Raids;x
EVENTHIST3346;The settlement of a growing number of white people in the colonies brought discontent and hatred both among the natives and the settlers. The English colonists would ignore the natives as long as they could grab their land and would suppress, on false pretexts, all attempts at reaction and redress of wrongs. The French were more conciliatory towards natives, trying to convert and assimilate them into their religion, realm and culture. However, they also sometimes gained the enmity of powerful tribes (such as the Mohawks) by their interference in Indian tribal conflicts and fur trade control. Once in a while, hard-pressed tribe would go on rampage and raid nearby settlements with total savagery, matched equally by the white reprisals.;x
ACTIONNAME3346A;Oh No!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3347;Native Raids;x
EVENTHIST3347;The settlement of a growing number of white people in the colonies brought discontent and hatred both among the natives and the settlers. The English colonists would ignore the natives as long as they could grab their land and would suppress, on false pretexts, all attempts at reaction and redress of wrongs. The French were more conciliatory towards natives, trying to convert and assimilate them into their religion, realm and culture. However, they also sometimes gained the enmity of powerful tribes (such as the Mohawks) by their interference in Indian tribal conflicts and fur trade control. Once in a while, hard-pressed tribe would go on rampage and raid nearby settlements with total savagery, matched equally by the white reprisals.;x
ACTIONNAME3347A;Oh No!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3348;Native Raids;x
EVENTHIST3348;The settlement of white people in North and South American had reached considerable proportions in the 18th century (they were nearly 2.5 million whites in North America at the time). Seeing their hunting and farming grounds taken over by settlers, the few remaining hard-pressed tribes would go on rampage and raid nearby settlements with total savagery, matched equally by the white reprisals.;x
ACTIONNAME3348A;Oh No!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3470;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3470;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, we have signed an Agreement with the Swedes over the former Teutonic Order. Shall we follow it to the letter or not?;x
ACTIONNAME3470A;Accept Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3470B;Only accept your part of the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3471;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3471;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, the Grandmaster has signed an Agreement with Russia and Denmark.;x
ACTIONNAME3471A;Defy the Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3471B;Accept the Agreement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3472;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3472;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, the Grandmaster has announced that all his Knights have reverted to the true Catholic faith and will defend its territory until death comes.;x
ACTIONNAME3472A;Defy the Knights;x
ACTIONNAME3472B;Accept this Government;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3491;The Great Northern Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3491;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislas Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;x
ACTIONNAME3491A;Advance!;x
ACTIONNAME3491B;Stay calm for a while;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3495;The Polish Succession of 1733;x
EVENTHIST3495;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislas Leszinsky and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislas, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne.;x
ACTIONNAME3495A;Friedrich Augustus Wettin;x
ACTIONNAME3495B;Stanislas Leczinski;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3496;The Kurland Succession of 1726;x
EVENTHIST3496;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Sejm managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;x
ACTIONNAME3496A;Back down;x
ACTIONNAME3496B;Fight for Maurice;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3502;Constitutionalism and the General Estates;x
EVENTHIST3502;In the early 17th century when the northern part of the Netherlands had managed to hold the Spaniards at bay a political conflict started over which type of government the new country should have. Mauritz of Orange wanted a monarchy while Oldenbarnefeldt wanted a confederacy. The conflict ended with e confederacy of semi-autonomous provinces, hence its name, the United Provinces. Still a spark of monarchism was kept which later evolved into something more and lasting.;x
ACTIONNAME3502A;Confederacy with traces of Monarchism;x
ACTIONNAME3502B;Confederacy on Republican Model;x
ACTIONNAME3502C;Centralized Monarchy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3503;Veerinigte Oostindische Companie;x
EVENTHIST3503;The first voyages of Dutch traders to the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas had been forced upon the United Provinces by the closure of the spice market in Lisbon, when Portugal fell under Spanish control. In 1602, the Veerinigte Oostindische Companie (United East India Company) was created, with a capital of 6 millions guilders, divided into 2000 shares. The company was ruled by a council of 17 members (the Heeren XVII) and established its Asian headquarters in the city of Batavia, founded in 1619 on the Indonesian island of Java. By the end of the 18th century, the company territory extended to most of Southeast Asia, China, Formosa and Japan. Dividends were regularly served, from 25 to 75 percent. It would last till the 19th century and would outlive all other trading companies but the English one.;x
ACTIONNAME3503A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3504;Creation of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange;x
EVENTHIST3504;In the wake of the creation of the Bank of Amsterdam (1609), the city's stock exchange had become more and more active. Having taken over from Antwerp the role of leading financial place, the stock exchanged flourished. Funds from all over Europe would become available and loans were easily accessible, at rates unmatched anywhere else. This was enhanced by the capitalistic success of the Dutch East India Company (1602) and even of the less successful West India Trade Company (1621).;x
ACTIONNAME3504A;Expand Loan Market;x
ACTIONNAME3504B;Issue Strict Control;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3505;Creation of the Bank of Amsterdam;x
EVENTHIST3505;Amsterdam had become the world's warehouse, with goods flowing in from Europe, the East, Asia and America. Stocks were kept for as long as market prices were not satisfactory and released when appropriate: the Dutch were the masters of the market, and thus of prices. This led in 1609 to the creation of the Bank of Amsterdam, to build and stable and widely accepted currency. With money pouring into its coffers, the city had grown into the world largest financial centre.;x
ACTIONNAME3505A;National Loans at 500 ducats;x
ACTIONNAME3505B;National Loans at 200 ducats;x
ACTIONNAME3505C;National Loans at 800 ducats;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3508;Calvinism in the Netherlands;x
EVENTHIST3508;In a clerical meeting in Dordrecht (1618-1619) hard-line Calvinism was made State-religion. This was the end of a long struggle between a pluralistic and humanitarian faction, the Arminians, and a dogmatic, narrow-minded 'True Calvinistic' faction, the Gormarists. Moritz of Orange supported the Gormarists, composed mainly of petty bourgeois and farmers, while Oldenbarneveld supported the Arminians composed of intellectuals and rich bourgeois.;x
ACTIONNAME3508A;Gormarism;x
ACTIONNAME3508B;Arminianism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3510;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3510;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3510A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3510B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3511;Phillip of Bourbon succeeds Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3511;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus named Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against France and Spain. Thus when French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;x
ACTIONNAME3511A;Fight him;x
ACTIONNAME3511B;Accept it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3512;Charles of Habsburg succeeds Carlos II in Spain;x
EVENTHIST3512;On November 1st, 1700, the last Habsburg king Charles II of Spain died heirless. Both Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria had married the defunct king's sisters and had thus direct and legitimate claims to the succession. To prevent that the chosen heir reigned over too powerful a kingdom, the European had anticipated the crisis and agreed in 1697 and again in early 1700 to a partition that would retain the Balance of Power in Europe. However, Carlos II and the Spanish Government was greatly upset by the other countries meddling in strictly Spanish affairs and thus tried to name Philip of Anjou, grandson of the Sun-King, the heir to the Spanish throne. However in the late phase of the Franco-Spanish negotiations a secretary of one of the Spanish ministers leaked out information and Habsburg partisans back in Madrid argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, so Charles II hard beset, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Charles of Habsburg. This solution endangered the European balance of power and led to the formation of the Grand Alliance against Austria and Spain. Thus when Austrian forces reinforced the Spanish Netherlands the War of Spanish Succession broke out.;x
ACTIONNAME3512A;Accept it conditionally;x
ACTIONNAME3512B;Fight him;x
ACTIONNAME3512C;Accept it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3514;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3514;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3514A;Pro-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3514B;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3514C;Anti-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3515;The Revolution in Holland;x
EVENTHIST3515;In June 1787, the secular conflict in the United Provinces between the supporters of the Stadhouder William V (grandson of the King of England George II) and the Republicans (supported by France) led to a diplomatic incident when the city officials of The Hague refused entrance to the Stadhouder wife, the niece of Frederick II of Prussia (died in 1786 and was replaced by Frederick-William II, very hostile to France). Rapidly, Prussia intervened militarily to restore the Stadhouder power and was not countered by France which was suffering a serious financial crisis. French influence nearly disappeared and Prussia triumphed.;x
ACTIONNAME3515A;React against Revolutionary Tendencies!;x
ACTIONNAME3515B;Risk the Revolution!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3555;The Aragon Inheritance of Napoli;x
EVENTHIST3555;Naples then became the capital of the kingdom, to which, however, Peter III of Aragon laid claim on account of his marriage to a daughter of Manfred. The people, who could not endure French rule, opened the way for him by the Sicilian Vespers, and Sicily remained under the power of the Aragonese.;x
ACTIONNAME3555A;Rule it as an independent Kingdom;x
ACTIONNAME3555B;Rule it as an autonomous part of Aragon;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3594;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3594;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3594A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3594B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3595;Pieter Roose;x
EVENTHIST3595;Head-Chairman of the Secret Council, Pieter Roose was the most powerful man in the southern Netherlands in the 17th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3595A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3596;Foundation of the Verenigde Oostendse Compagnie;x
EVENTHIST3596;Held back by treaties imposed by the north, the south still managed to get involved in the colonial race and exert its mercantile nature overseas when the times were right.;x
ACTIONNAME3596A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3597;The Marriage of Mary of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST3597;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy died under the walls of Nancy in January 1477 his considerable territories passed to his only child, Mary, who immediately became the most eligible bride in Europe. For over a decade prior to his death the rulers of Europe had kept a close eye on the mixed fortunes of Mary's father and his legendary military campaigns against practically all of Burgundy's neighbours, but by the late 1470s most of them quietly agreed that the so-called 'Grand Duchy of the West' should be dismembered. For Mary, the survival of her beleaguered realm meant marrying into one of Europe's great royal houses: the imperial Habsburg dynasty in the person of the Archduke Maximilian (the son of Emperor Frederick III, and later Emperor himself), the senior Valois line in the person of the young Dauphin (the future Charles VIII of France), or an alliance with England by way of marriage to the Duke of Clarence, one of Edward IV's brothers. Whilst the French and Austrian factions had both expressed deep hostility towards Burgundy's rapid expansion, Edward had been Charles the Bold's brother-in-law and principal ally during his numerous anti-French forays, with Charles' widow Margaret of York (Edward's sister) acting as regent after her husband's death. In theory, a final option could have been for Mary to marry Maximilian on the proviso that the Burgundian and Austrian realms remain divided.;x
ACTIONNAME3597A;The Archduke of Austria;x
ACTIONNAME3597B;The Dauphin of France;x
ACTIONNAME3597C;The Duke of Clarence;x
ACTIONNAME3597D;The Archduke, but we are to remain independent;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3602;The Marriage of Anne of Brittany;x
EVENTHIST3602;Anne of Brittany, the daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany, she was heiress to his duchy. Shortly before her father's death (1488), a French army under Louis de La Trémoille successfully invaded Brittany and secured the duke's promise that Anne would marry only with the consent of the French crown. Upon becoming duchess, the young Anne's hand and her duchy were eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria, King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragón sent forces to Anne's aid. Nevertheless, Anne's situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength. Besieged at Rennes in 1491, Anne was forced by the French to annul her marriage and was quickly married to Charles VIII. It was agreed that if Charles died before Anne without issue, she was to marry his successor. Accordingly, in 1499, she married Louis XII, who had previously obtained a divorce from his first wife. The marriage (1514) of Claude, Anne's daughter by Louis XII, to Francis of Angoulęme (later Francis I of France) led to the eventual incorporation (1532) by France of Brittany, which had previously remained theoretically separate.;x
ACTIONNAME3602A;Charles of France;x
ACTIONNAME3602B;Let a remote relative become Duke;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3603;The Marriage of Anne of Brittany;x
EVENTHIST3603;Anne of Brittany, the daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany, she was heiress to his duchy. Shortly before her father's death (1488), a French army under Louis de La Trémoille successfully invaded Brittany and secured the duke's promise that Anne would marry only with the consent of the French crown. Upon becoming duchess, the young Anne's hand and her duchy were eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria, King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragón sent forces to Anne's aid. Nevertheless, Anne's situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength. Besieged at Rennes in 1491, Anne was forced by the French to annul her marriage and was quickly married to Charles VIII. It was agreed that if Charles died before Anne without issue, she was to marry his successor. Accordingly, in 1499, she married Louis XII, who had previously obtained a divorce from his first wife. The marriage (1514) of Claude, Anne's daughter by Louis XII, to Francis of Angoulęme (later Francis I of France) led to the eventual incorporation (1532) by France of Brittany, which had previously remained theoretically separate.;x
ACTIONNAME3603A;Maximilian of Austria;x
ACTIONNAME3603B;Let a remote relative become Duke;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3605;The Succession in Luxembourg;x
EVENTHIST3605;By the Peace of Münster of December 29, 1443, the functions of Philippe the Good which had been allotted to him became effective. He became sovereign on August 3 1451, and Thionville consequently becomes Burgundian grounds. Having acquired the succession rights of the duke Guillaume of Saxony, hereditary sovereign of the duchy, he made the annexation of Luxembourg from which he had gained full sovereignty, on October 18 1462.;x
ACTIONNAME3605A;Let us be a part of Great Burgundy;x
ACTIONNAME3605B;Let the Burgundian monarch become our Duke;x
ACTIONNAME3605C;Let us elect a local Count as Duke;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3608;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3608;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3608A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3608B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3609;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3609;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3609A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3609B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3610;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3610;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3610A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3610B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3611;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3611;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3611A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3611B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3612;The Hannover Dynasty in England;x
EVENTHIST3612;The 1701 Act of Establishment had been voted to regulate the succession to the throne, ensuring no Catholic dynasty would ever rule England. When the personal union with Holland had ended in 1702 (death of William of Orange), his daughter Queen Ann (1702-1714) reigned but failed to provide a legitimate heir. The English crown went to George I of Hanover (1714-1727), her most direct parent. He and his son George II (1727-1760) were German born and would always follow closely the fate of their Electorate, making it in fact if not in law a vassal of England.;x
ACTIONNAME3612A;I will be King of England;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3613;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3613;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3613A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3613B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3614;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3614;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3614A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3614B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3615;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3615;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3615A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3615B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3616;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanction;x
EVENTHIST3616;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3616A;Anti-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3616B;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3616C;Pro-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3617;The Bavarian Succession of 1777;x
EVENTHIST3617;After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dynasty in Bavaria (1777), Joseph II endeavored to strengthen the position of Austria within the Empire. His plan to exchange territories with Charles Theodore of the Palatinate, the heir of the Bavarian throne (Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate for Lower Austria) led to the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779). Prussia intervened in July 1778 in what she saw as a dangerous Austrian expansion. It was a short conflict which started with a Prussian invasion of Bohemia but was terminated in May 1779s when Empress Maria Theresa forced her son Joseph II to capitulate. The peace was concluded at Teschen on 16th May 1779 and Austria settled for the small Inn district.;x
ACTIONNAME3617A;Defend your Throne;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3618;The Kurland Succession of 1726;x
EVENTHIST3618;The death of the last Duke of Kurland, Frederick William, in 1711, left no heirs to the Duchy except the weak and ill Ferdinand, and a lot of contenders in Russia and Poland. In 1726, the Polish Seym managed to impose Maurice of Saxony, the bastard son of the current Polish King, as Duke, but only to change her mind and ask his withdrawal. At the same time, Russia was pushing for her own candidate, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, son-in-law of the Czarina Catherine I. After much bribing, negotiation and behind the scene diplomacy, Maurice was summoned to either leave or suffer war. It started in 1727, with Russia firmly committed and sending 8,000 troops to conquer the Duchy within 8 days. The war did not last long enough to embrace all of Europe and Maurice fled to France where he then had a brilliant military career.;x
ACTIONNAME3618A;Fight for Freedom;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3619;Hohenzollern Prussia become Polish Duchy;x
EVENTHIST3619;Through the secularization (1525) of the domain of the Teutonic Order by the Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg, the domain became a hereditary duchy under Polish suzerainty, ruled by a branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg;x
ACTIONNAME3619A;Accept the act;x
ACTIONNAME3619B;Defy this act of treason;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3620;The Fate of the Teutonic Order;x
EVENTHIST3620;Following Russian attacks in the 1550's, and out of collapse of the Teutonic Order, Master Gotthard Ketteler salvaged Kurland from the Order's territory as a secular duchy under Polish sovereignty. This vassalage brought Poland into conflict with Russia, allied with Denmark and started the 1563-1570 War of the Three Crowns against Sweden. At the 1582 armistice of Jan Zapolski, Russia was beaten, gave up Livland and Polotsk and Sweden won the Baltic province of Estland while Livland and Kurland remained under Polish control. My Lord, you may transform into Kurland and give Livland and Estland away in any of the two agreements, of you may revert to Catholicism and again grab the Armed Glove of the True Faith.;x
ACTIONNAME3620A;Polish-Swedish Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3620B;Russo-Danish Agreement;x
ACTIONNAME3620C;Die-Hard Independence;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3621;The Great Northern Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3621;In 1697, the 15 year old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislaus Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;x
ACTIONNAME3621A;Advance!;x
ACTIONNAME3621B;Let the Poles meet the Elephant first;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3622;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3622;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3622A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3622B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3623;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3623;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3623A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3623B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3624;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3624;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3624A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3624B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3625;The Effects of the Pragmatic Sanctions;x
EVENTHIST3625;The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor Charles VI on 19th April 1713, established the indivisibility of the Habsburg patrimony, and ruled the order of succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. This made Maria-Theresa, born in 1717, the heir of the Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction was recognized by Spain in 1725 (confirmed in 1731), Russia in 1726, Prussia in 1728, the United Provinces in 1731, Hanover in 1732, the Heiliges Reich (except Bavaria) in 1732 and France in 1738 only. Bavarian refusal would lead to the War of the Austrian Succession.;x
ACTIONNAME3625A;Anti-Habsburg;x
ACTIONNAME3625B;Neutral;x
ACTIONNAME3625C;Pro-Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3626;The Polish Succession of 1733;x
EVENTHIST3626;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Seym was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislaus Leszinski and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislaus, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne. My Lord the evil Stanislaus have been elected!;x
ACTIONNAME3626A;I want revenge;x
ACTIONNAME3626B;Let's listen to some poetry instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3628;The Polish Succession of 1733;x
EVENTHIST3628;In 1733, the death of August II prompted a new election for the Polish monarch. Due to the permanent practice of Liberum Veto and the ensuing constant bribery, the Polish Sejm was unable to agree between the French Candidate, Stanislaus Leszinski and his opponent, August III of Saxony, supported by Austria and Russia. The Sejm finally agreed on Stanislaus, but this was rejected by Austria and Russia starting the war of Polish Succession. The war ended with August III on the Polish throne. My Lord you have been elected!;x
ACTIONNAME3628A;Risk Major War to get you Kingdom;x
ACTIONNAME3628B;Back down;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3629;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3629;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3629A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3629B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3630;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3630;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3630A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3630B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3631;The Great Northern Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3631;In 1697, the 15 years old Charles XII ascended the Swedish throne. Seeing the opportunity, the Russian Czar Peter I allied with Denmark and Poland-Saxony in 1699. However, with British and Dutch naval assistance, Charles XII landed on Zealand and promptly defeated the Danes, then moved to Estland where his badly outnumbered Swedes (1 to 5) won a crushing victory over the Russians. Instead of finishing the Russians, Charles moved against August II of Poland-Saxony and drove him out of Poland in 1704 (having the pro-Swedish Stanislaus Leszinski elected King), then subjugating Saxony in 1706. While the Russians started the construction of St-Petersburg (1703) and rebuilt their armies, they also took parts of Estland (1704-1706). Charles then decided to march to Moscow via the Ukraine where the Cossacks under Mazeppa had again risen in revolt (1708). The harsh winter and Russian raids decimated his army and he was finally beaten at the battle of Poltava in 1709. The wounded king escaped to the Ottomans. The Russians were encircled by the Ottomans on the Prut River, but Peter succeeded through bribery to obtain a safe conduct in exchange for Azov. While Charles was still exiled in Turkey, Russian, Danish, Hanoverian and even Prussian troops captured most of the Swedish territory around the Baltic. Having emerged from Turkish internment, Charles got killed in 1718 in front of the Norwegian fortress of Frederickshald. The peace treaties that followed Sweden lost most of her Baltic empire.;x
ACTIONNAME3631A;Mobilize Defenses;x
ACTIONNAME3631B;Diplomatic Effort;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3633;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3633;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3633A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3633B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3634;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3634;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3634A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3634B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3635;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3635;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3635A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3635B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3637;The Veneto-Turkish Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3637;Since the capture of Byzantium (Constantinople) by the Turks on May 29th, 1453, Venice had seen its commercial positions in the Black Sea deteriorate. Numerous wars had been fought between 1456 and 1490, pitching the Republic against the Ottomans, with the consequence of Venice losing more pieces of her commercial empire (inherited from the 4th Crusade in 1204) in the Aegean sea and in Greece (Athens in 1460, Negrepont in 1470). A war erupted again in 1499, Venice losing fortresses in Morea such as Modon, Coron and Navarrin.;x
ACTIONNAME3637A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3638;The Holy League;x
EVENTHIST3638;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pie V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: 'At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again.';x
ACTIONNAME3638A;Support the Holy League;x
ACTIONNAME3638B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3642;The Death of King Ludvík of Bohemia;x
EVENTHIST3642;In the year 1526 King Ludvík died childless, Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg, also King-elect of Bohemia and thus Elector of the Empire managed to have the kingship become hereditary in his family.;x
ACTIONNAME3642A;Accept the Habsburgs as elected kings;x
ACTIONNAME3642B;Accept the Habsburgs as hereditary kings;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3647;The Holy League;x
EVENTHIST3647;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pie V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: 'At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again.';x
ACTIONNAME3647A;Support the Holy League;x
ACTIONNAME3647B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3648;The Sale of Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3648;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was Savoy, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. Later on the inhabitants of Corsica would freely chose to become French as Savoy held free elections over the question of annexion by France.;x
ACTIONNAME3648A;Offer to buy Corsica;x
ACTIONNAME3648B;Pass the opportunity;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3649;The League of Cambrai;x
EVENTHIST3649;In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;x
ACTIONNAME3649A;Express Support;x
ACTIONNAME3649B;Ignore;x
ACTIONNAME3649C;Express Hostility;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3650;The Holy League;x
EVENTHIST3650;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: 'At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again.';x
ACTIONNAME3650A;Support the Holy League;x
ACTIONNAME3650B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3651;The Ottoman Vassalization of Al-Djazaďr;x
EVENTHIST3651;In the 1520's, the brothers Barberus, who were Greek renegades who had gone on piracy ventures in the Barbary Coast of Algiers. After much fighting, Arudj, the elder brother, assassinated the pasha of Algiers, but was later himself killed in a combat. His brother Kayr al Din succeeded him and had, at some time, 100 galleys and 4,000 pirates that he used to terrorized the whole Mediterranean. Having received a regular commission of admiral from the Sultan, he placed Al Djazaďr (Algeria) under Ottoman sovereignty prompting Spanish expeditions against Algiers.;x
ACTIONNAME3651A;Accept the Protection of the Grand Sultan;x
ACTIONNAME3651B;Decline the Sultan's Offer;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3661;The Holy League;x
EVENTHIST3661;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: 'At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again.';x
ACTIONNAME3661A;Support the Holy League;x
ACTIONNAME3661B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3662;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3662;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3662A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3662B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3663;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3663;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3663A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3663B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3664;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3664;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3664A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3664B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3666;The Bavarian Succession of 1777;x
EVENTHIST3666;After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dynasty in Bavaria (1777), Joseph II endeavored to strengthen the position of Austria within the Empire. His plan to exchange territories with Charles Theodore of the Palatinate, the heir of the Bavarian throne (Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate for Lower Austria) led to the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779). Prussia intervened in July 1778 in what she saw as a dangerous Austrian expansion. It was a short conflict which started with a Prussian invasion of Bohemia but was terminated in May 1779s when Empress Maria Theresa forced her son Joseph II to capitulate. The peace was concluded at Teschen on 16th May 1779 and Austria settled for the small Inn district.;x
ACTIONNAME3666A;Make legal claims on Bayern;x
ACTIONNAME3666B;Withdraw from this unhealthy affair;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3667;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3667;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3667A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3667B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3668;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3668;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3668A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3668B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3669;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3669;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3669A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3669B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3670;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3670;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3670A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3670B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3671;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3671;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3671A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3671B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3672;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3672;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3672A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3672B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3673;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3673;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3673A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3673B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3674;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3674;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3674A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3674B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3675;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3675;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3675A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3675B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3676;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3676;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3676A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3676B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3677;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3677;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3677A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3677B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3678;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3678;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3678A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3678B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3679;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3679;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3679A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3679B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3680;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3680;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3680A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3680B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3681;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3681;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3681A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3681B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3682;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3682;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3682A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3682B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3683;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3683;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3683A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3683B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3684;The League of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3684;The reunion policy of Louis XIV had been forced upon by the Empire in the 1684 by the Truce of Regensburg, mostly because the Emperor was preoccupied by the Turkish menace (siege of Vienna in 1683). The continued French claims and expansion to the detriment of the Habsburg possessions and the German states of the Empire led to the creation of the anti-French League of Augsburg (1686).;x
ACTIONNAME3684A;Defy French claims;x
ACTIONNAME3684B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3685;The League of Schmalkalden;x
EVENTHIST3685;After Emperor Charles V had rejected the Protestants confessional positions at the Imperial Parliament of Augsburg (1529-1530), the North German Protestant Imperial estates formed the League of Schmalkalden, with a joint army and treasury and seeking ties abroad (France). The League enjoyed early successes in the years 1532-1540 as the Emperor was threaten by Turkish danger and forced to conclude Religious peace settlements in Nuremberg (1532) and Kaaden (1534).;x
ACTIONNAME3685A;Give it your support;x
ACTIONNAME3685B;Ignore it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3686;The Evangelic Union;x
EVENTHIST3686;The Holy Roman Empire had a fragile balance, split between 10 major and nearly 400 minor states and principalities, as well as two opposing religions. The power of the Emperor is quite limited beyond his direct domains and the erratic and inconsistent behavior of some of them as Rudolph II increases frictions. In 1608, the Protestant city of Donauwerth refused Catholics the right to practice their cult and is banned from the Empire. As a reaction, most German Protestant states form the Evangelic Union to defend their freedom.;x
ACTIONNAME3686A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3686B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3687;The Catholic League;x
EVENTHIST3687;The German Catholic states felt threatened by the 1608 creation of the Evangelic Union of their northern Protestant neighbors, following the Donauwerth exclusion from the Empire. Feeling the urge to unite, they regrouped into a Catholic League that same year. The stage was set for the Thirty Years War.;x
ACTIONNAME3687A;Prepare to Join;x
ACTIONNAME3687B;Stay Neutral;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3706;The Inheritance of Milano;x
EVENTHIST3706;The Duchy of Milan, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, had become a powerful Condottiere (mercenary) nation under the Sforza family, led by Ludovic Le More (1451-1508). Upon his capture in 1500, the Duchy is open to opposing claims. Louis XII of France is the grandson of Valentine Visconti (great-granddaughter of the first Duke of Milan) and has thus a direct claim. The Emperor has also a claim as suzerain of an Empire fiefdom. The Duchy would end in the Emperor's basket, by force of arms, after the disastrous defeat of the French at Pavia in 1525.;x
ACTIONNAME3706A;Let the Habsburgs Inherit;x
ACTIONNAME3706B;Let the French Inherit;x
ACTIONNAME3706C;Let the Sforzas keep it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3707;The Sale of Corsica to France;x
EVENTHIST3707;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was France, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. My Lord, you will get a large grant of cash for seceding this rebellious and hostile province.;x
ACTIONNAME3707A;Sell to France;x
ACTIONNAME3707B;Do not sell to France;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3708;The Sale of Corsica to England;x
EVENTHIST3708;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was England who bought it in 1768 and restored order, making it the major Mediterranean base from which to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte the Great Son of the Island. My Lord, you will get a large grant of cash for seceding this rebellious and hostile province.;x
ACTIONNAME3708A;Sell to England;x
ACTIONNAME3708B;Do not sell to England;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3709;The Sale of Corsica to Spain;x
EVENTHIST3709;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was Spain, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. His brother, Josef Bonaparte, would once become King of Spain herself. My Lord, you will get a large grant of cash for seceding this rebellious and hostile province.;x
ACTIONNAME3709A;Sell to Spain;x
ACTIONNAME3709B;Do not sell to Spain;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3710;The Sale of Corsica to Savoy;x
EVENTHIST3710;By 1760, the Ligurian Republic of Genoa had grown fed up with the permanent unrest that plagued the island of Corsica, its possession for nearly 400 years. The local people of that poor island would refuse to pay tax, disrupt trade and resort to banditry whenever an opportunity arose. The local political situation had gone to the point where the Beauty Island (nickname of Corsica) had gone to outright rebellion and semi-independence. Their Genoese had not the means to sustain repression there and were eager to get rid, if possible for a profit, of that possession. Finally it was Savoy, who bought it in 1768 and restored order, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Ajaccio on 15th August, 1769. Later on the inhabitants of Corsica would freely chose to become French as Savoy held free elections over the question of annexion by France. My Lord, you will get a large grant of cash for seceding this rebellious and hostile province.;x
ACTIONNAME3710A;Sell to Savoy;x
ACTIONNAME3710B;Do not sell to Savoy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3711;Olivares;x
EVENTHIST3711;The Duke of Olivares led the Spanish government between 1621 and 1643, under King Philip IV (1621-1665) whom he was enjoying the favor. He was devious and cunning leader, he involved Spain in the Thirty Years War alongside the Imperials and had the war with Holland renewed. This proved disastrous and precipitated Spanish decline, with secession of both Catalonia (reunited 1652) and Portugal in 1640. Under his governments, poetry, literature (Calderon) and painting (El Greco, Velasquez, and Murillo) prospered and Spanish modes and customs spread across Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3711A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3712;Alberoni;x
EVENTHIST3712;Born in 1664 the son of a gardener in Fiorenzuela (near Placentia, Italy), Giulio Alberoni owes his political career and success to the Duke of Vendôme, the French general he served in Italy, France and Spain. Agent of the Duke of Parma, he managed the wedding of Philip V of Spain with Elizabeth Farnese and become a Cardinal in 1717. His bellicose policy in Spain has him expelled in 1719. He was cunning and sly, but Spain did not have the resources needed to fulfill his ambitious plan. The Age of Spanish Supremacy was long gone.;x
ACTIONNAME3712A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3713;DeWitt;x
EVENTHIST3713;Jan De Witt had been Raad Pensionaris (Great Pensioner) in 1653. Holland enjoyed under his guidance some of its most brilliant years. He also spent his life fighting the influence of the house of Orange, the traditionally Stadhouder (military affairs) and managed to have the Act of Exclusion voted against them in 1667. However, the defeats in 1672 against France and England made the Orange party come back and have him imprisoned. On 20th August, 1672, he and his brother Cornelis were slaughtered by a mob excited by his political opponents.;x
ACTIONNAME3713A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3714;Hensius;x
EVENTHIST3714;Born in 1640, Anthony Hensius had enjoyed the confidence of William III of Orange all his life. Sent to Versailles after the peace of Nijmegen to supervise the execution of its clauses, he became Raad Pensionaris in 1688 after William moved to England. A tough negotiator and obstinate opponent of France, he his at the core of all anti-French coalitions that are set up in all the wars of the late 17th century. He dies in 1720.;x
ACTIONNAME3714A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3715;The Veneto-Turkish Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3715;Since the capture of Byzantium (Constantinople) by the Turks on May 29th, 1453, Venice had seen its commercial positions in the Black Sea deteriorate. Numerous wars had been fought between 1456 and 1490, pitching the Republic against the Ottomans, with the consequence of Venice losing more pieces of her commercial empire (inherited from the 4th Crusade in 1204) in the Aegean sea and in Greece (Athens in 1460, Negrepont in 1470). A war erupted again in 1499, Venice losing fortresses in Morea such as Modon, Coron and Navarrin.;x
ACTIONNAME3715A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3718;The French Inheritance of Milano;x
EVENTHIST3718;The Duchy of Milan, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, had become a powerful Condottiere (mercenary) nation under the Sforza family, led by Ludovic Le More (1451-1508). Upon his capture in 1500, the Duchy is open to opposing claims. Louis XII of France is the grandson of Valentine Visconti (great-granddaughter of the first Duke of Milan) and has thus a direct claim. The Emperor has also a claim as suzerain of an Empire fiefdom. The Duchy would end in the Emperor's basket, by force of arms, after the disastrous defeat of the French at Pavia in 1525.;x
ACTIONNAME3718A;Rule as separate country;x
ACTIONNAME3718B;Rule as part of France;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3731;The Habsburg Wedding;x
EVENTHIST3731;In 1496, when the King of Aragon Ferdinand and the Queen of Castile Isabella married their heir Joan the Mad to Habsburg heir Philip the Fair, they started the historical union between what would be called the Spanish and the Austria Habsburgs. The son from this marriage, Charles V, would become the emperor of the largest territory in Western Europe, having inherited the lands of Castile, Aragon, Burgundy and Austria. The Habsburgs would pursue this intra-family wedding policy till the end of the 17th century. My Lord, King Carlos has decided to rule the world from Madrid.;x
ACTIONNAME3731A;Humbly Accept Carlos' Wise Decision;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3733;The Habsburg Inheritance of Bohemia;x
EVENTHIST3733;In the year 1526 King Lajos II died childless, Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg, also King-elect of Bohemia and thus Elector of the Empire managed to have the kingship become hereditary in his family.;x
ACTIONNAME3733A;Bohemia is now secured for Our Dynasty;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3771;King Charles and the New Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3771;During Charles I's reign, England's loyalties were divided between Parliament, seeking more pluralism and a Protestant rule, and the king, who wanted more Royal power even Autocracy and Catholic rule, or at least religious freedom. Parliament won the English Civil War, but what if they had not? So in 1645, the New Royal Army was formed by Fairfax and then won two victories (Naseby -14 June- and Langport -10 July-), destroying all of the Parliament's armies. In 1646, Charles had to spread his forces seeking out fleeing puritan leaders. Oxford pressed the Cromwell's 'New Model Army' and the Puritans fled north to Scotland, ending the first war. Charles used the time to negotiate with Parliament at Holmby House, whilst he spent lot of money bribing moderate parliamentarians. In the mean time, relations between Cromwell's army and the Scots were deteriorating. Eventually the Puritans tried to kidnap Charles I in an attempt to win a bargaining piece but he escaped and used this 'vile and contemptuous habit' to his advantage. Increasingly concerned, Cromwell's army marched to South during August 1647 and debated proposals of their own with the refugees of the Parliament at York. Charles took this opportunity to negotiate a new agreement with the Scots, again promising church reform on 28 December. This agreement led to the second war. A series of Puritan rebellions and an ambitious offensive by Cromwell's Army in July 1648 took place. However, all were checked by the now powerful royal army under Fairfax, now Duke of Cameron. Parliament's duplicity forced Charles to negotiate with those who still supported his place on the throne. The Cromwellian army, angry that half the Parliament were still considering Charles as a ruler, marched on it and conducted Pride's Purge (the commanding officer was Sir Thomas Pride). 45 MP's were arrested, 146 were kept out of Parliament, and only 75 were allowed in, then only to do the army's bidding. This rump Parliament was ordered to set up a high court of justice in order to try Charles I for treason in the name of the people of England. Charles took action and surrounded the Cromwellian army smashing it to dust, freeing Parliament and enforcing his will upon it. At the Great Trial of Treason in January 1649, hundreds of Puritan leaders were found guilty and were all beheaded on January 30th. Oliver Cromwell led the remnants of the army to Hull where it was picked up by a Swedish navy. Cromwell later fought with distinction in the Swedish-Polish War, but died fatally wounded at Warsaw in 1656. Charles I was then again Sovereign King of England, Scotland and Ireland. His promise to the Scots was never fulfilled and the Church of England was set on par with the Catholic Church...;x
ACTIONNAME3771A;Be Merciful;x
ACTIONNAME3771B;Be Vengeful;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3772;Pieter Paul Rubens;x
EVENTHIST3772;Pieter Paul Rubens was the foremost Flemish painter of the 17th century who was renowned around the world. Under Rubens's direction or influence a whole school of first-rate artists flourished in Antwerp. The volume of his work is enormous, and though he did little but supervise much of the work attributed to him, his domination was so absolute that almost everything originating in his workshop shows the mark of his style.;x
ACTIONNAME3772A;Beautiful!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3773;Revolutionary fever strikes;x
EVENTHIST3773;After the success of the French Revolution the new ideas spread abroad out of France and got a firm footing in the southern Netherlands. A new independent Republic was proclaimed, namely the United States of Belgium.;x
ACTIONNAME3773A;A Revolution has struck us, Sire;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3774;At the Walls of Paris;x
EVENTHIST3774;In May 1588 the Wars of Religion entered their final chapter. The people of Paris, influenced by inflammatory Leaguer preachers, were more and more dissatisfied with Henri III and his failure to suppress the Protestants. Even a moderate Catholic was almost as bad as a heretic to the Leaguers. A popular uprising caused Henri III to flee Paris. The Catholic League took control of the government and welcomed the Duc de Guise. The League pressed for a meeting of the Estates-General. Their proposed heir to the crown was the Cardinal de Bourbon, Navarre's uncle. Henri III might be forced to abdicate and Guise proclaimed king by the people. On Christmas Eve, when Guise was at Blois for the meetings, Henri III invited him to his quarters for some discussion. Guise and his brother, Cardinal de Guise, exposed the bluff as a murder attempt. Guise's triumph over the king was short-lived. The League presses printed revolutionary tracts and the Sorbonne proclaimed that is was just and necessary to depose Henri III, and any private citizen was morally free to commit regicide. The League sent an army against Henri III, and Henri III turned to Navarre for an alliance. Their forces joined to reclaim Paris. In July 1589, a monk begged an audience with the king and put a knife into his spleen. On his deathbed, Henri III called for Navarre and named him his heir. Some of the late Henri III's followers gave their loyalties to the new king, and others melted away into the night. The League staged coups in many cities of France. Well financed by Spain, Guise and his younger brother Mayenne took to the field. Guise forced Navarre to bring the war out of the south and into the north, as he desperately needed it if he wanted to be king of France and not dead meat by the summer. In September of 1589, Mayenne met Navarre and gave him a serious defeat at Arques. His army swept South through Gascogne, taking town after town that winter, and then Guise inflicted an even more crushing defeat on Navarre in March of 1590 at Ivry. Navarre was forced to retreat. In 1593, the League held an Estates-General in Paris, to name a candidate for the throne of France. The Duc de Guise was nominated defended by some ancient claims. This was a departure from the Law, but Parliament passed a decree that the crown could go to any descendent of Charlemagne. At this point, Navarre made his 'perilous leap' and abjured his faith in July 1593, in the church of St. Denis, reputedly with the famous witticism that 'Paris is worth a mass.' However lacking support and discredited for his Protestant leanings he was captured by the new King and executed. Finally, in the spring of 1594, Charles X was crowned in Paris.;x
ACTIONNAME3774A;The Kingdom is ours!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3783;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3783;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3783A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3784;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3784;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3784A;The Bourbons are reinstalled;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3785;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3785;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3785A;King Louis XVIII;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3786;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3786;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3786A;King Louis XVIII;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3787;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3787;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3787A;King Louis XVIII;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3788;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3788;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3788A;King Louis XVIII;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3789;The Restoration of the French Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3789;Many countries had viewed the French revolution with neutral mistrust or eager interest, but with the Reign of Terror and the Execution of King Louis most countries became abhorred. The New Republic and its ideas undermined the 'Old Order' that existed in most European countries. Those several alliances were set up to restore the Bourbons to the French Throne, crush the revolution and get Europe back to normal again. This succeeded in 1814 and again in 1815 when foreign armies brought Louis XVIII on the throne. Louis XVIII was the brother of the Executed King Louis of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After King Louis' execution in 1793 he proclaimed himself regent, and after the death of his brother's heir in 1795, he took the title Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium;x
ACTIONNAME3789A;King Louis XVIII;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3484;The Abdication of Charles V;x
EVENTHIST3484;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee Catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;x
ACTIONNAME3484A;Yes Father!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3143;The Eden Agreement;x
EVENTHIST3143;In 1786 William Pitt the Younger signed an important commercial agreement, the Eden Treaty, with France. It was in keeping with the argument made by the economist Adam Smith in his The Wealth of Nations (1776) that Britain should be less economically dependent on trade with America and become more adventurous in exploring trading opportunities in continental Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3143A;Sign it;x
ACTIONNAME3143B;Refuse to sign it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3545;The League of Cambrai;x
EVENTHIST3545;In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.;x
ACTIONNAME3545A;Express Support;x
ACTIONNAME3545B;Ignore;x
ACTIONNAME3545C;Express Hostility;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3546;The Commissioning of the Saint Peter's Basilica;x
EVENTHIST3546;Pope Julius II started building the Basilica not very long after him being elected Pope. The completion would take more then 100 years and one of most famous artist in history, Michelangelo, had a large role at times in its completion, both as an architect and as a painter.;x
ACTIONNAME3546A;Build church;x
ACTIONNAME3546B;Concentrate on worldly matters;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3547;The Foundation of Societas Jesu;x
EVENTHIST3547;In 1540 Pope Paulus III recognized the Jesuite Order, created 1534 by the Spaniard Don Ińigo López de Recalade, better know as Ignatius of Loyola. He becomes one of the most devoted counter reformists and enemy #1 of the Protestant movement. Loyola having a soldier background makes its mark on the order, which is organized almost as an army. High priority was given both to educating missionaries but also counsellors for European royal courts. This made the Jesuite order very powerful in the politic scene. 1773 the Jesuite order was dissolved by Pope Pius VI due to pressure from Christian countries in the age of enlightenment. 1814 the Jesuite order was reinstituted, however just as a faint shadow of the powerful order it once had been.;x
ACTIONNAME3547A;OK;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3548;Reorganization of the Holy Inquisition;x
EVENTHIST3548;At the initiative of Pietro Caraffa from Naples, the Pope reorganizes the Roman inquisition according to the Spanish model. Together with the Jesuits a reign of terror is inflicted on the people. However the cruel methods are effective and lead to completely eradicating the Protestant movement in the Italian peninsula.;x
ACTIONNAME3548A;Spanish model inquisition;x
ACTIONNAME3548B;Moderate Inquisition;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3549;The Holy League;x
EVENTHIST3549;When in 1570 the Turks sent an ultimatum to Venice asking for the ceding of Cyprus and then invaded the island after the Republic of San Marco failed to respond, a great uproar was created in the Catholic world by the facts and rumors of Ottoman atrocities in the last Christian bastion of the eastern Mediterranean. After a first failure in the summer of 1570, Pope Pius V managed to convince major Catholic nations (except France) to join a Holy League against the heathens Turks, and it was proclaimed in May 1571. The League would lead to the great naval victory of Don Juan on the Turks at Lepanto, but would not outlast this first and final triumph. Selim II is rumored to have said, after the news he had lost 200 galleys at Lepanto: 'At Lepanto, the Christians have shaved me. At Cyprus, I cut their arm. My beard will grow again.';x
ACTIONNAME3549A;Create the Holy League;x
ACTIONNAME3549B;Let the matter fall;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3550;Giordano Bruno;x
EVENTHIST3550;Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) was an Italian theologist that identified God with Nature. Even though he considered himself a Christian, he both defended Copernicus' view of the cosmos as well as satirized blind belief in religion. He was arrested in Venezia and was extradited to Rome, where he was put on trial.;x
ACTIONNAME3550A;Burn the heretic;x
ACTIONNAME3550B;Spare his life;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3551;The Saint Peter's Basilica stand in Unearthly Glory;x
EVENTHIST3551;In 1615, more then 100 years after construction had started, the Saint Peter's Basilica was finally finished. It remains today the largest church ever built.;x
ACTIONNAME3551A;Rejoice!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3552;The Cleansing of the Pontinian Marches;x
EVENTHIST3552;1779 Pope Pius VI drained the Pontinian marches to create more productive farmland instead of useless swamps.;x
ACTIONNAME3552A;Gain land;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3553;The Counter-Reformation and the Reformation of the Catholic faith;x
EVENTHIST3553;The Counter-reformation movement historically started 1540 with the institution of the Societas Jesu. This marked the beginning of a few highly volatile decades in European history while the two sides of Reformed and Counter Reformed fight each other. At the same time there were forces within the Catholic Church wanting a reform to remedy the corruption and other bad conditions present. Thus 1545 the Council of Trient is opened. The debating went on for almost 20 years with almost as much turmoil created as on the battlefields against the Protestants.;x
ACTIONNAME3553A;Attend the Council of Trient;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3410;The Chosen Council;x
EVENTHIST3410;In 1543, only 14 years old and with astonishing force and bravery, Grand Prince Ivan IV ended the reign of terror of the Boyars. Behind him stood his friend Alexi Adashev and the talented priest Sylvestr, who would succeed the wise Makari as metropolitan of Moscow. Sylvestr and Adashev belonged to a group of advisors called the Chosen Council, which was of great help in reforming Russia during the earlier part of Ivan IV's reign but fell out of favor following the death of Ivan's first wife Anastasia in 1560. Ivan, who had become unbalanced after his grave illness in 1553, accused his old friends of having poisoned his wife and had them exiled, leaving no one to temper his brutality.;x
ACTIONNAME3410A;Excellent Ministers!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3411;The Sacking of Moscow;x
EVENTHIST3411;Ivan felt that trade with Europe depended on free access to the Baltic and decided to turn his attention westward. In 1558 he went to war in an attempt to establish Russian rule over Livonia (in present-day Latvia and Estonia). Russia was at first victorious and succeeded in destroying the Livonian knights, but their ally Lithuania became an integral part of Poland in 1569. The war dragged on - while the Swedes (guarding their own interests in Estonia) supported Poland against Russia, the Crimean Tatars attacked Astrakhan and even made an extensive incursion into Russia in 1571 - they sacked and burned Moscow, leaving only the Kremlin standing.;x
ACTIONNAME3411A;Avenge this horrible insult;x
ACTIONNAME3411B;Use it to crush the opposition;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3412;The Terror of the Oprichnina;x
EVENTHIST3412;The defection of one of Ivan's best field commanders, Prince Andrey Kurbsky, to Poland in 1564 greatly shocked the Czar, who announced later that year his intention of abdicating in view of the boyars' betrayal. The Muscovites, however, led by the clergy, implored him to continue to rule, and in 1565 he acceded to their request on condition that he should be allowed to deal with the traitors as he wished and that he should form an Oprichnina-i.e., an aggregate of territory that would be administered separately from the rest of the state and put under his immediate control as crown land. The term Oprichnina also refers to the reign of terror which was conducted by the oprichniki, members of the tsar's new court, who were primarily drawn from the lower gentry and foreign population. The terror culminated with the proscription of the entire population of Novgorod and the sack of that northern city, which opposed Muscovite dominance (1570). The policy reduced the boyars' political power, disrupted the Russian economy, and contributed to the centralization of the Muscovite state. After 1572, when the oprichniki were disbanded, the term dvor (court) replaced Oprichnina.;x
ACTIONNAME3412A;Let the Oprichnina do its work;x
ACTIONNAME3412B;Make a deal with the Boyars instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3413;The Treasury Reform and the Abolition of the Kormlenije System;x
EVENTHIST3413;Some of the most important Russian reforms of Government were instituted by Ivan IV. Ivan had built on the works of Ivan III and bound the Pomjesjtjik-class even closer to the monarchy. He also created a separate Chamber of Finance directly at his disposal, which provided a certain efficiency in the in- and outflow of cash. The abolition of the Kormlenije-system, a payment system for the provincial administration where salaries were paid 'in natura' directly from the hands of the peasants, and the redressing of the provincial administration organization made the monarchy much more efficient and powerful. Unfortunately for Russia, these reforms were not enough to hold the State afloat after the costly and disastrous Livonian Wars at the end of Ivan IV's reign.;x
ACTIONNAME3413A;Reform Treasury and abolish Kormlenije;x
ACTIONNAME3413B;Only reform Treasury;x
ACTIONNAME3413C;Only abolish Kormlenije;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3415;The Russian Orthodox Church declared independent of Constantinople;x
EVENTHIST3415;Liberating it from the Tatar invaders, the Muscovite state gathered strength and so did the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1448, not long before the Byzantine Empire collapsed, the Russian Church became, in effect, independent from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Metropolitan Jonas, installed by the Council of Russian bishops in 1448, was given the title of Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia. In the centuries to come, the growing might of the Muscovite state went hand in hand with the growing authority of the Autocephalous Russian Church. In 1589 Jeremias II, Patriarch of Constantinople, fleeing from Turkish oppression, visited Moscow. The Russians managed to persuade him to appoint metropolitan Job of Moscow patriarch - the final move towards full independence for the Russian Church.;x
ACTIONNAME3415A;Let us lead the true faith from Moscow;x
ACTIONNAME3415B;No, we need Constantinople to lead the true faith;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3416;The Peasantry is brought into Serfdom;x
EVENTHIST3416;Boris Godunov was elected in 1598 to succeed Fedor. He consolidated Russia's territorial gains, but, soon after he came to power, drought, famine, and plague killed a half million people in Muscovy. Peasants fled their villages, leaving their holdings reclaimed by weeds. In response Godunov decreed that the peasants were forbidden to leave the estates on which they were born (Ivan IV had passed a similar decree in 1581). The peasants had truly become serfs.;x
ACTIONNAME3416A;Make the Peasants serfs;x
ACTIONNAME3416B;Do not make them serfs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3417;Full Serfdom enforced by Sobornoye Ulozheniye;x
EVENTHIST3417;Czar Alexis received a superficial education from his tutor Boris Ivanovich Morozov before acceding to the throne at the age of 16. Morozov, who was also Alexis' brother-in-law, initially took charge of state affairs, but in 1648 a popular uprising in Moscow forced Alexis to exile Morozov. Alexis bowed to the rebels' demands and convened a land assembly (zemski sobor), which in 1649 produced a new Russian code of laws (Sobornoye Ulozheniye), which legally defined serfdom.;x
ACTIONNAME3417A;Enforce;x
ACTIONNAME3417B;Accept deteriorated Economy and Burgher Uprisings;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3418;Nikons Reform and the Raskolniks;x
EVENTHIST3418;Nikon was the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1666. He undertook an extremely vigorous reform of church discipline and ritual with a view to purging accretions and eccentricities from the Russian rites. His reforms, particularly his correction of service books from the Greek (1654), created a schism in the church and inspired the formation of a major opposition sect, the Raskolniki, who retained the older usages banned by Nikon. Heterodox sects such as the Dukhobors formed and attached themselves to the Raskolniki to avoid persecution. By 1658, Nikon had aroused sufficiently powerful opposition to bring about his banishment, and in 1666 he was deposed and degraded. He was a figure unique in Russian church history, for he opposed any interference by the state in church affairs and considered the two institutions to be distinct and separate. His reforms were maintained after he was deposed.;x
ACTIONNAME3418A;Let us modernize the Church;x
ACTIONNAME3418B;Follow the heed of the Raskolniks;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3419;Fyodor Baikov's Diplomatic Intermezzo;x
EVENTHIST3419;Fyodor Baikov comes to Beijing in 1656 in an effort to open up diplomatic relations with China. However, misinterpreting the Chinese etiquette made him behave in a way that got the Chinese ministers to believe that Russia acknowledged China as her Master. A message was dispatched to Moscow. The letter contained instructions on the yearly tribute that the vassal 'Russia' must now pay. The Czar had no chance to protest as no one in Moscow could understand Chinese. The Russian government ignored the event as if it has never taken place and China was too busy being subjugated by the Manchu dynasty to care.;x
ACTIONNAME3419A;Pretend to be a Chinese Vassal;x
ACTIONNAME3419B;Pretend to be a Chinese Vassal and pay Tribute;x
ACTIONNAME3419C;Send back the Head of the Chinese Minister;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3420;Stenka Razin's Cossack Uprising;x
EVENTHIST3420;Stenka Razin (or Stepan Timofeyevich) was a Don Cossack hetman who carried out a series of successful raids on Persian and Russian settlements 1667-69. Having acquired great fame and wealth, Razin launched a new campaign in 1670 against the czar's fortress cities on the Volga. With a force of about 7,000 Cossacks, he seized Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan. In both towns Razin and his men engaged in drunken orgies and perpetrated savage atrocities against the nobles and military officers - he also replaced the local governments with Cossack institutions of self-rule. Razin continued his advance up the Volga, and along the way he incited the serfs and urban lower classes to join his rebellion. He captured Saratov and proceeded to Simbirsk, while his insurrection spread throughout the Volga region and even into some of the central Russian provinces. Alarmed at Razin's success, Czar Alexis sent an army to relieve Simbirsk. The force inflicted a decisive defeat on Razin's undisciplined and badly equipped troops. Razin fled to the Don, but on April 24, 1671, he was captured by loyalist Cossacks and turned over to the tsarist authorities. Brought to Moscow and tortured, Razin was executed by quartering in Red Square.;x
ACTIONNAME3420A;Quell all Separatist Movements;x
ACTIONNAME3420B;Give Autonomy on Province by Province basis;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3423;Peter the Great and the Army Reform;x
EVENTHIST3423;Peter established a regular army on completely modern lines for Russia in the place of the unreliable streltsy and the militia of the gentry. While he drew his officers from the nobility, he conscripted peasants and townspeople into the other ranks. The troops were equipped with flintlock firearms and bayonets of Russian make, uniforms were provided, and regular drilling was introduced. For the artillery, obsolete cannons were replaced with new mortars and guns designed by Russian specialists or even by Peter himself (he drew up projects of his own for multi-cannon warships, fortresses, and ordnance). The Army Regulations of 1716 were particularly important - they required officers to teach their men how to act in battle, and to show initiative in the face of the enemy. For the navy, Peter's reign saw the construction, within a few years, of 52 battleships and hundreds of galleys and other craft - thus a powerful Baltic fleet was brought into being. Several special schools prepared their pupils for military or naval service and finally enabled Peter to dispense with foreign experts.;x
ACTIONNAME3423A;Reform the Army and Navy;x
ACTIONNAME3423B;Only Reform Army;x
ACTIONNAME3423C;Only Reform Navy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3424;St. Petersburg;x
EVENTHIST3424;On May 16, 1703, shortly after the fall of Nyen, Peter himself laid the foundation stones for the Peter-Paul Fortress on Zayachy Island. This date is taken as the founding date of St. Petersburg. In the spring of the following year, Peter established the fortress of Kronslot, later Kronshtadt, on Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland, to protect the approaches to the delta. At the same time, he founded the Admiralty shipyard on the riverbank opposite the Peter-Paul Fortress - in 1706 its first warship was launched. Around the fortress and shipyard Peter began the building of a new city to serve as his 'window on Europe'. In 1712 the capital of Russia was transferred there from Moscow, although it was still formally on Swedish land.;x
ACTIONNAME3424A;Move Capital to St. Petersburg;x
ACTIONNAME3424B;Keep Capital at Moscow;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3426;Governmental Reforms and the Absolutism;x
EVENTHIST3426;In the course of Peter's reign, medieval and obsolescent forms of government gave place to effective autocracy. In 1711 he abolished the boyarskaya duma, or boyar council, and established by decree the Senate as the supreme organ of state-to coordinate the action of the various central and local organs, to supervise the collection and expenditure of revenue, and to draft legislation in accordance with his edicts. Martial discipline was extended to civil institutions, and an officer of the guards was always on duty in the Senate. From 1722, moreover, there was a procurator general keeping watch over the daily work of the Senate and its chancellery and acting as 'the eye of the sovereign'.;x
ACTIONNAME3426A;Governmental Reforms and the Absolutism;x
ACTIONNAME3426B;Only Absolutism;x
ACTIONNAME3426C;Only Governmental Reforms;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3427;The State takes control of the Russian Church;x
EVENTHIST3427;In 1721, in order to subject the Orthodox Church of Russia to the state, Peter abolished the Patriarchate of Moscow. Thenceforward the patriarch's place as head of the church was taken by a spiritual college, namely the Holy Synod, consisting of representatives of the hierarchy obedient to the czar's will. A secular official - the ober-prokuror, or chief procurator - was appointed by the tsar to supervise the Holy Synod's activities. The Holy Synod ferociously persecuted all dissenters and conducted a censorship of all publications.;x
ACTIONNAME3427A;Abolish the Patriarchate;x
ACTIONNAME3427B;Leave the Patriarchate alone;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3428;The Abolishment of the System of Precedence;x
EVENTHIST3428;During the six years of Fyodor III' reign, he was unable to rule with any independence. Power was concentrated in the hands of his maternal relatives, the Miloslavskii boyars. However, reforms in the organization of the army and state, begun under his grandfather and father, continued during his reign. A national consensus conducted in 1678 and in 1682 finally ended 'mestnichestvo' - a practice whereby boyars and gentry were appointed to particular posts on the basis of a complicated hierarchy of precedence depending on their ancestors' services. From now on, the Czar could appoint noble government servitors as he wished.;x
ACTIONNAME3428A;Abolish Mestnichestvo;x
ACTIONNAME3428B;Keep the old system;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3432;The Duma and the Legislative Reform;x
EVENTHIST3432;In 1767 Catherine the Great convened a commission composed of delegates from all the provinces and from all social classes (except the serfs) for the purpose of ascertaining the true wishes of her people and framing a constitution. The debates went on for months and came to nothing. Catherine's Instruction to the commission was a draft of a constitution and a code of laws. It was considered too liberal for publication in France and remained a dead letter in Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3432A;Talk about the Injustice in Society;x
ACTIONNAME3432B;Do something about the Injustice in Society;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3433;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;x
EVENTHIST3433;King Frederick of Sweden had several children by his mistress Hedvig Taube, but his marriage with Ulrika was cursed with childlessness. Naturally, the two opposing parties of the Riksdag were embroiled in a bitter fight over the choice of a crown prince. The Caps argued for the Danish prince Frederick, but the Hats had found another candidate in Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. In 1743 Adolf Frederik was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the Hats, who favored a foreign policy that would regain Swedish hegemony in the Baltic. The Hats hoped by their choice to obtain better conditions of peace from the Russian empress Elizabeth, who was favorable to the house of Gottorp.;x
ACTIONNAME3433A;They made a wise choice;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3434;Mercantilist Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3434;In the late 18th century Russia adopted an increasingly mercantilist policy as a consequence of the growing monopolization of the power of the aristocracy. Your Excellency, shall we embark on a great mercantilist adventure?;x
ACTIONNAME3434A;Yes, we need to do something;x
ACTIONNAME3434B;No, the economy is in fine shape;x
ACTIONNAME3434C;No, we shall opt for Free Trade;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3436;The Reactionary Policy;x
EVENTHIST3436;After the Pugachev revolt, Catherine realized that for her the people were more to be feared than pitied, and that, rather than freeing them, she must tighten their bonds. Before her accession to power, Catherine had planned to emancipate the serfs, on whom the economy of Russia was based. When confronted with the realities of power, Catherine saw very quickly that emancipation of the serfs would never be tolerated by the owners, whom she depended upon for support, and who would throw the country into disorder once they lost their own means of support. (The fortune of a noble was evaluated not in lands but in the 'souls' he owned.) Catherine instead turned her attention to organizing and strengthening a system that she herself had condemned as inhuman. She imposed serfdom on the Ukrainians who had until then been free. By distributing the crown lands to her favorites and ministers, she worsened the lot of the peasants, who had enjoyed certain autonomy. At the end of her reign, there was scarcely a free peasant left in Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3436A;Keep the Masses in Chains;x
ACTIONNAME3436B;Let introduce an idea called 'Freedom';x
#;x
EVENTNAME3437;Czar Paul I's Liberal Legislation;x
EVENTHIST3437;Paul I, in an effort to strengthen the autocracy, reversed many of Catherine's policies - he reestablished centralized administrative agencies she had abolished in 1775, increased bureaucratic control in local government, and sought to impose limits on the authority of the nobles. While Catherine caused many ordinary Russians to be enslaved through serfdom, Paul was the first Russian czar to limit the work required of these unfortunate people. At Gatchina, Paul educated their children, lent them money, instituted a system of free medical care, gave them more land for their use, and upgraded agricultural technology. In short, he was a model landlord. When it came to Russia's most humble people, as both czar and grand duke, he sought to end their suffering and improve their lives. In this, he put into action the Enlightenment ideas parroted, but never followed unless it suited her, by his mother.;x
ACTIONNAME3437A;Restrict Serfdom;x
ACTIONNAME3437B;It is perfect as it is;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3438;Czar Alexander I's Liberal Legislation;x
EVENTHIST3438;Alexander abolished many barbarous and cruel punishments then practiced and in 1802 introduced a more orderly administration of government by the creation of eight ministries. He improved the condition of the serfs and promoted education, doubling the number of Russian universities by establishing those at Saint Petersburg, Kharkiv, and Kazan. Nevertheless, despite the humanitarian ideas inculcated in him by his tutor La Harpe and despite his own wish to make his people happy, Alexander lacked the energy necessary to carry out the most urgent reform, the full abolition of serfdom. The institution of serfdom was, in the Czar's own words, 'a degradation' that kept Russia in a disastrously backward state. But to liberate the serfs, who composed three-quarters of the population, would arouse the hostility of their noble masters.;x
ACTIONNAME3438A;Minimal reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3438B;Full Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3439;The Anjala League;x
EVENTHIST3439;Milord, a large group of Finnish officers in the service of the Swedish king has sent us a dispatch declaring the 'Swedish war of aggression' illegal and asking us if we would consider helping them form an independent nation of Finland. It could be useful as a buffer state...;x
ACTIONNAME3439A;Promise independence to Finnish Nobility;x
ACTIONNAME3439B;Reject and disclose them to Gustavus III;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3442;The Silent Sejm of Poland;x
EVENTHIST3442;Milord, the Polish nobles have finally agreed to reform the constitution and limit, or even abolish, the Liberum Veto. A centralized Poland with a weak Sejm could seriously threaten our rightful hegemony over the Slavic peoples!;x
ACTIONNAME3442A;The Poles must be stopped!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3443;The Contest with Poland;x
EVENTHIST3443;Milord, the Polish nobles have finally agreed to reform the constitution and limit, or even abolish, the Liberum Veto. A centralized Poland with a weak Sejm could seriously threaten our rightful hegemony over the Slavic peoples!;x
ACTIONNAME3443A;The Poles must be stopped!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3444;In the Face of Napoleon;x
EVENTHIST3444;On June 23, 1812, Morand's division crossed the river Nemen, soon followed by other divisions. The Grand Armée, 500,000 strong, had commenced the invasion of Russia. A few days later, Napoleon righteously proclaimed: 'I have come to finish off, once and for all, the Colossus of Northern Barbarism. The sword is drawn. They must be thrust back into their snow and ice, so that for a quarter of a century at least they will not be able to interfere with civilized Europe.' Your Excellency, shall we move our capital back to Moscow?;x
ACTIONNAME3444A;Moscow is easier to defend;x
ACTIONNAME3444B;Stay in St. Petersburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3792;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;x
EVENTHIST3792;King Frederick of Sweden had several children by his mistress Hedvig Taube, but his marriage with Ulrika was cursed with childlessness. Naturally, the two opposing parties of the Riksdag were embroiled in a bitter fight over the choice of a crown prince. The Caps argued for the Danish prince Frederick, but the Hats had found another candidate in Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. Your Excellency, the Swedes have chosen the Danish prince!;x
ACTIONNAME3792A;We have been gravely insulted;x
ACTIONNAME3792B;They are not worth it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3225;The Sons of Gustav Vasa;x
EVENTHIST3225;Gustav Vasa had four sons - Erik, John, Magnus and Charles. Erik was the oldest and succeeded his father on the throne as Erik XIV (although he was actually only the eighth king of that name) in 1560. He was an able king who reformed the army and pursued an aggressive foreign policy, securing the northern part of Estonia for Sweden in 1561. However, his relation to his brother John, the Duke of Finland, plummeted when the latter married a Polish princess against the king's will. John and his wife were sentenced to death (but later pardoned) and imprisoned until the paranoid king Erik suffered a period of insanity and stabbed one of his advisors to death in 1567. Fleeing into the countryside, the king was found wandering a few days later and eventually recovered. However his brothers (except Magnus, who went insane in 1562) conspired against him and managed to depose him in 1568. Erik died in prison in 1577 - probably murdered at the order of King John.;x
ACTIONNAME3225A;Dethrone Erik;x
ACTIONNAME3225B;Have John Executed;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3229;King Sigismund and Duke Charles;x
EVENTHIST3229;John III had a son named Sigismund who was crowned king of Poland-Lithuania in 1587. Although his father was a Lutheran (albeit one who sought reconciliation with the Pope), he was raised a Catholic by his mother and was tutored by Jesuits. When John died in 1592, Sigismund also inherited the Swedish crown, creating for a few years the most powerful political entity in Europe. However, Sigismund's Catholicism alienated him from many important Swedish nobles who could not stomach the thought of seeing their country revert to papism. Sigismund's uncle Charles rose up in rebellion as soon as the king had left for Poland after his coronation in 1594. Sigismund returned with an army but was defeated at Stĺngebro in 1598, which effectively ended the brief union. For decades to come, the Polish kings would regard Charles and his successors as usurpers - a claim that would spark several bloody wars between the nations.;x
ACTIONNAME3229A;God is with Duke Charles;x
ACTIONNAME3229B;Sigismund is the rightful King;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3238;The Quarter Reduction of Christina;x
EVENTHIST3238;Queen Christina's reign was troubled by her struggle with the high lords of the Council, particularly the chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna. In spite of his opposition, she was a prime mover in concluding the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and ending the Thirty Years War. An assiduous politician, Christina was able to keep the bitter class rivalries that broke out after the war from lapsing into civil war but was unable to solve the desperate financial problems caused by the long years of fighting. In the end, she had to recall Oxenstierna and accept the failure of her reform program.;x
ACTIONNAME3238A;Align with the Lords;x
ACTIONNAME3238B;Increased Contributions;x
ACTIONNAME3238C;More land to the Crown;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3242;The Dethronement of August the Strong;x
EVENTHIST3242;Charles XII spent six years (1701-1706) campaigning in Poland trying to force the Polish nobles to depose Augustus of Saxony and accept a peace settlement. In 1704 the Polish nobleman Stanislaus Leszczynski was installed on the throne, but Augustus still had many supporters. In 1706 Charles XII invaded Saxony and forced August to abdicate, but Charles's defeat at Poltava in 1709 saw Augustus back on the throne and Stanislaus in exile in Alsace. Poland has been vassalized, do you want to install Stanislaus Leszczynski as king?;x
ACTIONNAME3242A;Yes, dethrone the Saxon pig;x
ACTIONNAME3242B;No, that could unite the Szlachta against us;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3252;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;x
EVENTHIST3252;King Fredrik had several children by his mistress Hedvig Taube, but his marriage with Ulrika was cursed with childlessness. Naturally, the two opposing parties of the Riksdag were embroiled in a bitter fight over the choice of a crown prince. The Caps argued for the Danish prince Frederik, but the Hats had found another candidate in Adolf Frederik of Holstein-Gottorp. In 1743 Adolf Frederik was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the Hats, who favored a foreign policy that would regain Swedish hegemony in the Baltic. The Hats hoped by their choice to obtain better conditions of peace from the Russian empress Elizabeth, who was favorable to the house of Gottorp.;x
ACTIONNAME3252A;Adolf Frederik of Holstein-Gottorp;x
ACTIONNAME3252B;Frederik of Denmark;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3254;Swedish Parliament of 1738;x
EVENTHIST3254;Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. At the Riksdag of 1738 the Hats managed to outmaneuver the peaceful Arvid Horn and seize power. Horn had made the mistake of renewing the defensive alliance of 1724 with Russia and at the same time trying to negotiate a subsidy treaty with France, which was still officially supporting Stanislas Leszinski against the Russians in Poland.;x
ACTIONNAME3254A;Let the Hats win;x
ACTIONNAME3254B;Let the Caps win;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3255;Swedish Parliament of 1746;x
EVENTHIST3255;Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. At the Riksdag of 1746 the Hats once again got the upper hand, despite their recent disastrous war against Russia. Sweden entered a defensive pact with Prussia and began reforming the army and navy with French subsidies.;x
ACTIONNAME3255A;Let the Hats win;x
ACTIONNAME3255B;Let the Caps win;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3256;The Coup of 1756;x
EVENTHIST3256;The Swedish king Adolf Frederick had been reduced to a puppet that had to sign whatever document the National Council put on his desk. Nevertheless, the king and his queen, Lovisa Ulrika, tried to sabotage the council sessions and enforce their will whenever they got the chance. In 1756, the Council informed the king that they were going to start using a royal seal on documents he refused to sign. Furious at this blatant insult, the Queen began planning a Coup d'Etat in June, but her co-conspirators were exposed and executed. As a result, royal power was reduced yet another notch.;x
ACTIONNAME3256A;Confirm the Current Constitution;x
ACTIONNAME3256B;Increase the Royal influence;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3257;Swedish Parliament of 1760;x
EVENTHIST3257;Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. The situation at the Riksdag of 1760 was a Hat party that was losing its French support due to its ineffectual policies and a revitalized Cap party propagating for freedom of press and free trade. Nevertheless the Hats won yet again, perhaps due to the ongoing war with Prussia.;x
ACTIONNAME3257A;Let the Hats win;x
ACTIONNAME3257B;Let the Caps win;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3258;Swedish Parliament of 1765;x
EVENTHIST3258;Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. In 1765 the Caps finally managed to regain power in the Riksdag after almost 30 years of more or less disastrous Hat rule. The Caps only ruled for three years, and despite but managed to institute freedom of press and initiate limited free trade reforms.;x
ACTIONNAME3258A;Let the Caps win;x
ACTIONNAME3258B;Let the Hats win;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3259;The Anjala League;x
EVENTHIST3259;Gustavus III, the 'theatre king', declared war on Russia in the summer of 1788. His main goals were to reclaim the honor of the Swedish military, retake some land that had been lost to Russia in previous wars and perhaps most importantly - put a stop to the incessant Russian meddling in Swedish politics. At the time, Sweden had a magnificent fleet and a rather effective army, but most of the officers could be described as politicians rather than soldiers. The Swedish army began marching on St. Petersburg and won some minor battles despite the compact resistance from the officers. On August 12 a group of 112 Finnish noble officers formed the 'Anjala League' and opened up negotiations with the Russians, declaring the war to be illegal and probing for the possibility of an independent Finnish state. This event effectively ended all hopes of a Swedish victory since the king was in a poor position to execute the traitors and have them replaced.;x
ACTIONNAME3259A;Negotiate with the Traitors;x
ACTIONNAME3259B;Execute the Traitors;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3260;The Dethronement of Gustav IV Adolf;x
EVENTHIST3260;The devastating loss of Finland in 1809 was widely blamed on King Gustav IV Adolf, and on March 13, 1809 he was deposed in a coup d'Etat by certain liberal officials and officers in Sweden's western army. Gustavus and his heirs were deprived of their royal titles and encouraged to leave the country. The deposed king eventually settled in Switzerland under the name of Colonel Gustafsson. While the search went on for a new crown prince Sweden was ruled by Gustavus's aged and childless uncle Charles (XIII). The Danish prince Christian August was elected, but died suddenly in 1810. The Riksdag frantically cast about for a replacement and finally decided on the French marshal Jean-Baptist Bernadotte.;x
ACTIONNAME3260A;Install Jean-Baptist Bernadotte;x
ACTIONNAME3260B;Gustavus is our rightful King;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3303;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;x
EVENTHIST3303;Your Excellency, the Swedes have scorned our prince and elected Adolf Frederik from Holstein-Gottorp as their new crown prince!;x
ACTIONNAME3303A;We have been insulted;x
ACTIONNAME3303B;Such is politics;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3304;The Election of a Swedish Crown prince;x
EVENTHIST3304;Your Excellency, the Swedes have elected our dear prince Frederik heir to the Swedish throne! It would appear that the Union of Kalmar has risen from the dust.;x
ACTIONNAME3304A;Excellent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3364;The Great Carrack of Alexandria;x
EVENTHIST3364;In 1569 a richly laden Turkish vessel was seized near Alexandria by two galleys of the Knights of St. John on a privateering expedition. The nine percent levy aid on the value of the landed booty was a welcome addition to the common treasury and no doubt was instrumental in helping Grand Master Pietro del Monte (1568-72) to decide to encourage further similar forays.;x
ACTIONNAME3364A;Those bastard Franks will pay for this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3365;The Great Carrack of Alexandria;x
EVENTHIST3365;The infidel dogs, the Knights of St. John, seized one of our treasure carracks off the coast of Alexandria but decided to let it go - no doubt fearing our reprisal.;x
ACTIONNAME3365A;One less thorn in our side...;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3132;The Mississippi Trade Company;x
EVENTHIST3132;In 1717 the Mississippi Trade Company was founded. It had a Royal Monopoly on the utilization of the large colonial areas along the Mississippi River in America. In 1719 the Government borrowed 1.5 billion livres from the company. The company was more of a financial institution than a Company of Trade and Industry and the price of shares hit the roof. In 1720 the French hausse turned into a baisse and the fact that the shares of the Company were overvalued was evident even to the man on the street. Soon panic broke out and the Company was declared bankrupt. John Law was force to flee from France.;x
ACTIONNAME3132A;This sounds like Easy Money!;x
ACTIONNAME3132B;This sounds like a Fraud!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3133;State Bankruptcy;x
EVENTHIST3133;After the early success with John Law's Bank and the Mississippi Trade Company the government bought the Bank and borrowed 1.5 billion livres from the Trade Company to pay mortgage on its huge national loans. These events brought a hausse to the French industry and the government lacked all restrains printing stockpiles of money without any security. When the overheated economy started to recycle with reality the shareholders of the trade company panicked driving both the Bank and the Trade Company into bankruptcy. As much of two years of collected tax money disappeared in the catastrophe and France thus was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1724.;x
ACTIONNAME3133A;Declare State Bankruptcy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3134;Bank de France and New Financial Legislation;x
EVENTHIST3134;In 1716 the Scotsman, John Law, had created a Bank in France. His ideas were not new. The Bank was a copy of the Bank of England and Amsterdam Bank. The Bank printed banknotes and exchanged them for gold and silver. The trust in the new money was secured by a fund of precious metal. In 1718 the French Government bought the Bank and the industry flourished. There was an ongoing discussion of implementing a new financial legislation, but it was never approved and then came the crash. Because of the lack of governmental restrain, a consequence of not having legislation, the government let the printing press go wild and with to much money in circulation the wild speculation started which soon brought down both the Bank and the Mississippi Trade Company. But what if the legislation had been issued?;x
ACTIONNAME3134A;National Loans at 500 ducats;x
ACTIONNAME3134B;National Loans at 200 ducats;x
ACTIONNAME3134C;National Loans at 800 ducats;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3171;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;x
EVENTHIST3171;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and Spain took up the offensive in the Netherlands again. The brilliant General Spinola won victory after victory. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. Spinola was not a brutal man, but he was very realistic and let the people bear the costs of war. Thus the majority of the Dutch in the united provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the Spanish troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to Spinola, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but Spinola took it back within 6 months and he also took Nijmegen and one of his German armies had now moved into Geldern from Münster and effectively threatened Utrecht. But the best was yet to come. In a nightly sea battle the Spanish navy managed to win and land 12000 men in Zeeland, within a year Spain had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace Spain harshly subjugate all non-Catholics. Catholics were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between the All the Catholic Subjects of His Spanish Majesty was instituted. Many Calvinist left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful Spanish rule in the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3171A;The Netherlands is subjugated;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3197;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;x
EVENTHIST3197;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and Austria took up the offensive in the Netherlands again. The brilliant, but eccentric General Pappenheim won victory after victory. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. Pappenheim was not a brutal man, but he was very realistic and let the people bear the costs of war. Thus the majority of the Dutch in the united provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the Imperial troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to Pappenheim, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but Pappenheim took it back within 6 months and he also took Nijmegen and one of his German armies had now moved into Geldern from Münster and effectively threatened Utrecht. But the best was yet to come. In a nightly sea battle the Spanish navy managed to win and land 12000 men in Zeeland, within a year Austria had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace Austria harshly subjugated all non-Catholics. Catholics were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between the All the Catholic Subjects of His Imperial Majesty was instituted. Many Calvinist left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful Austrian rule in the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3197A;The Netherlands is subjugated;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3342;The French Revolution: Radical Republic;x
EVENTHIST3342;On 5th may 1789 the General Estates met at Versailles. The different sections of the French society were divided on which issues and what to decide. Only farmers wanted a social reform, while some noblemen could accept a constitutional reform. The Bourgeois was ambiguous, as they on one hand wanted to share the right of the nobility and on the other hand not franchise the populace. However, that a financial reform was needed were beyond doubt by all members. On several occasions the king counteracted initiatives to produce a constitutional and social reform and on 11th July the king dismissed the popular minister of finance, Necker, took over government and started to send troops to Versailles. This was just too much for the frustrated and on 14th July the Bastille was stormed. A revolutionary wave went through the masses and as the politicians failed to produce justice for all people took the matters in their own hands. The French Revolution had begun...;x
ACTIONNAME3342A;A Violent Revolution has struck us, Sire;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3343;Colonial Defense;x
EVENTHIST3343;When the English colonists arrived in America they immediately met Native Americans. Slowly they pressed the Natives back and conquered more land to settle. But they did not manage to subjugate the Native American, whom moved deeper into their vast continent. More or less from the outset the colonists where plagued by indian raids, pillaging and burning their farms and hamlets. The Anglo-French and Anglo-Spanish competition did not make the things easier for the colonists as the French and the Spaniards induced the Natives to raid and sometimes provided guns and leadership. In this situation His Majesty's Government in London had two possibilities. Either to invest in a perimeter defense of forts and garrisons or let the colonials form into militias and solve the defense on their own. The first solution was costly and London rarely viewed it a viable option. However the price London had to pay was a growing self-assurance among the colonists, a self-assurance that would become a serious problem in 1773.;x
ACTIONNAME3343A;Leave it to the Colonial Militia;x
ACTIONNAME3343B;Invest in expensive Perimeter Defense;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3344;Colonial Defense;x
EVENTHIST3344;When the English colonists arrived in America they immediately met Native Americans. Slowly they pressed the Natives back and conquered more land to settle. But they did not manage to subjugate the Native American, whom moved deeper into their vast continent. More or less from the outset the colonists where plagued by Indian raids, pillaging and burning their farms and hamlets. The Anglo-French and Anglo-Spanish competition did not make the things easier for the colonists as the French and the Spaniards induced the Natives to raid and sometimes provided guns and leadership. In this situation His Majesty's Government in London had two possibilities. Either to invest in a perimeter defense of forts and garrisons or let the colonials form into militias and solve the defense on their own. The first solution was costly and London rarely viewed it a viable option. However the price London had to pay was a growing self-assurance among the colonists, a self-assurance that would become a serious problem in 1773.;x
ACTIONNAME3344A;Leave it to the Colonial Militia;x
ACTIONNAME3344B;Invest in expensive Perimeter Defense;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3345;Colonial Defense;x
EVENTHIST3345;When the English colonists arrived in America they immediately met Native Americans. Slowly they pressed the Natives back and conquered more land to settle. But they did not manage to subjugate the Native American, whom moved deeper into their vast continent. More or less from the outset the colonists where plagued by Indian raids, pillaging and burning their farms and hamlets. The Anglo-French and Anglo-Spanish competition did not make the things easier for the colonists as the French and the Spaniards induced the Natives to raid and sometimes provided guns and leadership. In this situation His Majesty's Government in London had two possibilities. Either to invest in a perimeter defense of forts and garrisons or let the colonials form into militias and solve the defense on their own. The first solution was costly and London rarely viewed it a viable option. However the price London had to pay was a growing self-assurance among the colonists, a self-assurance that would become a serious problem in 1773.;x
ACTIONNAME3345A;Invest in expensive Perimeter Defense;x
ACTIONNAME3345B;Leave it to the Colonial Militia;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3349;American Self-assurance Increase;x
EVENTHIST3349;As the English colonists in America had to fend for themselves against Indians, French and Spanish troops there evolved a certain kind of self-assurance, a pride of their own. They started to get a self-identity that was not English but American. This fact would increase the fire of the American Revolution in the 1770's.;x
ACTIONNAME3349A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3350;American Self-assurance Increase;x
EVENTHIST3350;As the English colonists in America had to fend for themselves against Indians, French and Spanish troops there evolved a certain kind of self-assurance, a pride of their own. They started to get a self-identity that was not English but American. This fact would increase the fire of the American Revolution in the 1770's.;x
ACTIONNAME3350A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3351;American Self-assurance Increase;x
EVENTHIST3351;As the English colonists in America had to fend for themselves against Indians, French and Spanish troops there evolved a certain kind of self-assurance, a pride of their own. They started to get a self-identity that was not English but American. This fact would increase the fire of the American Revolution in the 1770's.;x
ACTIONNAME3351A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3403;The Empire of Russia;x
EVENTHIST3403;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox faith never had a head figure like the Papa of the Catholic faith. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3403A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;x
ACTIONNAME3403B;Leave it on the Floor;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3445;The Statute of Lithuania;x
EVENTHIST3445;Lithuania had been a most undeveloped country for many centuries. Her population was regarded as pagan savages, living only under the sky and its gods. But during the 14th and early 15th century Lithuania had been Christianized and in 1429 the Statute of Lithuania, a codifying of the old traditional juristicial praxis, was issued. In this way Lithuania took her first steps toward centralization and modernization.;x
ACTIONNAME3445A;Domestic Balance of Power;x
ACTIONNAME3445B;Royal Prerogative;x
ACTIONNAME3445C;Magnate Republicanism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3446;Nemiem Captivabus extended to Lithuania;x
EVENTHIST3446;In 1434 Wladyslaw Jagiello extended the act Neninem Captivabimus, giving the nobility legal protection against random arresting by the king, to the Grand Duchy. It was some time before the principle of this was either understood or translated into common practice. While Poland demanded power-sharing and representation, Lithuania continued to be ruled autocratically.;x
ACTIONNAME3446A;Accept the Magnates demands;x
ACTIONNAME3446B;Limit the Magnates demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3447;The Act of Union with Poland;x
EVENTHIST3447;On 1st July 1569 the joint force of Lithuanian and Polish Magnates as well as the Seyms of these countries met at Lublin on the border of their realms and unanimously swore a new Act of Union. There would now exist one united Seym convening in Warszawa and the country would have one King not only de facto but de jure. The Grand Duchy was to keep its old laws, a separate treasury and its own army under its own Grand Hetman and Field-Hetman. Effectively the Union was a marriage of two partners, with only the slightest hint of the dominant position of Poland. The combined Kingdom now formally became, Serenissima Republica Polonie. However there was some Lithuanian opposition before 1st July... Mikolaj the Black, the head of the mighty Radziwill family had long dreamed to of detaching the Grand Duchy from the domination and recreate a Lithuania with him as King. The first steps were taken in the 1540's when Mikolaj approached the Habsburg Emperor who was very interested in seeing a weakened Poland on her borders. This lead to Mikolaj receiving the title Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1547. In the end Mikolaj never raised the Banner of Independence. This had many causes, but one important one was the fear of standing alone against the oncoming Russian Hordes. But what if he had tried?;x
ACTIONNAME3447A;Poland inherits Lithuania;x
ACTIONNAME3447B;Lithuania breaks with Poland;x
ACTIONNAME3447C;Lithuania turns to Moscow;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3448;Wave of Protestantism;x
EVENTHIST3448;In Lithuania people was mostly Catholic or orthodox during the 15th and 16th century. However in the last two decades of the 16th century a lot of Protestant refugees from France, South Germany and Italy arrived. These cultural elite brought fresh idea to the Kingdom of Lithuania whom had been pressed between her Catholic and orthodox neighbors. The Radziwilli kings had strong royal power and had opened the country for influences from abroad. Cities were much more important than in the Aristocracy of Poland, and thus the people of the cities quickly became a cultural and religious melting-pot spreading Protestantism to the rural lands around them. When whole provinces slowly became Protestant the king started to support the Protestant faith. First personally and later as a State-religion looking at Prussia and Sweden as ideals. This also meant that Lithuania could take an independent stance between Russia and Poland. However, the many different religions in Lithuania made the government make a very tolerant religious policy at least until the 1640's.;x
ACTIONNAME3448A;Accept the Movement;x
ACTIONNAME3448B;Support it and change State Religion;x
ACTIONNAME3448C;Crush the Movement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3449;Wave of Calvinism;x
EVENTHIST3449;In the 1590's when the Wave of Protestantism had started to change the fabric of Lithuanian society numerous refugees of the Reformed faith arrived in a second wave. These were Dutch, English, French and Spanish fleeing from the narrow-minded Catholic governments of their former countries. These refugees were a mix of farmers and city-dwellers and they influence the Lithuanians in approximately the same way as the earlier Protestants. However, the Lithuanian Magnates in opposition of the king viewed fellow Poland as the perfect societal form. When the king converted to the Lutheran form of Protestantism many of them became Reformed. Both to mark their difference with the king and because the Reformed ideals of God before king. The Reformed faith was also a perfect ideology for them to imprint upon the serfs. They were serfs because God wanted them to be and thus they became more manageable. In the 1630's a growing dissent between the Protestant state on one hand and the Reformed and Orthodox magnates on the other could be felt.;x
ACTIONNAME3449A;Accept the Movement;x
ACTIONNAME3449B;Support it and change State Religion;x
ACTIONNAME3449C;Crush the Movement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3450;Strategic Axis with Sweden;x
EVENTHIST3450;In the first decades of the 17th century Lithuania's king had converted to Protestantism and started to support the two branches of the Reformation. All in all his ideal was an effective and modern monarchy much inspired by the Swedish kings. Building up a Protestant Church of Lithuania and getting inspiration for governmental and societal reforms the king turned to Sweden. The cooperation was of mutual benefits as Sweden soon got a Protestant friend in otherwise heretic Eastern Europe. Slowly the friendship brought a strong alliance about and King Ladislovas I eagerly encourage Gustav II Adolphus to the Protestantism in Germany. He himself would hold the Catholics and orthodox of the East in check.;x
ACTIONNAME3450A;Create Axis;x
ACTIONNAME3450B;Offer Friendliness;x
ACTIONNAME3450C;Decline Cooperation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3451;Strategic Axis with Prussia;x
EVENTHIST3451;In the second decade of the 17th century Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia. Brandenburg-Prussia was a Protestant state with high tolerance versus Reformed and she approached Jerzy I with an offer. Lithuania and Brandenburg should sign a Holy Protestant Alliance and wage war on Poland. Brandenburg would be freed from her Prussian vassalage by Poland and Lithuania would whatever she wanted and could take from Poland. A faction of young governmental official cherished it, but the king was a very careful man. He and his closest advisors discussed. There conclusion was very plain. First it was an impossibility to support Germans against Poland in a war of aggression. Secondly the worst possible thing was total victory. If Lithuania took a mile of Polish land it would be a mile too much. Any conquests would include more Catholics and orthodox and worse more unruly magnates brought up in the Polish Anarchy of a country. So the king politely declined the honor, but instead he proposed a tract of trade and cultural exchange. However as most political well informed Lithuanian could have guessed it did not come much out of it. The Society of Brandenburg-Prussia had far more in common with Poland than with Lithuania. Lithuanian preferred to visit Stockholm, Copenhagen and Amsterdam too Berlin or Köningsberg.;x
ACTIONNAME3451A;Offer Friendliness;x
ACTIONNAME3451B;Create Axis;x
ACTIONNAME3451C;Decline Cooperation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3452;Strategic Axis with Austria;x
EVENTHIST3452;Before the Independence in 1569 Mikolaj the Black, named king as Mikolaj I, had become Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and befriended the Habsburg ruler of Austria, the Emperor Maximilian II. Maximilian was as sharp a politician as Mikolaj and profited on weakening Poland. Now Mikolaj's position was very bad in the 1570's he had to fight broad factions of Magnates in what could be described as a Civil War and fend his borders from Polish acts of revenge or even a re-conquest. He had to do what served independence best and that was to strike a deal with Maximilian. A Military Alliance was signed on 3rd February 1570 and Mikolaj's eldest son married Elizabeth of Steirmark. This alliance actually kept Poland from attacking even if local border incursions were regular. With the ascending of Rudolf to the Habsburg Monarchy the relations became wary and the alliance fell, but at that time the relations with Poland was at least acceptable.;x
ACTIONNAME3452A;Create Axis;x
ACTIONNAME3452B;Offer Friendliness;x
ACTIONNAME3452C;Decline Cooperation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3453;Strategic Axis with Austria;x
EVENTHIST3453;The Austro-Lithuanian Pact of 1570 had ended in 1576 when the obscure Rudolf came into power in Austria. King Mikolaj II Krzysztof also called 'the Little Orphan' was a well versed man and a pious Catholic whom had visited Jerusalem. When he had married Elizabeth of Steirmark he had met Rudolf whom had brought his favorite crowd of astrologists infuriating the Pious Crown-prince. From that day he could not stand the man. However, with the ascending of Ferdinand II, a distant relative to Elizabeth of Steirmark, the elderly Mikolaj II again found a man of his values. Ferdinand also wanted a strong monarchy and strengthens Catholicism in Europe. He immediately signed an alliance and bought the consent of Poland. During the Thirty Years War Lithuanian Hussaria would fight side by side with Imperial troops giving Lithuania endless amounts of Glory.;x
ACTIONNAME3453A;Create Axis;x
ACTIONNAME3453B;Offer Friendliness;x
ACTIONNAME3453C;Decline Cooperation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3454;Conflict over Religious Tolerance;x
EVENTHIST3454;After two waves of refugees of a new faith and years of governmental reform friction in society had come to a cross-road. Lithuania had confessors of four religions and all but one felt anger against the government. Secondly the Magnates incited revolt both on the command of God and to fight their decreasing power. When they looked over the border they saw that their Polish brothers lived like princes while they themselves where merely servants of the state, albeit rich such. They wanted power and more leeway for their religion.;x
ACTIONNAME3454A;Enforce the State Religion;x
ACTIONNAME3454B;Support One-Church Faction;x
ACTIONNAME3454C;Support Tolerant Faction;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3455;Conflict over Religious Tolerance;x
EVENTHIST3455;After two waves of refugees of a new faith and years of governmental reform friction in society had come to a cross-road. Lithuania had confessors of four religions and all but one felt anger against the government. Secondly the Magnates incited revolt both on the command of God and to fight their decreasing power. When they looked over the border they saw that their Polish brothers lived like princes while they themselves where merely servants of the state, albeit rich such. They wanted power and more leeway for their religion.;x
ACTIONNAME3455A;Enforce the State Religion;x
ACTIONNAME3455B;Support One-Church Faction;x
ACTIONNAME3455C;Support Tolerant Faction;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3456;Conflict over Religious Tolerance;x
EVENTHIST3456;After two waves of refugees of a new faith and years of governmental reform friction in society had come to a cross-road. Lithuania had confessors of four religions and all but one felt anger against the government. Secondly the Magnates incited revolt both on the command of God and to fight their decreasing power. When they looked over the border they saw that their Polish brothers lived like princes while they themselves where merely servants of the state, albeit rich such. They wanted power and more leeway for their religion.;x
ACTIONNAME3456A;Enforce the State Religion;x
ACTIONNAME3456B;Support One-Church Faction;x
ACTIONNAME3456C;Support Tolerant Faction;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3457;Magnates crave 'Polish Rights';x
EVENTHIST3457;As a reaction of the introduction of the Henrykian Articles and the Pact Conventa in Poland in 1573 the Magnates approach the king and urged him to constitutionalize the rights of the Szlachta and to share power with them. If not they said, he not they would have to take the consequences. At this point Mikolaj II Krzysztof had newly been crowned. He was young and not as negative to noble power as his father had been. In an effort to keep societal peace he accepted a compromise. There were no Henrykian articles, but the constitution was modified implying that the Szlachta was the life-nerve of society with certain rights to hold office and legislative power. The Principle of Religious Tolerance was also confirmed.;x
ACTIONNAME3457A;More Rights than Duties;x
ACTIONNAME3457B;Balance Rights and Duties;x
ACTIONNAME3457C;More Duties than Rights;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3458;Magnates crave 'Polish Rights';x
EVENTHIST3458;After the two waves of refugees had arrived the Szlachta again craved compensation for accepting that religious status quo had broken. His Majesty Mikolaj II Krzysztof, now an elder and more experienced man, refused to comply with their threats. Instead he used his right to push a proposal on to the floor of the Seym, which was a compromise but one which suited the king. The rights to hold office increased, but was now also made a duty and only the king could appoint. The Szlachta was given a say in the making of Foreign Policy, but only as a second house for non-Szlachta members was instituted in the Seym which held legislative power of taxation. In many ways these reforms would decrease noble power even further as the fabric of society slowly tilted to the advantage of the bourgeois and free farmers.;x
ACTIONNAME3458A;Balance Rights and Duties;x
ACTIONNAME3458B;More Rights than Duties;x
ACTIONNAME3458C;More Duties than Rights;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3459;Magnates crave 'Polish Rights';x
EVENTHIST3459;During the 1630's and 1640's the Magnates found life in the kingdom unbearable. To escape the egalitarian powers of the government and the king many of the started to interfere in local Polish business. Many of them owned as much lands on one as the other side of the border. They freely swapped lands with their Polish brother and thus managed to strengthen the Cause in both Poland and Lithuania. During the Deluge the Magnates of the Ukraine and the Wild lands fought all and everyone. Poland was in havoc and the Lithuanian king had to accept the fact that he only could control the Northern part of his lands. At these point King Aleksandras II mounted a huge campaign against the Tartars, Russians and Crimeans swapping up insurrective Magnates at the same time. He though stopped from interfering with the polish government, 'that last sane mind on that side of the border' as he called King Wladyslaw IV of Poland. The subjugated Magnates had two options. They either had to accept a tough reform package or get all there lands confiscated and pushed over the border to Poland. The choice was easy. They stay, but the reform was harsh. Only the state could now own land. The user only owned the right to use it. But to keep that right the user had to pay a user's fee decided by the king. With this vehicle the king started to break the large latifund holdings of the Magnates and again changing the fabric of society. His son continued the reform policy after the king was murdered by a Ukrainian Magnate on 30th March 1654.;x
ACTIONNAME3459A;More Duties than Rights;x
ACTIONNAME3459B;More Rights than Duties;x
ACTIONNAME3459C;Balance Rights and Duties;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3460;Royal Reaction on the Polish Librum Veto;x
EVENTHIST3460;In 1652 as King Aleksandras II was clearing up things in the Ukraine He was brought the news of the introduction of the Librum Veto in Poland. A week later he got the news that 'his' Seym had voted for the same rights. By carefully reading of reports he found that certain Lithuanian Magnates had nearly doubled the size of the Lithuanian Szlachta by swapping lands with Poles. Frustrated the king declared the law illegitimate. The king had the support of those who were not nobles, but his troubles would live on as long as the Liberum veto existed in Poland. In a famous address he declared himself allied with the Polish people and the at war with the Polish Szlachta.;x
ACTIONNAME3460A;Move against the 'Magnate-Republic';x
ACTIONNAME3460B;Give Concessions to the Lithuanian Magnates;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3461;Civil War in Lithuania;x
EVENTHIST3461;In a drive towards Warszawa he was bogged down by excellent Polish Generalcy while his own Szlachta rebelled. Isolated with his army in Czersk he struck a deal with the Polish king to leave Poland immediately if the Polish king would refuse to accept the Lithuanian throne from the rebels up North. It was a not too glorious retreat and he was considering himself defeated. The Szlachta had dethroned Aleksandras, but was compromised by the fact that the Polish king refused to have anything to do with the traitors. Not all the Szlachta was against Aleksandras and upon his return another army joined him. Together they smashed the rebel forces and executed the traitors. These events resulted in a deep-set foreign policy in Lithuania to always support the Polish kings against their internal foes, but never to meddle without being asked.;x
ACTIONNAME3461A;Try to buy the Magnates off;x
ACTIONNAME3461B;Let war come to their homes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3462;The Horrible Plague in Lithuania;x
EVENTHIST3462;During 1709-10 Lithuania endure the harshest winter of a century. But as that was not enough an epidemic plague spread through the lands killing many thousands. There is talking of the Scourge of God and people pray...;x
ACTIONNAME3462A;Arrgh!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3463;The Anti-Russian Pact;x
EVENTHIST3463;In 1698 Russia, Poland and Denmark formed an alliance against the eighteen year old king Charles XII of Sweden. They thought it as a good opportunity for revenge and to cut that major power to pieces. The Lithuanians which always had a good relation towards Sweden since the days of Gustav II Adolphus was approached by the Swedes. The Swedes wanted Lithuania to join in an Anti-Russian alliance for the good of both their countries. The King, Karol I Stanislovas, a fine general and knower of men immediately like Charles XII's character and his habit of getting to the point very fast. The King was though hesitant. Lithuania was a vast country and in-between Poland and Russia. It would be a hard task and the Swedes would most certainly be occupied with the Danes first. But against the advice of his most trustworthy advisors he signed the Pact knowing that Lithuanian would have to fight this fight sooner or later, and as he said 'I rather do it with a noble intention'.;x
ACTIONNAME3463A;Support Sweden;x
ACTIONNAME3463B;Support Russia;x
ACTIONNAME3463C;Support the Poland;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3464;Pietism;x
EVENTHIST3464;Pietism was a religious movement that started in Germany during the latter part of the 17th century. Traditionally, the Pietist movement has been viewed as a backlash against intellectualism prevalent in and among the Protestant ranks, especially in the Lutheran Church during that period. However, Pietism was regular also within the other Christian forms. It was with the return of prisoners of war that the movement really took off in Lithuania. However, the Lithuanian Church disapproved most strongly of unauthorized preaching, which led to the Conventicle Edict of 1729, forbidding any religious gatherings outside the framework of the Church.;x
ACTIONNAME3464A;Encourage it;x
ACTIONNAME3464B;Stop it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3465;The Murder of Karol II Stanislovas;x
EVENTHIST3465;In the Ebb of the Enlightenment Lithuanian government started to change slowly into a more pluralistic and modern society. Royal power was decreased to the fortune of the many and not the few. With the Revolutions in America and France both Poland and Lithuania started egalitarian reforms. Archconservative Russia which had conquered the Ukraine and the Wild lands did not appreciate these developments. She struck a deal with Austria and Prussia to split Poland and Lithuania and bring it under 'civilized' rule. The Revolutionary Wars of the East was triggered by the Murder of the Lithuanian king, Karol II Stanislovas, on 21st November 1790. The king had visited the theater in Vilnius and was shot by three cloaked men point blank when leaving his carriage to enter the Royal Palace. The king traveled lightly so his personal guards and servants all succumbed in the fighting and the murderers disappeared in the night. On 23rd the news hit the streets and thousands of angry people stormed the Russian Embassy lynching everyone in sight. The Russian Government immediately craved an official apology and to let Russian special police help the investigation. At the same time the Police Master of Vilnius, Rafal Kresmanikes, received a messenger from the Swedish Police Master in Dorpat, Gustav Adolf Reuterholm. Reuterholm disclosed a lead that Kresmanikes found leading to St. Petersburg. The young King, Ludwike Mykolas I, was furious. He allied with Poland and mobilized the army. Within three month the country was ready for war, a war of revenge.;x
ACTIONNAME3465A;This Great Nation craves Revenge!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3466;The Brzesc Privileges-'Nemiem Captivabus';x
EVENTHIST3466;In 1425 King Kazimierz IV had to grant wide concessions to the Szlachta to get his son elected as his heir on the throne. The principle that he had to accept was the Neninem Captivabimus, giving the nobility legal protection against random arresting by the king. On paper it looked decent but the principle was forged in a way that made nearly any arresting impossible. A nobleman's personal freedom was as large as a King's. The accepting of the principle also leads to more concessions from Kazimierz which decreased Royal Power further.;x
ACTIONNAME3466A;Accept the Magnates demands;x
ACTIONNAME3466B;Limit the Magnates demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3467;The Nieszawa Privileges-'Conventiones Particulares';x
EVENTHIST3467;After the concessions to the Nobility in 1425 and during the Thirteen Years War Kazimierz IV was again forced to new concessions. To be able to raise troops, among them a lot of mercenaries, the king needed money from the Szlachta. In an effort to solve the monarchy's pressing problems he had to accept the Nieszawa Privileges implying that the Nobility had the right to hold local Conventiones Particulares, without which no troops could be raised and no taxes extracted. In this way the Nobility got an efficient and powerful organization with a joint mutual interest, and power of the military and the taxation legislative procedure.;x
ACTIONNAME3467A;Accept the Conventions;x
ACTIONNAME3467B;Weaken the Conventions;x
ACTIONNAME3467C;Refuse to sign it and defy the Magnates;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3468;The Statute of Piotrkow;x
EVENTHIST3468;Under Jan Olbracht, the son of Kazimierz IV, the policy of giving concessions to the Nobility continued.  In 1496 the Statute of Piotrkow was instituted. It implied that serfdom was strengthened and accepted in law. It forbade all workers to move from their villages, except one every year. It later was extended with a work duty of six days a week. At this point the peasants of Poland had lost not only all power, but also their freedom. The power lay in the hands of the Nobility.;x
ACTIONNAME3468A;Enact;x
ACTIONNAME3468B;Enact a mild variant;x
ACTIONNAME3468C;Refuse to enact;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3469;The Constitution of Radom-'Nihil Novo';x
EVENTHIST3469;In 1505 with the creation of the Constitution of Radom, the power of the Nobility was institutionalized. The Constitution confirmed the political primacy of the Sejm and the law of Nihil Novo deprived the Monarchy the right to pass laws without the compliance of the Sejm. It also restricted the power of the governmental officials. The King still held the power to call the Sejm.;x
ACTIONNAME3469A;Accept the power of the Sejm;x
ACTIONNAME3469B;Limit the power of the Sejm;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3473;The Polish Inheritance of Masovia;x
EVENTHIST3473;The Duchy of Masovia had long been ruled by a line of the Piast Dynasty, but because of the power of Poland she most often followed the suggestions of Polish foreign policy. In 1525 the last Piast ruler died and the Polish crown inherited Masovia. Exactly what would be done with the lands was not clear, but in the end it became a Royal fief. And later the new Polish capital would be placed in the in 1525 sleepy hamlet of Warszawa.;x
ACTIONNAME3473A;Make it a personal royal fiefdom;x
ACTIONNAME3473B;Give it piecemeal to different Magnates;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3474;Hohenzollern Prussia become Polish Duchy;x
EVENTHIST3474;In 1525 during the religious turmoil of the Reformation one of the early converters to the new religion was the Teutonic Orders' Grandmaster from Brandenburg, Albrecht of Hohenzollern. Inspired by Luther he also decides to secularize the land areas under his control, Prussia, into a Protestant duchy. However, knowing that this would earn him the eternal enmity of his former Order he had to go for help with its greatest enemy, Poland-Lithuania. Thus he managed to pull through, but at the price of becoming a Polish Vassal.;x
ACTIONNAME3474A;Accept the New Vassal;x
ACTIONNAME3474B;Claim Ownership;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3475;The Act of Union-'Rzeczpospolita Polska';x
EVENTHIST3475;On 1st July 1569 the joint force of Lithuanian and Polish Magnates as well as the Seyms of these countries met at Lublin on the border of their realms and unanimously swore a new Act of Union. There now existed one united Seym convening in Warszawa and the country would have one King not only de facto but de jure. The Grand Duchy was to keep its old laws, a separate treasury and its own army under its own Grand Hetman and Field-Hetman. Effectively the Union was a marriage of two partners, with only the slightest hint of the dominant position of Poland. The combined Kingdom now formally became, Serenissima Respublica Polonie.;x
ACTIONNAME3475A;Enact the Union;x
ACTIONNAME3475B;Keep it a loose structure;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3476;The Act of Union-'Rzeczpospolita Polska';x
EVENTHIST3476;In 1569 discussions had been held and it was evident that many magnates wanted the joint force of Lithuanian and Polish Magnates as well as the Seyms of these countries to met at Lublin on the border of their realms and unanimously swear a new Act of Union. There now existed one united Seym convening in Warszawa and the country would have one King not only de facto but de jure. The Grand Duchy was to keep its old laws, a separate treasury and its own army under its own Grand Hetman and Field-Hetman. Effectively the Union would be a marriage of two partners, with only the slightest hint of the dominant position of Poland. However there was some Lithuanian opposition before 1st July...Mikolaj the Black, the head of the mighty Radziwill family had long dreamed to of detaching the Grand Duchy from the domination and recreate a Lithuania with him as King. The first steps were taken in the 1540's when Mikolaj approached the Habsburg Emperor who was very interested in seeing a weakened Poland on her borders. This lead to Mikolaj receiving the title Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1547. In April 1569 Mikolaj had bribed and prodded his fellow magnates into following his plan. The lower Lithuanian Szlachta was considered immature and voted as their magnates did. So on 1st July the meeting took place in Lublin, but the Lithuanian Szlachta unanimously detested any attempt to create a Union. At the same time Mikolaj let himself be crowned King of Lithuania in Vilna and announced that if Poland did not accept that Lithuania went her own way then Lithuania would realize a Military Alliance with the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.;x
ACTIONNAME3476A;Recollect the lost sheep;x
ACTIONNAME3476B;Let them go in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3477;The Jesuit King;x
EVENTHIST3477;Zygmunt III was the son of King Johan III of Sweden. His father was a man that ruled a staunch Protestant country, but with a personal leaning toward Catholicism. Zygmunt was brought up by Jesuits and preferred their company. Religion was as important to him as politics and one of his great obsessions was to make Catholicism the State-religion of Poland. This was perhaps the most impossible task a man, even if king, to accomplish in Poland. The Freedom of religion and the ideological principle of religious tolerance was the fundament of Polish society. Zygmunt though strong willed and stubborn tried. He of course had the whole country against him and failed. These acts also made him many enemies, which would stop him from reforming the government and strengthen Royal power in the first decade of the 17th century.;x
ACTIONNAME3477A;Religious Freedom won the day;x
ACTIONNAME3477B;The Catholic faith is the first among equals;x
ACTIONNAME3477C;Hail the Jesuit King!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3478;Emperor Wladislav of Russia;x
EVENTHIST3478;The Time of Troubles in Russia was a great triangular drama, between Poles and Swedes and of course, Russians in the Middle. Poland had since the outbreak supported the different False Dimitrijs, but in 1609 a Russian Boyar embassy arrived in Warszawa and proposed to make Zygmunt III's eldest son, Wladyslav, the new Tsar of Russia. This was a great and interesting opportunity and with a completely different father, Wladyslaw might have brought the Wasa Dynasty on the Russian throne. However, one of the prerequisites was that Wladyslaw converted to the Orthodox faith something that was completely unthinkable for his father, the Jesuit-King. Instead the refusal made that faction of Boyars rally around a new candidate and Zygmunt had to declare war on Russia to be able to meddle in that muddy pound.;x
ACTIONNAME3478A;Vladimir Wasa, Czar of all Russians;x
ACTIONNAME3478B;No, we will not meddle in their Civil War;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3479;Warszawa;x
EVENTHIST3479;As the Act of Union-'Rzeczpospolita Polska' was instituted in 1569 and the united Seym moved to the small town of Warszawa it did not take long until it was also made a Royal capital. With this change the centre point for Polish attention was moved North and East.;x
ACTIONNAME3479A;Let move the Capital to Warszawa;x
ACTIONNAME3479B;Let Kraków stay Capital;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3480;The Pact Conventa and the Henrykian Articles;x
EVENTHIST3480;In 1572 the Jagellon Dynasty was extinct and a new king was to elected. His name was Henri de Anjou. On his election he was forced to sign what have later been called the Henrykian Articles, which rectified that Poland was an elective monarchy from onwards. He also signed the Pacta Conventa, which was a formal contract between the elected monarch and the Seym. In practice the monarch lost all power over his country. He had no power over governmental officials and he had a mere 3000 men strong Royal Army. To get anything extra he had to beg the Seym to authorize. At this moment Poland effectively stopped being a monarchy, as the monarch was a mere figure head, and instead a true Aristocracy.;x
ACTIONNAME3480A;There is nothing we can do my King;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3481;The Struggle for Royal Power;x
EVENTHIST3481;In the early 17th century Poland was one of the mightiest countries in the world, yet she had great problems. The trade and technical production of Eastern Europe was based along the Baltic Coast. There lay the future of the next major power in the area. The King saw this and tried to improve Polish position in these areas, but the Szlachta was not remotely interested. Her interests lay in the Ukraine and the Wild lands where the Magnates could rule armies of serfs on the vast agricultural production plants. This was the first disagreement between King Zygmunt III and the Nobility. Another one was the matter of the religious freedom. The king never stopped working for making the Catholic faith the foremost religion in the country. However he was quite unsuccessful. The last disagreement was the about Royal power. Zygmunt was the grandson of the strong Swedish king Gustavus Wasa and he worked for absolutism. Zygmunt fought an uneven fight, but his struggle irritated the Poles so much that his reputation is tarnished to this very day. He also managed to upset people with his undiplomatic efforts to increase his power and because of that the Zebrzydowski rebellion stopped his effort for good.;x
ACTIONNAME3481A;Fight a bitter but peaceful conflict;x
ACTIONNAME3481B;Resign completely and read theological books instead;x
ACTIONNAME3481C;Wage a war of extermination on the Nobility;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3482;Liberum Veto in Poland;x
EVENTHIST3482;The political and economic disunity of the Szlachta and the deluge was the most important social factors behind the creation and implementation of the Librum Veto in 1652. It was on one hand a guarantee that decisions where decided unanimously and on the other hand a safeguard for the personal freedom of the individual nobleman. However for Poland as a country it was disastrous and one among a half dozen reason for the demise of the country in 1795. One single NO vote in the Seym could dissolve the Seym and paralyze decision-making in the country. It was also used frequently in the lesser Seyms, the seymiki, of which there were over 70 in Poland. The Magnates that had detronized the Executive Power had now also detronized the Legislative Power.;x
ACTIONNAME3482A;This country is now a true Aristocracy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3483;Liberum Veto in Poland;x
EVENTHIST3483;The political and economic disunity of the Szlachta and the deluge was the most important social factors behind the creation and implementation of the Librum Veto in 1652. It was on one hand a guarantee that decisions where decided unanimously and on the other hand a safeguard for the personal freedom of the individual nobleman. However for Poland as a country it was disastrous and one among a half dozen reason for the demise of the country in 1795. One single NO vote in the Seym could dissolve the Seym and paralyze decision-making in the country. It was also used frequently in the lesser Seyms, the seymiki, of which there were over 70 in Poland. The Magnates that had detronized the Executive Power had now also detronized the Legislative Power.;x
ACTIONNAME3483A;This country is now a true Aristocracy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3485;The Sobieskian Army Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3485;When Jan Sobieski became king in 1672 he was already a renowned and glorified military leader. In fact he started out as a general an ended up as a king. His reform of the Polish army thus started long before he became king, but it was under his Royal leadership that the strong effects of the reforms made lasting impressions upon the map of history. The New Polish Army saved Vienna from the onslaught of the Ottomans and forever stopped their advance. Unfortunately in the long run it helped Austria more than it helped Poland.;x
ACTIONNAME3485A;Make a strict Army Reform only;x
ACTIONNAME3485B;Reform Army and undermine the power of the Sejm;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3486;The Polish Succession of 1697;x
EVENTHIST3486;The political sickness of the Polish body manifested itself fully after the death of Jan III Sobieski in 1696. The election that followed was one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history. The primary candidates were the king's son Jakub Sobieski;x
ACTIONNAME3486A;Friedrich Augustus Wettin;x
ACTIONNAME3486B;Francois Louis de Bourbon;x
ACTIONNAME3486C;Jakub Sobieski;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3487;Friedrich Augustus Wettin backs down!;x
EVENTHIST3487;The political sickness of the Polish body manifested itself fully after the death of Jan III Sobieski in 1696. The election that followed was one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history. The primary candidates were the king's son Jakub Sobieski;x
ACTIONNAME3487A;Elect Stanislas Leczinski;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3488;Turko-Polish Tension;x
EVENTHIST3488;Poland and the Ottoman Empire came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to the Ottoman Empire and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by the Ottoman Empire. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Ottomans and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Ottoman withdrawal from Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3488A;We will defend Christendom;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3489;Turko-Polish Tension;x
EVENTHIST3489;Poland and the Ottoman Empire came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to the Ottoman Empire and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by the Ottoman Empire. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Ottomans and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Ottoman withdrawal from Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3489A;We will defend Christendom;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3490;Turko-Polish Tension;x
EVENTHIST3490;Poland and the Ottoman Empire came into conflict in the 1670's and 80's when the Cossacks in the Polish part of the divided Ukraine submitted to the Ottoman Empire and called for Tatar aid against Poland. Victories won by hetman Jan Sobieski only temporarily forestalled the threat, and in 1672 the Commonwealth faced a major invasion by the Ottoman Empire. The fall of the key border fortress Kamieniec Podolski was followed by the humiliating Peace of Buczacz. In 1683 Sobieski led a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Ottomans and as supreme commander of the allied forces won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Ottoman withdrawal from Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME3490A;We will defend Christendom;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3492;The Dethronement of August the Strong;x
EVENTHIST3492;For the Second War of the North, in 1700, Poland sided with Russia against Sweden. King August II (the Strong) was pitted against King Charles XII of Sweden for control of Poland. After a series of crushing defeats, including losing to the army of Charles XII at Narva when he outnumbered them 5 to 1, August was dethroned and Stanislaus Leczinski was crowned King of Poland in his place.;x
ACTIONNAME3492A;Dethrone August and install Stanislaus;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3493;The Horrible Plague in Lithuania;x
EVENTHIST3493;During 1709-10 Lithuania endure the harshest winter of a century. But as that was not enough an epidemic plague spread through the lands killing many thousands. There is talking of the Scourge of God and people pray...;x
ACTIONNAME3493A;Arrgh!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3494;Stanislaus Poniatowski-'The Last King';x
EVENTHIST3494;Stanislaus Poniatowski was a refined man and second son to the great General Poniatowski of the early 18th century. Stanislaus was a man of the enlightenment and early became interested in politics and diplomacy touring London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Paris and last St. Petersburg. There he was readily introduced to Tsaritsa Catherine the Great and became her lover. In 1764 when Poland needed a king, Catherine suggested her now ex-lover Stanislaus Poniatowski. That was a bad choice for Russia and a rather good one for Poland. Stanislaus knew the ways of Russian political mind and he was not subservient to the wishes of Moscow. However, the degeneration of Poland had gone so far that immediate reforms where necessary to stay independent, but on the other hand such reform most likely would draw attention in Moscow, Vienna and Berlin and it did. That reforms had just left the Seym when the enemy armies started to march. The Fear of a Resurrected Poland had brought her neighbors to action.;x
ACTIONNAME3494A;Reform as much as possible before Russia intervenes;x
ACTIONNAME3494B;Appease Russia and their Magnate faction;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3497;Ending the Stagnation;x
EVENTHIST3497;On 12 September 1683 an allied army under the leadership of King Jan Sobieski relieved Vienna from the besieging Ottomans. At that moment the king's name flew over Europe. In that very moment Jan Sobieski had such status and personal power coming from his very person that he could had ended the stagnation of Poland or at least he could have tried. Merely the different political climate during the earlier days of his reign is a proof of him being a very special monarch. He was never that limited by vetoes or articles as earlier monarchs, but in the end he chose a different path. He chose to continue the campaign against the Ottoman, a campaign he could not win decisively, while at the same time having to cope with growing dissent from magnates disliking this policy. When he stopped campaigning he suffered heavily from gallstones and he never managed to make the magnates forget that he was just one of them. He never managed to translate his popularity in the Szlachta, as whole, into concerted political action. If he instead had gone home after relieving Vienna and picked a fight with the magnates something completely different might have happened. Well who knows...?;x
ACTIONNAME3497A;No, it's too problematic to change the situation;x
ACTIONNAME3497B;Let us change this depressive situation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3498;Ending the Stagnation;x
EVENTHIST3498;In 1697 Friedrich Augustus II became king of Poland. His reputation was never good. He was a German and because of his inabilities to win a war he himself had started he is considered a rather bad Polish king. However, when Friedrich Augustus became king he had a plan. He was not a stupid man, and he intended to turn the Commonwealth into a centralized monarchical state. He was a child of the same ideas as his contemporaries in Berlin, Hannover and München, and he needed a war to accomplish it. Like Sobieski, he saw war as the surest way to gain prestige and a free hand to carry out his plan. Now Friedrich Augustus made certain mistakes. He and his allies underestimated the ease with which they would smash the eighteen year old monarch of Sweden and secondly Friedrich August was no Sobieskian General. The failure of the war and his lost prestige from being a lousy soldier and having been forced to a humiliating abdication omitted every chance to reform anything. Instead he ruined any chance for monarchism in Poland and his return was with the arrivals of Russian bayonets. However... had he won the war and Poland had been a winner while Russia had become rather mauled then his position would have been different. Instead of buying art for his castles in Dresden he might very well have used that prestige and military power with boldness and brute force to accomplish the impossible...;x
ACTIONNAME3498A;No, it's too problematic to change the situation;x
ACTIONNAME3498B;Let us change this depressive situation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3499;Ending the Stagnation;x
EVENTHIST3499;After the ascending of Stanislaus Poniatowski on the Polish throne a feverish wave of reforms took place. In 1766 Chancellor Zamoyski laid before the Seym his project for constitutional reform which included the abolition of the Librum Veto. This elicited an immediate response from St Petersburg and Berlin, both of which threatened with war if it were not withdrawn and if the Confederated Seym was not immediately dissolved. The King and his supporters had little to do but comply trapped in Warszawa as they were. But people started to wake up from their 'Saxon slumber' and the Confederates refused to comply. At the same time some magnates wanted to get rid of the upstart Stanislaus and united with Russian forces under the young general Suvorov they fought and destroyed the Confederated troops. Thus the Effort to end stagnation brought the First Partition of Poland.;x
ACTIONNAME3499A;Let us change this depressive situation;x
ACTIONNAME3499B;No, it's too problematic to change the situation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3500;Ending the Stagnation;x
EVENTHIST3500;In 1787 King Stanislaus approached Catherine of Russia with a bargain. Poland will raise a substantial army and support Russia in her war with the Ottomans, and make flanking maneuvers against potential attacks from Prussia or Sweden. The move was smart as it would mean that the king would have an army that could defend the country from enemies abroad and within, but Catherine did not buy it. She preferred having Poland as a piece of no-mans-land in between her and Prussia and Austria. As this failed the king stood without a plan and a decent foreign policy. The next year members of the so-called 'Patriotic Party' took matters in their own hands in the Great Seym. It voted an increase of the army and vested control over it in a Seym Commission. It placed the conduct of foreign policy in the hands of another Seym Commission. It also abolished the Permanent Council that had governed the country since 1772 and imposed tax on incomes from lands, 10 percent for the Szlachta and 20 percent for the Church. In 1791 the king arrived from his isolation since the failure with Catherine and together with Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kollataj he drafted the New Constitution. This became the first written Constitution in Europe and a satisfactory compromise between the republicanism of Potocki, the radicalism of Kollataj and the monarchism of the king. Again Catherine the Great reacted and as circumstances went against Poland peace was signed between the Ottomans and Russia and 89000 seasoned veterans now stood against the 37000 staunchly heroic, but no less, newly recruited Poles. No one helped Poland and the outcome was devastating. Thus the Effort to end stagnation brought the Second Partition of Poland.;x
ACTIONNAME3500A;Let us change this depressive situation;x
ACTIONNAME3500B;No, it's too problematic to change the situation;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3501;The Return of August the Strong;x
EVENTHIST3501;Stanislaus Leszczynski had been elected Polish king in the light of the supreme power of Sweden in Eastern Europe. When that supremacy was lost on the Steppes of Russia in 1709, Russia picked up the mantle of supremacy. In the light of these new circumstances the Polish Szlachta easily found consensus for returning Friedrich Augustus II to the throne.;x
ACTIONNAME3501A;August is reinstalled;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3544;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;x
EVENTHIST3544;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and France, once again, got the opportunity to revive their offensive in the Netherlands. The young and brilliant Prince of Condé won victory after victory. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. The Prince of Condé was not a brutal man, but he was very realistic and let the people bear the costs of war. Thus the majority of the Dutch in the United Provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the French troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to the Prince of Condé, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but the Prince of Condé took it back within 6 months and he also took Nijmegen and one of his French armies had now moved into Geldern from Münster and effectively threatened Utrecht. But the best was yet to come. In a nightly sea battle the French navy managed to win and land 12000 men in Zeeland, within a year France had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace France harshly subjugate all heretics. Those of the true faith were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between the all the faithful subjects of the King of France was instituted. Many Dutchmen left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful French rule in the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3544A;The Netherlands is subjugated;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3582;The Empire of Russia;x
EVENTHIST3582;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox faith never had a head figure like the Catholic Pope. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3582A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;x
ACTIONNAME3582B;Leave it on the Floor;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3584;The Empire of Russia;x
EVENTHIST3584;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox faith never had a head figure like the Catholic Pope. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3584A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;x
ACTIONNAME3584B;Leave it on the Floor;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3585;The Empire of Russia;x
EVENTHIST3585;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox faith never had a head figure like the Catholic Pope. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3585A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;x
ACTIONNAME3585B;Leave it on the Floor;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3586;The Empire of Russia;x
EVENTHIST3586;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox faith never had a head figure like the Catholic Pope. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3586A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;x
ACTIONNAME3586B;Leave it on the Floor;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3589;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3589;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3589A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3589B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3590;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3590;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3590A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3590B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3591;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3591;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3591A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3591B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3592;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3592;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3592A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3592B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3593;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3593;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3593A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3593B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3601;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3601;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3601A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3601B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3604;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3604;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3604A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3604B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3606;The Crown of France;x
EVENTHIST3606;Since the Early Medieval times one of the most powerful Frankish kingdoms had been centered at Paris and around Ile-de-France from which it took its name. Later on one of its kings managed not only to unite the large area formerly called 'Gallia', but also to conquer most of Germany, Northern Italy and become chosen as Holy Roman Emperor, namely Charlemagne. His heritage was very powerful and important. The Duke of Normandy might be the most powerful man in France, but he was not France, only the French King was never so powerless. The Legacy of Charlemagne lived on and the greatest wish of man powerful monarch was bear the Crown of France...;x
ACTIONNAME3606A;France is reborn with me;x
ACTIONNAME3606B;Let France rest in peace;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3627;The Polish Succession of 1697;x
EVENTHIST3627;The political sickness of the Polish body manifested itself fully after the death of Jan III Sobieski in 1696. The election that followed was one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history. The primary candidates were the king's son Jakub Sobieski, Francois Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, and Friedrich Augustus Wettin, Elector of Saxony. Jakub Sobieski was in Silesia at the time and was unlucky enough to be arrested by Saxon troops. On 37th June 1697 the Szlachta assembled on the election field voted overwhelmingly for the Prince de Conti and the Primate proclaimed him king. On the same evening a small group of malcontents 'elected' Friedrich Augustus, who marched into Poland at the head of a Saxon army. On September 15th, as the Prince de Conti, escorted by a French squadron under Jean Bart, was sailing through the Sound, Friedrich Augustus was crowned in Kraków by the Bishop of Kujavia as Augustus II of Poland. At the end of the month the Prince of Conti came ashore only to discover that he had been pipped at the post. His supporters were not keen to start a civil war, so he re-embarked and sailed back to France.;x
ACTIONNAME3627A;The Wettin Dynasty in Poland;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3632;Habsburg Inheritance of Lothringen;x
EVENTHIST3632;In 1733 there had been great conflict in Europe centered on the election of King Stanislaus Leszczynski. Russia and Austria had supported Friedrich Augustus II's son, but he lost the election. War had been close and several plans had been discussed to secure peace for all. One was that Friedrich Augustus II's son got the throne and Stanislaus would have been compensated with Lorraine. However that situation never materialized and when François III Stephan of Lorraine married Maria-Theresia of Austria the lands of Lorraine would be inherited by their eldest son, Josef.;x
ACTIONNAME3632A;François III Stephan married Maria-Theresia;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3734;The Polish Succession of 1697;x
EVENTHIST3734;The political sickness of the Polish body manifested itself fully after the death of Jan III Sobieski in 1696. The election that followed was one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history. The primary candidates were the king's son Jakub Sobieski, Francois Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, and Friedrich Augustus Wettin, Elector of Saxony. Jakub Sobieski was in Silesia at the time and was unlucky enough to be arrested by Saxon troops. On 37th June 1697 the Szlachta assembled on the election field voted overwhelmingly for the Prince de Conti and the Primate proclaimed him king. On the same evening a small group of malcontents 'elected' Friedrich Augustus, who marched into Poland at the head of a Saxon army. On September 15th, as the Prince de Conti, escorted by a French squadron under Jean Bart, was sailing through the Sound, Friedrich Augustus was crowned in Kraków by the Bishop of Kujavia as Augustus II of Poland. At the end of the month the Prince of Conti came ashore only to discover that he had been pipped at the post. His supporters were far more numerous than Augustus and they immediately to certain precautions showing off strength and surrounding the now unsupplied Saxon army. Augustus inauguration did not become what he had hoped for. He had hoped for the Crown of Poland, but what he got was a truce and a chance to sneak back to Saxony again. Francois Louis was master in Poland and could be crowned on New Years Day 1698.;x
ACTIONNAME3734A;The Bourbon Dynasty in Poland;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3735;French Inheritance of Lothringen;x
EVENTHIST3735;On the death (1733) of Augustus II, Stanislaus returned to Poland from France and was again elected king. Under Russian pressure, a minority of the Polish diet chose instead Augustus III, precipitating the War of the Polish Succession. Stanislaus, besieged at Danzig, received only moral support from France, while his rival was backed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and had full military aid from Russia. Stanislaus was obliged to flee from Danzig in 1734, and in 1735 he accepted the terms of the preliminary Treaty of Vienna. He kept the royal title but renounced his actual rights in favor of Augustus III. In exchange, he received Lorraine and Bar, with the provision that they were to pass directly to the French crown upon his death. The former duke of Lorraine (later Holy Roman Emperor Francis I) was compensated with the promise of Tuscany. Stanislaus' daughter, Maria Leszczynska, was married to Louis XV of France, but because of his many amorous escapades she appeals to the Pop to annul her marriage and he does. She immediately leaves France for Poland. When Stanislaus dies a couple of months later the petty noble of Lorraine declare the agreement of 1733 dissolved and they split the territory between them. But of course France will not look the other way...;x
ACTIONNAME3735A;France will inherit;x
ACTIONNAME3735B;Lothringen is divided among its noblemen;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3736;French Inheritance of Lothringen;x
EVENTHIST3736;On the death (1733) of Augustus II, Stanislaus returned to Poland from France and was again elected king. Under Russian pressure, a minority of the Polish diet chose instead Augustus III, precipitating the War of the Polish Succession. Stanislaus, besieged at Danzig, received only moral support from France, while his rival was backed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and had full military aid from Russia. Stanislaus was obliged to flee from Danzig in 1734, and in 1735 he accepted the terms of the preliminary Treaty of Vienna. He kept the royal title but renounced his actual rights in favor of Augustus III. In exchange, he received Lorraine and Bar, with the provision that they were to pass directly to the French crown upon his death. The former duke of Lorraine (later Holy Roman Emperor Francis I) was compensated with the promise of Tuscany. Stanislaus' daughter, Maria Leszczynska, is married to Louis XV of France and upon her father's death Lorraine become part of France.;x
ACTIONNAME3736A;Stanislaus of Lorraine has died;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3737;August the Strong returns to the Throne of Poland;x
EVENTHIST3737;Stanislaus Leszczynski had been elected Polish king in the light of the supreme power of Sweden in Eastern Europe. When that supremacy was lost on the Steppes of Russia in 1709, Russia picked up the mantle of supremacy. In the light of these new circumstances the Polish Szlachta easily found consensus for returning Friedrich Augustus II to the throne.;x
ACTIONNAME3737A;I am back!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3738;The Sejm refuse to allow the mobilization of more troops;x
EVENTHIST3738;Since the issuing of the Henrykian Articles and the Pacta Conventa the king had very little power on his own. If he was to make policies, of war for example, he had to have the consent of the Seym. Sometimes kings tried to drag the country into conflict and thus force the Seym to comply out of necessity or building a domestic political coalition where changing tit for tat. But often the Seym plainly said no.;x
ACTIONNAME3738A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3738B;Go behind their backs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3739;The Sejm refuse to allow the mobilization of more troops;x
EVENTHIST3739;Since the issuing of the Henrykian Articles and the Pacta Conventa the king had very little power on his own. If he was to make policies, of war for example, he had to have the consent of the Seym. Sometimes kings tried to drag the country into conflict and thus force the Seym to comply out of necessity or building a domestic political coalition where changing tit for tat. But often the Seym plainly said no.;x
ACTIONNAME3739A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3739B;Go behind their backs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3740;The Sejm refuse to allow the mobilization of more troops;x
EVENTHIST3740;Since the issuing of the Henrykian Articles and the Pacta Conventa the king had very little power on his own. If he was to make policies, of war for example, he had to have the consent of the Seym. Sometimes kings tried to drag the country into conflict and thus force the Seym to comply out of necessity or building a domestic political coalition where changing tit for tat. But often the Seym plainly said no.;x
ACTIONNAME3740A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3740B;Go behind their backs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3741;The Sejm refuse to allow the mobilization of more troops;x
EVENTHIST3741;Since the issuing of the Henrykian Articles and the Pacta Conventa the king had very little power on his own. If he was to make policies, of war for example, he had to have the consent of the Seym. Sometimes kings tried to drag the country into conflict and thus force the Seym to comply out of necessity or building a domestic political coalition where changing tit for tat. But often the Seym plainly said no.;x
ACTIONNAME3741A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3741B;Go behind their backs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3742;The Sejm veto all your policies;x
EVENTHIST3742;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the king viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto...;x
ACTIONNAME3742A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3742B;Go behind their backs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3743;The Sejm comply to your policies;x
EVENTHIST3743;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the king viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto... Then again, sometimes the proposal actually passed.;x
ACTIONNAME3743A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3744;The Sejm veto all your policies;x
EVENTHIST3744;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the king viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto...;x
ACTIONNAME3744A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3744B;Go behind their backs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3745;The Sejm veto all your policies;x
EVENTHIST3745;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the king viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto...;x
ACTIONNAME3745A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3745B;Go behind their backs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3746;The Sejm veto all your policies;x
EVENTHIST3746;The Veto itself was merely the most obvious symptom of a political disease that went far deeper. The first veto was not repeated for seventeen years, the second not for another ten. Then it became endemic in parliamentary life. The right to cast a veto grew into fetish, particularly among the minor Szlachta who saw it as a symbol of their personal involvement in the Commonwealth, as well as the ultimate guarantee of their freedoms. That the king viewed it differently is obvious. One should know that policy-making in Poland was not frozen because of the power of the veto. The King had to create Grand Compromises to ensure an at least acceptable outcome. However, as the Polish society slowly lost its consensus it was harder and harder go reach a compromise. It was especially cumbersome when planning and scheming had been going on for many months and suddenly in the last minute of passing the proposal in the Seym. Someone rose and threw a Veto...;x
ACTIONNAME3746A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3746B;Go behind their backs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3779;The French Revolution: Republican Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3779;On 5th may 1789 the General Estates met at Versailles. The different sections of the French society were somewhat divided on which issues and what to decide. Only farmers wanted a social reform, while both noblemen and bourgeois could accept a partial social reform.  However, that both a financial and a constitutional reform were needed were beyond doubt by all members. At first the king tried counteracted initiatives to produce a constitutional and social reform, but on 11th July the king had to face facts and issued the popular minister of finance, Necker, to create a good proposal for a financial reform. Unfortunately the farmers and petty bourgeois were held outside the negotiation as Necker believed them to crave impossible social concessions. While refining the final Constitution and signing the Financial reform the effects of the governments denial to subside the bread prices was seen on the streets of Paris. The king ordered in troops, but the soldiers refused to shoot as the people and instead joined the revolts. Soon the frustration turned the revolt into the boiling point and on 14th July the Bastille was stormed. A revolutionary wave went through the masses and as the politicians failed to produce food for all people took the matters in their own hands. The French Revolution had begun...;x
ACTIONNAME3779A;A Revolution has struck us, Sire;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3780;The French Revolution: Constitutional Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST3780;On 5th may 1789 the General Estates met at Versailles. The different sections of the French society had a rather joint opinion on which issues and what to decide. Only landowning nobles defied a social reform, while both noblemen and bourgeois could accept both social and constitutional reforms. However, that both a financial and a constitutional reform were needed were beyond doubt by all members. At first the king tried counteracted initiatives to produce a social reform, but on 11th July the king had to face facts and issued the popular minister of finance, Necker, to create a good proposal for a financial reform. Fortunately the great landowners were held outside the negotiation as Necker believed them to crave impossible social concessions, thus he had given the majority of them the task to evaluate the position of the church. While refining the final Constitution and signing the Financial reform the nobility network had taken action. The king did not order in troops, as could not be sure of their reliability. Soon the fear spread to the man on the street and a demonstration in favor of the king and the Constitutional Monarchy degenerated into a riot and the masses stormed the Bastille. A revolutionary wave went through the masses and as the Government failed to against the revolting nobility the people took the matters in their own hands to defend the Constitutional Monarchy and King Louis. The French Revolution had begun...;x
ACTIONNAME3780A;Waves of Revolts have struck us, Sire;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3782;The Archduke of Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3782;With the expansive economic legislation and the American Revolution in the 1770's the introduction of Constitutional Monarchy in the 1780's France had changed. Gone was the ancient regime and with it the incompetent nobility of blood. Instead the king and new government had introduced a nobility of talent. To be a nobleman of France meant that one had made great service to the country. The Spirit of the Enlightenment had been incorporated in Europe's most progressive nation, France.  In this country a young and talented man from the province of Corsica had been brought up to become a fine general and diplomat, his name was Napoleon Bonaparte. The great reform of French society was a great threat to England whom mightily feared French commercial competition. France also manages to acquire the enmity of Prussia, Austria and Russia by supporting the reforms in Poland and trying to export what Catherine the Great had called 'Peasant-Monarchy'. Thus France got embroiled in what was called the 1st and 2nd coalition wars in which England, Russia, Austria and Prussia fought France, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, the United States and Holland. Napoleon first distinguished himself on the Rhine front winning the Battle of Höchst (4th Oct. 1793), Kaiserslautern (12th Nov 1793) and the winter battle of Aachen (16th January 1794). In 1795-96 he fought in Italy and in 1797 he was attached to General Harrison's staff sub commanding a horse artillery detachment in the decisive Battle of Disraeli near the Lac St-Francois, Canada. Returning to France he was ordered to Egypt to boast the defense of an important ally fighting an indecisive night battle with General Moore near Alexandria. This though saved the Ottomans and England receiving her second defeat accepted a status quo peace. The same night Napoleon returned to Toulon he got the rumors of that Paris was threatened by a Russo-Austrian army under Suvorov. Riding at full speed to Paris and after two broken horses he was given the command of the 3rd reserve army. It was of low quality, but everything France had left after the disaster at Nancy. In the three day Battle of Châlons-sur-Marne Napoleons tactical genius won the day and the war was over, for this time. Already the enemies were flocking, but on the 2nd January 1799 Napoleon was called to His Majesty's Regal Chamber and received his appointment as Minister of War and given command of all the Royal Armies of France. At the Midnight Ball in Versailles at the 10th February Napoleon's dream had come true...He was made Archduke of Corsica.;x
ACTIONNAME3782A;We need Brilliant Leadership!;x
ACTIONNAME3782B;We don't want a new Caesar!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3790;The French Gamble for Supremacy;x
EVENTHIST3790;In 1809 Austria had been crushed and also Prussia was occupied. France was at war with England, but had managed to vassalize Spain. Russia was her ally and everything looked perfect until in 1812... The Russians did not fulfill there obligations when come to the Continental Blockade and they had become vary with French power. In June France invaded Russia with more than a half million men. The Russians made a slow retreat even the odds as the French army shrink from attrition. The Battle of Borodino (September 5-7) started as a bloody struggle, but thanks to luck and a diversion attack by Marshal Ney the Russian Army was annihilated. Napoleon though decided a halt on his Grand Armée spreading it out for winter. Supply lines where secured and a lesser task force called L'Armée Baltique moved up occupying the Baltic coast up to St. Petersburg which it took by assault. When late spring came Napoleon again had more than half a million men in Russia and advancing. During the winter Napoleon had restructured Poland under Poniatowski and recreated the Kingdom of Ukraine under Chielmkowskij easing the supply effort. On 30 June 1813 Russia surrendered, unwilling to let Moscow perish in flames. France was the master of Europe...;x
ACTIONNAME3790A;We are the Masters of Europe!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3791;The Return of Napoleon;x
EVENTHIST3791;In November 1813 the allies offered Napoleon peace if France would return to her natural boundaries, the Rhine and the Alps. Napoleon rejected the offer, and the allies continued their advance. They closed in on Paris, which fell to them on Mar. 31, 1814. Napoleon abdicated, first in favor of his son and then unconditionally (Apr. 11). He was exiled to Elba, which the allies gave him as a sovereign principality. His victors were still deliberating at the Congress of Vienna when Napoleon, with a handful of followers, landed near Cannes (Mar. 1, 1815). King Louis XVIII reacted and sent Marshal Ney with a considerable force to capture Napoleon and bring him to Paris in an Iron Cage. But Ney did not follow the orders of his new master, but returned to the side of his old. In the course of a triumphant march northward Napoleon once more rallied France behind him. King Louis XVIII fled, and Napoleon entered Paris (Mar. 20), beginning his ephemeral rule of the Hundred Days. Will it be any longer?;x
ACTIONNAME3791A;Our Emperor is back!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3705;The Treaty of Nerchiinsk;x
EVENTHIST3705;The permanent Russian exploration and colonization of Siberia that started under Ivan the Terrible had regularly continued all along the 17th century, with most of eastern Siberia discovered by the end of the century (Kamchatska was reached in 1679). The Amur basin had been explored by Khabarov in the 1650s and in 1689, a Russo-Chinese border conflict was settled by the first Chinese-European agreement, the Treaty of Nerchiinsk, fixing the Amur border. In 1727, the Kyakhta treaty would even make provisions for a Russian trading station to be established in Peking, the capital of the new Manchu dynasty (1644-1911).;x
ACTIONNAME3705A;Our Victory has been acknowledged;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3793;The Treaty of Nerchiinsk;x
EVENTHIST3793;The permanent Russian exploration and colonization of Siberia that started under Ivan the Terrible had regularly continued all along the 17th century, with most of eastern Siberia discovered by the end of the century (Kamchatska was reached in 1679). The Amur basin had been explored by Khabarov in the 1650s and in 1689, a Russo-Chinese border conflict was settled by the first Chinese-European agreement, the Treaty of Nerchiinsk, fixing the Amur border. In 1727, the Kyakhta treaty would even make provisions for a Russian trading station to be established in Peking, the capital of the new Manchu dynasty (1644-1911).;x
ACTIONNAME3793A;Exterminate these Rude Barbarians;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3004;The End of the Hundred Years' War;x
EVENTHIST3004;The Hundred Years' War was the last great medieval war. It was a war not just between kings, but lesser nobles were also able to pursue their own personal agendas while participating in the larger conflict. Future wars saw far less factionalism, at least on the scale found in medieval conflicts. The Hundred Years' War was actually dozens of little wars and hundreds of battles and sieges that went on for over a century (1337-1453), until both sides were exhausted. While neither side won in any real sense, the end result was that while there were two kingdoms at the beginning of the war, there were two nations at the end of it.;x
ACTIONNAME3004A;No one seem to acknowledge our claims;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3005;The Justices of Peace;x
EVENTHIST3005;The position of Justice of the Peace (JP) originated in England in about the 12th Century AD, believed to be from a Royal Edict issued by King Richard I (the Lionheart) and the Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 1195 AD. The title was first known as 'Custodes Pacis' (Custodians of the Peace), but was later changed to Justices of the Peace. An act concerning Justices of the Peace was passed in 1489. It required that justices devote part of every quarter session to acknowledgment of the areas in which they themselves are particularly weak. The same act provided the general populace with the right to complain about the actions of justices directly to the monarch or his council. The appointment of the justices by the Lord Chancellor at irregular annual intervals allowed for the possible removal of uncooperative gentlemen at the next annual re-issue of the commissions.;x
ACTIONNAME3005A;Yes, we need them;x
ACTIONNAME3005B;No that is the Noblemen's job;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3008;The Enclosure Movement;x
EVENTHIST3008;The population of England lived on the land under a manorial system. They were primarily tenant farmers who were tied to a particular locality, rarely if ever leaving their places of birth. With the rise of commerce, it became increasingly profitable for the aristocracy who owned the land to enclose it. The enclosure movement displaced the tenant farmers and caused a movement into the cities. As people congregated in cities, they became sources of cheap labor for the factories and mines that developed. The concentration of population into cities, however, also created a class of poor, many of whom were willing to became 'indentured servants' and migrate to the North American colonies in search of a better life.;x
ACTIONNAME3008A;Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3008B;Do not reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3011;The Royal Navy;x
EVENTHIST3011;The Admiralty was instituted to further centralise the growing power of the Royal Navy and provide it with efficient strategic leadership both at home and at sea. Prior to the reign of Henry VIII the English navy had comprised a handful of the King's personal ships (often vanity projects of dubious military value) and several dozen temporarily-armed merchant vessels, the majority of which would disarm and return to commercial activities as soon as war was over. Though Henry VII had ordered the construction of the world's first dry dock at Portsmouth, it wasn't until his son's reign (1509-1547) that the birth of the modern Royal Navy can truly be attributed. By instituting the Admiralty as a top-down executive responsible for the construction and maintenance of all warships, the English navy finally benefited from a sense of continuity and order, as well as the notion of a permanent 'standing' navy for the first time. Finally, the Admiralty would also serve as a world-class academy for military leaders and important figures in the political and commercial life of the new Royal Navy.;x
ACTIONNAME3011A;Invest in the Royal Navy;x
ACTIONNAME3011B;Expand the King's Army instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3023;The Petition of Right;x
EVENTHIST3023;In 1628 Parliament passed the Petition of Right. Under its terms the King could not levy any new taxes without the consent of Parliament. Furthermore, soldiers could not be billeted in private homes and martial law could not be imposed in times of peace. Finally, the Petition of Right forbade the imprisonment of individuals without cause.;x
ACTIONNAME3023A;Sign it;x
ACTIONNAME3023B;Refuse to sign it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3024;The Parliamentary Conflict;x
EVENTHIST3024;The 16th century saw the number of members in the House of Commons increase, while the House of Lords remained significantly smaller. The power base in Parliament shifted to the House of Commons who were well aware of the fact. Elizabeth I had a mix of determination, majestic presence and kindness towards the members of Parliament that her successors James I and his son Charles I did not. The Parliament wanted to have more said in matters about the church, justice and taxes to which the king naturally opposed. When James I tried to propose marriage of his son to Spanish, and later a French princess (both Catholic) they had enough. The Parliament of 1628 voiced the Petition of Right which forbad arrests and taxation ordered by the king. In 1629 the Parliament voted for resolutions to condemn Religious and Tax politics and the king opposed the Parliament and tried to dissolve it. Eleven years of Dictatorship ensued. In 1642 the Civil War divided the country into Cavaliers (Royalists) versus Roundheads (the 'Parliament's wigless').;x
ACTIONNAME3024A;Combat Parliament;x
ACTIONNAME3024B;Oppose Parliament;x
ACTIONNAME3024C;Submit to Parliament;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3026;Cromwell and the Republic;x
EVENTHIST3026;Oliver Cromwell, a parliamentary member, had played a significant part as commander of forces leading to the Royalists defeat in 1646. While the Army was strong, the weak link of the Republic was the Parliament. It was filled with idealists and opportunists who did not want general elections until they had altered the system to be able to keep their seats. The Army was more concerned with being granted tax funds by a Parliament that had the legitimacy of the people. Finally, the Army lost patience and by force drove out the members of the House of Commons. Cromwell was proclaimed 'Lord Protector' for life by the Generals and a very informal gathering elected to form a new constitution. The Generals made sure to put a great deal of the power in their own hands and a decree to keep a standing force of 30 000 men. Cromwell had the same problems with the new Parliament as the kings preceding him had. The Government relied on the Army and rapidly England was becoming a country ruled by the military both centrally and locally.;x
ACTIONNAME3026A;Install Cromwell as Lord Protector;x
ACTIONNAME3026B;Let Parliament run the show;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3028;The Restoration of the Stuarts;x
EVENTHIST3028;Cromwell died in 1658. When his son Richard resigned office after only a year, the door was open for political anarchy as the flag of Rebellion was raised for Charles II in exile.  Parliament was summoned. The Army started to rumble. A new Lord Protector by the name of John Lambert was suggested, but his role would be more of a military dictator than a protector. The people of good standing were poised with either a plundering army or a coalition between the army and political and religious radicals. A return to Monarchy, even with Bishops and House of Lords, but with guarantees for law and order started to sound like a good alternative. Cromwell's trusted man General Monk walked to London with his Army and Charles II was elected as King in 1660 after giving guarantees for amnesty and army salaries and the role of Parliament.;x
ACTIONNAME3028A;Restore the Monarchy;x
ACTIONNAME3028B;Maintain the Republic;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3029;The Test Act;x
EVENTHIST3029;Charles II was secretly Catholic and his brother James II openly. The Decree of Indulgence issued in 1672 was aimed at relieving the situation for dissenters and Catholics. In addition to personal reasons, any king who supported Catholicism could count on the support from France. In fact, Charles II got his reward in form of a large sum of money in a Treaty closed behind the back of the Parliament. Around the same time Parliament issued the Bill of Test which again excluded dissenting religious groups (including Catholics) from public offices and allowed persecution. The Parliament subsequently raised the issue of excluding the openly Catholic James II from succession rights.;x
ACTIONNAME3029A;Religious Freedom for All;x
ACTIONNAME3029B;Protestant Supremacy;x
ACTIONNAME3029C;Catholic Supremacy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3031;The Glorious Revolution;x
EVENTHIST3031;James II came to power in 1685 and needed only three years to spend all of his credibility within Parliament. He openly worked for Catholicism and his own well being and with methods unacceptable for both Tories and Whigs. In 1688 Parliament called for William of Orange to become joint ruler of England together with his wife Maria, who was the Protestant daughter of James II. The marriage paved the way for the throne but also the fact that he was the son of the daughter of Charles I. William III brought 15,000 men but no blood was shed in the Glorious Revolution. For any royalist the problem was obvious;x
ACTIONNAME3031A;Invite William & Mary to rule;x
ACTIONNAME3031B;Force King James to conform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3033;Personal union with Holland;x
EVENTHIST3033;After the Glorious Revolution in 1688 William of Orange-Nassau, stadholder of the Netherlands, and his wife, Mary II, arrived in England from Holland and were appointed joint sovereigns in 1689 of England by the Parliament. This effectively put William, one of the foremost Protestants of his time, in charge of both England and Holland under a personal union.;x
ACTIONNAME3033A;That was expected;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3041;Captain Jenkins Ear;x
EVENTHIST3041;The War of Jenkins's Ear (which merged into the War of the Austrian Succession) was the result, amongst other things, of a minor, alleged confrontation between Spanish Guarda Costas and the Captain and crew of the Glasgow brig 'Rebecca' in 1731. Captain Jenkins claimed that, whilst in the Caribbean, his ship had been boarded by the Guarda Costa and his crew maltreated, and that the Spaniards had then cut off one of his ears. Additionally, he claimed he was tortured and threatened with death. There were no major actions fought during this war, although the declaration of war led to the dispatch of Anson's squadron to attack the coast of South America, and to finally circumnavigate the globe, and Admiral Edward Vernon's fleet attacked Spanish territory in the Caribbean.;x
ACTIONNAME3041A;Use it as an excuse for War;x
ACTIONNAME3041B;Try not to severe our relation too much;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3050;William Pitt the Younger;x
EVENTHIST3050;William Pitt was the second son of William Pitt, 1st earl of Chatham. In December 1783, King George III took the opportunity to dismiss the coalition and asked the 24-year-old Pitt to form a government. When Parliament reassembled in January 1784, the government was at once defeated by 39 votes on a virtual motion of censure, but Pitt refused to resign, and gradually the coalition's majority in Parliament began to crumble. By March 8 the majority against him was one vote, and on March 25 Parliament was dissolved. In 1788 he signed the Triple Alliance between Britain, Prussia, and Holland, thereby ensuring that in a future war his country would not be bereft of allies as it had been during the American Revolution. In 1790 he demonstrated Britain's renewed power and prestige by negotiating a peace between Austria and Turkey. In 1784 he passed his own India Act, creating a board of control regulating Indian affairs and the East India Company. Finally, in 1791 the Canada Constitutional Act was passed. London became responsible for the government of both Lower and Upper Canada, but both provinces were given representative assemblies.;x
ACTIONNAME3050A;An Excellent Minister!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3051;Loyalists to Canada;x
EVENTHIST3051;The American Revolution shattered the British Empire in North America. The conflict was rooted in British attempts to assert economic control in her American colonies after her costly victory over the French during the Seven Years War. When protests and riots met the British attempts to impose taxes on the colonists, the British responded with political and military force. Out of the struggle between the Thirteen Colonies and their mother country emerged two nations: the United States and what would later become Canada. Not all of the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies opposed Britain. The United Empire Loyalists were those colonists who remained faithful to the Crown and wished to continue living in the New World. Therefore, they left their homes to settle eventually in what remained of British North America.;x
ACTIONNAME3051A;Loyalists we welcome you!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3053;The Bank Restriction Act;x
EVENTHIST3053;The first coalition of anti-French states, consisting of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Spain, Holland, and Austria, disintegrated by 1796. A British expeditionary force to aid Flanders and Holland was defeated, and Holland was occupied by the French. By 1797 the cost of maintaining its own forces and subsidizing those of its European allies had brought Britain to the verge of bankruptcy. For a time the Bank of England suspended payments in cash.;x
ACTIONNAME3053A;Issue the Act;x
ACTIONNAME3053B;Don't issue the Act;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3054;The Corn Laws;x
EVENTHIST3054;A bad harvest in 1795 led to food riots;x
ACTIONNAME3054A;Issue the Act;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3087;Offer Louisiana to the United States;x
EVENTHIST3087;French failure in Santo Domingo, the imminence of renewed war with Great Britain, and financial stringencies has prompted Napoleon in 1803 to offer for sale to the United States the entire Louisiana Territory.;x
ACTIONNAME3087A;Offer for 1000 ducats;x
ACTIONNAME3087B;Offer them nothing;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3088;The United States bought the Louisiana Territory;x
EVENTHIST3088;Precisely what the United States had purchased was unclear. The wording of the treaty was vague;x
ACTIONNAME3088A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3089;The United States declined the offer of Louisiana;x
EVENTHIST3089;The United States have no use off Louisiana, since the facts on what they were offered unclear. The wording of the treaty was vague;x
ACTIONNAME3089A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3090;The Sale of Florida to the United States;x
EVENTHIST3090;England received Florida in return for Havana in 1763 and replaced its military government with civilian officials. During the U.S. War of Independence, the area was used as a base for attacks on colonial coastal cities. Three decades of instability followed Florida's return to Spain after the war. General Andrew Jackson's capture of Pensacola led to the cession of Florida to the United States in a treaty signed in 1819.;x
ACTIONNAME3090A;Offer Florida for 500 ducats;x
ACTIONNAME3090B;Offer them nothing;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3091;Adams-Onís Treaty;x
EVENTHIST3091;Adams-Onís Treaty, or Purchase of Florida, accord between the United States and Spain that divided their North American claims along a line from the southeastern corner of what is now Louisiana, north and west to what is now Wyoming, thence west along the latitude 42° N to the Pacific. Thus Spain ceded Florida and renounced the Oregon Country in exchange for recognition of Spanish sovereignty over Texas.;x
ACTIONNAME3091A;Ok;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3092;The United States declined the offer of Florida;x
EVENTHIST3092;In 1810 American frontiersmen in the Baton Rouge section rebelled against Spanish control, and the remainder was soon included in the Mississippi Territory. In the Transcontinental (Adams-Onís) Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded all claim to West Florida, which came under official U.S. jurisdiction two years later.;x
ACTIONNAME3092A;Ok;x
ACTIONNAME3054B;Don't issue the Act;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3094;José Monino's Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3094;After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain (1767), he was sent to Rome as ambassador to obtain the Papal suppression of the Society of Jesus. He was ennobled (1773) for the success of his mission. In 1776 Charles III appointed him chief minister. Under Florida Blanca, Spanish enlightened despotism reached its peak, but his internal reforms, notably in finance, He made peace and concluded economic treaties with the Ottoman Empire and with Morocco and reached agreement with Portugal.;x
ACTIONNAME3094A;Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3094B;Do not reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3095;The Constitution of 1812;x
EVENTHIST3095;The Cortes, when it met at Cadiz in 1810, was dominated by liberals who wished to go beyond the mere support of the war effort and establish a constitution that would make impossible the revival of rule by a favorite like Godoy. The Constitution of Cadiz gave Spain a strictly limited monarchy (the king must work through his responsible ministers), a single-chamber Parliament with no special representation for the church or the nobility, and a modern centralized administrative system based on provinces and municipalities.;x
ACTIONNAME3095A;The Cortes has enacted it already;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3096;The Reaction of 1813;x
EVENTHIST3096;The internal situation of Spain, with the struggle between absolutists and liberals, contributed to the independence of the colonies. The deathblow to Spain's ability to keep her American colonies happened in 1820, when the troops, commanded by General Riego, prepared to go overseas, revolted in Cadiz (Spain) in favor of the Constitution of 1812, ending provisionally the absolutist regime.;x
ACTIONNAME3096A;Introduce a regime of reaction;x
ACTIONNAME3096B;Let the liberal constitution stay put;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3097;The Winter King of Prague;x
EVENTHIST3097;In 1608 the tension increased between the Catholic parts and the Protestant parts of the empire. The Protestants entered a union under the prince Fredrik of Pfalz that was supported by Brandenburg and Hessen-Kassel. The Catholics answered by forming a union of their own, the Catholic league. It was led by Maximilian of Bavaria. In 1618 the Protestants of Bohemia rebelled by throwing Catholic emissaries from the windows of their mansion. They continued to choose a Protestant king of Bohemia, prince Fredrik of Pfalz. The emperor couldn't accept this, as he also was king of Bohemia. He sent his experienced commander Jean Tcerclaes Tilly with his troops to Bohemia and in the battle of the White Mountain (8 November 1620), Fredrik of Pfalz reign ended and all Protestant resistance in Austria and southern Germany was crushed. Fredrik escaped from Bohemia and was named the 'Winter King' due to his short reign.;x
ACTIONNAME3097A;Exterminate the Troublemakers;x
ACTIONNAME3097B;Let them go their own way;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3098;The Death of Johan Zapolya;x
EVENTHIST3098;Johan Zapolya was king of Hungary, voivode of Transylvania. He was born John Zapolya, the son of Stephen Zapolya. He ruthlessly crushed a peasant uprising in 1514. His anger at the marriage of Anna to Ferdinand of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I) probably motivated his failure to assist Uladislaus' son, King Louis II of Hungary, The struggle between John and Ferdinand ended in 1538, when John, who was then childless, agreed that the crown should pass to Ferdinand after his death.;x
ACTIONNAME3098A;I will become King of Hungary;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3099;The Protestant Rebellion in Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3099;Religious antagonism played an important part when war between the empire and the Turks broke out again in 1591. In the so-called Fifteen Years' War, imperial troops entered Transylvania, and their commander, George Basta, behaved there (and in northern Hungary) with such insane cruelty toward the Hungarian Protestants that a Transylvanian general, István Bocskay, formerly a Habsburg supporter, revolted. His army of wild herdsmen (hajduks) drove out Basta, and in June 1606 Bocskay concluded with Rudolf the Peace of Vienna, which left him prince of an enlarged Transylvania and also guaranteed the rights of the Protestants of Royal Hungary.;x
ACTIONNAME3099A;Crush the Heretics;x
ACTIONNAME3099B;Repress the Heretics;x
ACTIONNAME3099C;Give Concessions;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3100;Habsburg Inheritance of Lothringen;x
EVENTHIST3100;In 1733 there had been great conflict in Europe centered on the election of King Stanislaus Leszczynski. Russia and Austria had supported Friedrich Augustus II's son, but he lost the election. War had been close and several plans had been discussed to secure peace for all. One was that Friedrich Augustus II's son got the throne and Stanislaus would have been compensated with Lorraine. However that situation never materialized and when François III Stephan of Lorraine married Maria-Theresia of Austria the lands of Lorraine would be inherited by their eldest son, Josef.;x
ACTIONNAME3100A;Lothringen will stay within the Habsburg Dynasty;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3158;State Bankruptcy;x
EVENTHIST3158;In 1557, on the very first year as Spanish king, Philip II was forced to declare the country bankrupt. Spain had for many years undercut its tax base and what was worse, had no control of the price-fluctuations from the inflow of American silver and gold. It was impossible for the Spanish minister of finance to forecast any repayments as all costs fluctuated volatile. The spending was based on the planned budget, but the inflow was irregular at best which made Spain spend more than it actually had, thus the Great Bankruptcies of 1557 and 1596.;x
ACTIONNAME3158A;Declare State Bankruptcy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3162;The Portuguese Crown;x
EVENTHIST3162;Philip I arrived in Portugal and was accepted as King (1580-98) by the Cortes held at Tomar (1581). He undertook to preserve Portuguese autonomy, to consider the union as a personal one like that of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand and Isabella, to appoint only Portuguese to the administration, to summon Cortes frequently, and to be accompanied by a Portuguese council in Madrid.;x
ACTIONNAME3162A;One King, One Kingdom;x
ACTIONNAME3162B;One King, Two Kingdoms;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3163;The Portuguese Crown;x
EVENTHIST3163;Philip II (Philip III in Spain) arrived in Portugal and was accepted as King by the Cortes in 1621. He undertook to nothing to preserve Portuguese autonomy, and considered the union as a mean to keep Portuguese competition at bay, and to this advent he appointed only Spaniards to the administration, rarely summoned Cortes, and ignored the Portuguese council in Madrid.;x
ACTIONNAME3163A;One King, One Kingdom;x
ACTIONNAME3163B;One King, Two Kingdoms;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3164;State Bankruptcy;x
EVENTHIST3164;In 1596, a couple of years after the disastrous defeat of the Armada, Philip II were again forced to declare the country bankrupt. Spain had for many years undercut its tax base and what was worse, had no control of the price-fluctuations from the inflow of American silver and gold. It was impossible for the Spanish minister of finance to forecast any repayments as all costs fluctuated volatile. The spending was based on the planned budget, but the inflow was irregular at best which made Spain spend more than it actually had, thus the Great Bankruptcies of 1557 and 1596.;x
ACTIONNAME3164A;Declare State Bankruptcy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3165;Epidemic Plague;x
EVENTHIST3165;The epidemics that swept Spain in the 1590s significantly reduced the population. In addition, as Philip II strengthened the Inquisition, intellectual life became narrower and less open to new currents of thought. At his death in 1598 Philip left a country that was declining domestically and internationally;x
ACTIONNAME3165A;Arrgh!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3167;The Expulsion of the Morisques;x
EVENTHIST3167;Moriscos, Moors converted to Christianity after the Christian re-conquest (11th-15th cent.) of Spain. The Moors, who had become subjects of Christian kings as the re-conquest progressed to the 15th cent, were called Mudéjares. They remained Muslim, and their religion and customs were generally respected. After the fall of Granada (1492), Cardinal Jiménez converted many Moors by peaceful means. However, the rigorous treatment of those who refused conversion or apostatized from the new faith led to an uprising (1500-1502) in Granada. This was soon suppressed. Faced with choosing between conversion and banishment, the majority accepted conversion, but many continued secretly to practice Islam. The Moriscos at times provided the Ottoman Turks with information facilitating Turkish raids on the Spanish coast. Persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition and subjected to restrictive legislation (1526, 1527), the Moriscos rose in a bloody rebellion (1568-71), which Philip II put down with the help of John of Austria. The Moriscos prospered in spite of persecutions and furthered Spanish agriculture, trade, and industries. However, in 1609 Philip III, influenced by Lerma, decreed their expulsion for both religious and political reasons.;x
ACTIONNAME3167A;Expel the Heretics!;x
ACTIONNAME3167B;Let them be as they are needed for the economy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3169;The Iberian Revolts;x
EVENTHIST3169;In 1639 Olivares opened a campaign against southern France from Catalonia. If the Catalans had to defend their country, Olivares argued, they would have to support the army. This logic was lost on the Catalans. The peasants, urged on by their clergy, refused to support the troops. Soon there were clashes with the population, then riots and open rebellion. On June 7 the mob murdered the viceroy in Barcelona. In the autumn of 1640 Olivares scraped together the last available troops and sent them against the Catalan rebels. The rebel leader, Pau Claris, countered by transferring Catalan allegiance to the king of France, 'as in the time of Charlemagne' (Jan. 1641). French troops now entered Catalonia. Only when the renewed French civil wars (the Fronde) induced the French to withdraw their army was the Castilians able to re-conquer Catalonia (1652).;x
ACTIONNAME3169A;Put it down!;x
ACTIONNAME3169B;Appease them!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3170;The Italian Revolts;x
EVENTHIST3170;In 1647, popular revolutions broke out in Naples and Palermo, and soon these two cities were in the hands of revolutionary governments. In Naples, at least, it was again the excessive taxation, imposed for Spain's war effort that had precipitated the rebellion. The Spanish monarchy, wrote the Venetian ambassador to Madrid at the time, 'resembled that great colossus that during an earthquake had collapsed in a few moments while everyone hurried along to enrich himself with the fragments.' In fact, Spain survived and even managed to hold on to much of its empire. The revolts of Naples and Sicily, directed as much against the local nobility as against Spain, were put down in 1648.;x
ACTIONNAME3170A;Put it down!;x
ACTIONNAME3170B;Appease them!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3176;The American Colonial Policy;x
EVENTHIST3176;In the late 18th century Spain was far from its former power and glory. However the creation of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 to get a better rule of the colonial areas as well as manage a better defense of its colonial areas quickly made a big difference in revenues by tripling the income to the Spanish government. Of course not all subjects in the colony areas liked the stricter colony areas liked the stricter control & thus higher taxes.;x
ACTIONNAME3176A;Govern through Spanish Governors;x
ACTIONNAME3176B;Govern from Madrid;x
ACTIONNAME3176C;Franchised Citizenship;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3184;The Habsburg Inheritance of Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3184;In 1521 the Turkish sultan Süleyman I taking advantage of Hungary's political, economic, and military decline during the regimes of Vladislav (Ulázsló II) Jagiello lo and his son Louis II (reigned 1516-26), demanded tribute. When Louis refused to pay, the Turks advanced toward Hungary, capturing the fortresses of Sabac, Belgrade, and later Petervárad (Peterwardein) in July 1526. Louis hurriedly assembled a force of fewer than 20,000 men and advanced from Buda to meet the Turks. Without waiting for reinforcements, he attacked Süleyman's army of more than 100,000 troops at Mohács. The Hungarian force was annihilated;x
ACTIONNAME3184A;Magnificent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3185;The Habsburg Inheritance of Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3185;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Habsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;x
ACTIONNAME3185A;I will be crowned King of Hungary;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3186;The Habsburg Inheritance of Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3186;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Habsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;x
ACTIONNAME3186A;No! It is mine!;x
ACTIONNAME3186B;Let him have it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3188;The Imperial Parliament at Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3188;A temporary doctrinal agreement was proclaimed in May 1548 between German Catholics and Protestants and became imperial law on June 30, 1548. It was prepared and accepted at the insistence of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who hoped to establish temporary religious unity in Germany until differences could be worked out in a general council of the Catholic Church. The Augsburg Interim primarily reflected a Catholic viewpoint. It did, however, allow clerical marriage and communion in both kinds (bread and wine) for the laity. Several Protestant electors objected to the Catholic emphasis of the Augsburg Interim and refused to abide by it. Charles attempted to force its acceptance, an action that led the Protestants to adopt the Leipzig Interim, which upheld Protestant doctrines, at a subsequent Diet. Neither interim was fully accepted so a German religious settlement was not brought about until the Peace of Augsburg (1555).;x
ACTIONNAME3188A;Middle-ground;x
ACTIONNAME3188B;Catholic Support;x
ACTIONNAME3188C;Protestant Support;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3189;The Religious Peace of Augsburg;x
EVENTHIST3189;Opened at Augsburg on Feb. 5, 1555, was proclaimed by Charles V, but not wishing to take part in the inevitable religious compromises, he refused to attend the proceedings and empowered his brother Ferdinand (the future emperor Ferdinand I) to settle all questions. It determined that in the future no member of the empire should make war against another on religious grounds and that this peace should remain operative until the denominations were peacefully reunited. Only two denominations were recognized, the Roman Catholics and the Lutherans. Moreover, in each territory of the empire, only one denomination was to be recognized, the religion of the prince's choice being thus made obligatory for his subjects. Protestant and Catholic citizens in the free and imperial cities remained free to exercise their religion as they pleased. The wish for a lasting settlement was so strong that the compromise peace, which satisfied no one completely and had many loopholes, was accepted. In spite of its shortcomings, the Peace of Augsburg saved the empire from serious internal conflicts for more than 50 years.;x
ACTIONNAME3189A;The Princes may choose their Religion;x
ACTIONNAME3189B;There is only one religion, Catholicism;x
ACTIONNAME3189C;Anyone may choose their Religion;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3190;The Abdication of Charles V;x
EVENTHIST3190;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee Catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;x
ACTIONNAME3190A;Give all the possessions to Filip;x
ACTIONNAME3190B;Let Ferdinand keep the Netherlands;x
ACTIONNAME3190C;Let Ferdinand keep the Italian possessions;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3195;Peasant Revolt in Austria;x
EVENTHIST3195;The 1620's were characterized by long and cold winters, late springs and cold and wet summers, leading to crop-failure and sharp increases in grain prices. Into this atmosphere of enhanced tension broke a climatic event of unusual severity. In 1626, during the last week of May, in the middle of the vegetation period, winter returned. The temperature fell so that lakes and rivers froze and trees shed their leaves. The unexpected return of winter caused panic and anxiety among the peasants who could not remember ever experiencing such destruction of their fields. This event, combined with the brutal persecution of Protestants, led the mainly Protestant peasants of Upper Austria, pledged to Bavaria, to revolt. The peasants were defeated after heavy fighting, and in 1628 the country passed into the hands of the emperor again.;x
ACTIONNAME3195A;Pappenheim will take care of the Matter;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3203;The Purge of the Archbishop of Salzburg;x
EVENTHIST3203;In 1731 the Archbishop of Salzburg purged his lands from Protestants. The Protestants had grown in number over the years and the archbishop had started to feel his powers threatened by their existence. More than 26000 ethnic German Protestants fled for their lives. 17000 of them were welcomed in Prussia in 1732 and most of them settle in East Prussia. Several Protestant countries started nation-wide collections to help the fugitives.;x
ACTIONNAME3203A;Let the Archbishop Purge the Protestants;x
ACTIONNAME3203B;Stop the Archbishop's Purge;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3314;The Succession in Provence;x
EVENTHIST3314;René I has willed us the suzerainty of his lands, in an attempt to keep the lands of the Anjou family from being incorporated into the domains of the French crown.;x
ACTIONNAME3314A;I will be the Duke of Provence;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3751;The Succession in Provence;x
EVENTHIST3751;René I has willed us the suzerainty of his lands, in an attempt to keep the lands of the Anjou family from being incorporated into the domains of the French crown.;x
ACTIONNAME3751A;I will be the Duke of Provence;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3318;Jacques Coeur's Economic Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3318;On the death of Charles VI on Oct. 21, 1422, Charles VII assumed the title of king of France. His worst difficulties were of a financial nature: the taxes voted by the States General (representative assembly) were insufficient for his needs;x
ACTIONNAME3318A;Financial Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3318B;Tax Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3318C;Tax and Financial Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3321;The Martial Inheritance of Brittany;x
EVENTHIST3321;Anne of Brittany sought throughout her life to maintain the independence of Brittany within the French kingdom. The daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany and Marguerite de Foix, Anne became Duchess of Brittany in 1488 when her father died without leaving a male heir. France, to which Brittany had feudal obligations, tried to secure Brittany in order to extend its territory. To counter this threat Anne married Maximilian I of Austria (later emperor) by proxy in 1490, but France had this marriage annulled the following year. That same year the French regent, Anne of France, invaded Brittany and forced Anne to surrender and marry Charles VIII of France. In 1498 Charles died and Anne married his successor, Louis XII. Anne insisted that Brittany's rights and privileges should be maintained and that the duchy should be inherited separately from France - by the eldest daughter or second son of her marriage to Louis. She devoted the rest of her life to the administration of Brittany. Despite Anne's efforts Brittany formally became part of France in 1532 when Francis, Duke of Angoulęme, who had married Anne's daughter Claude, became King Francis I of France.;x
ACTIONNAME3321A;Take her and drag her to the Altar;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3322;The Martial Inheritance of Brittany;x
EVENTHIST3322;Anne of Brittany sought throughout her life to maintain the independence of Brittany within the French kingdom. The daughter of Duke Francis II of Brittany and Marguerite de Foix, Anne became Duchess of Brittany in 1488 when her father died without leaving a male heir. France, to which Brittany had feudal obligations, tried to secure Brittany in order to extend its territory. To counter this threat Anne married Maximilian I of Austria (later emperor) by proxy in 1490, but France had this marriage annulled the following year. That same year the French regent, Anne of France, invaded Brittany and forced Anne to surrender and marry Charles VIII of France. In 1498 Charles died and Anne married his successor, Louis XII. Anne insisted that Brittany's rights and privileges should be maintained and that the duchy should be inherited separately from France - by the eldest daughter or second son of her marriage to Louis. She devoted the rest of her life to the administration of Brittany. Despite Anne's efforts Brittany formally became part of France in 1532 when Francis, Duke of Angoulęme, who had married Anne's daughter Claude, became King Francis I of France.;x
ACTIONNAME3322A;Let him have that outpost for a while;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3323;The Succession in Provence;x
EVENTHIST3323;The French crown has inherited the lands of René I of the Anjou family.;x
ACTIONNAME3323A;Provence will be part of France;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3324;The Succession in Provence;x
EVENTHIST3324;The Anjou family continues the rule its lands after the death of René I, however they adhere to our suzerainty.;x
ACTIONNAME3324A;I will be the Duke of Provence;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3329;The Martial Inheritance of Brittany;x
EVENTHIST3329;Upon becoming duchess of Brittany, the young Anne's hand was eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria, King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragón sent forces to Anne's aid. Nevertheless, Anne's situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength... Your Excellency, the Duchess may not be beautiful, but she is a stone in Charles VIII's shoe!;x
ACTIONNAME3329A;Seek her consent and ask to marry her;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3330;The Martial Inheritance of Brittany;x
EVENTHIST3330;Upon becoming duchess of Brittany, the young Anne's hand was eagerly sought. To prevent France from swallowing up the duchy, a coalition including Archduke Maximilian of Austria, King Henry VII of England, and King Ferdinand II of Aragón sent forces to Anne's aid. Nevertheless, Anne's situation was perilous and she appealed (1489) directly to Maximilian for protection. In 1490, Maximilian married Anne by proxy but failed to assist her with armed strength. Besieged at Rennes in 1491, Anne was forced by the French to annul her marriage and was quickly married to Charles VIII. Your Excellency, the French have outmaneuvered us. Shall we accept this turn of events?;x
ACTIONNAME3330A;Only if I get Franche-Comté;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3331;Hofkriegsrat;x
EVENTHIST3331;Ferdinand I started to reorganize Austrian administration. In 1527 he created new central organs: the Geheimer Rat, for foreign affairs and dynastic matters.;x
ACTIONNAME3331A;Centralized Defensive Strategy;x
ACTIONNAME3331B;Flexible Frontier Strategy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3332;The Chastening of Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3332;The Turkish occupation of central Hungary remained a volatile issue, for every Hungarian resented the Habsburgs' policy of leaving the Turks unmolested while pursuing ambitious objectives in the west. Emperor Leopold sent a force against the Turks - but, although the Austrian general Raimondo Montecuccoli defeated the Turks at Szentgotthárd on Aug. 1, 1664, the subsequent Peace of Vasvár recognized all the sultan's gains. Now even the highest magnates of Royal Hungary plotted to expel the Habsburgs with Turkish and French help. Your Excellency, the Hungarian magnates are untrustworthy. Perhaps we should consider a reorganization of the provincial government...;x
ACTIONNAME3332A;Centralized German Administration from Budapest;x
ACTIONNAME3332B;Centralized German Administration from Vienna;x
ACTIONNAME3332C;Decentralized Hungarian Noble Council in Budapest;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3333;The Insurrection of Duke Imre Tököll;x
EVENTHIST3333;A young Transylvanian, Imre Tököll, led a revolt that forced Leopold in 1681 to restore the constitution and revoke many of his harshest measures. The Porte, encouraged by Tököll's successes against the empire, sent into Hungary a vast army that in 1683 reached the walls of Vienna.;x
ACTIONNAME3333A;Stop the Movement for Independence;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3336;The Reform of the Bureaucracy;x
EVENTHIST3336;Maria Theresa determined from the outset of her reign that the Habsburg monarchy would never again be perceived as too weak to defend itself. Consequently, even while the war was under way she had been studying reforms, and when it ended she immediately began implementing them. First and foremost was reform of the army. Maria Theresa realized, however, that no military reform would be effective without financial reform and in this area she (advised by the brilliant Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von Haugwitz) achieved her perhaps greatest accomplishments. Following the military and financial reforms other changes came, generally in administrative matters. Although these reforms were subjected to many modifications and changes throughout Maria Theresa's reign and after, the result was a government far more centralized than it had ever been before.;x
ACTIONNAME3336A;Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3336B;Let it be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3340;The Reactionary Reforms of 1789;x
EVENTHIST3340;Joseph II was a controversial ruler. He began his reign with liberal reforms like the Edict of Toleration, which gave Lutherans, Calvinists, and Orthodox near equality with Roman Catholics. He also abolished serfdom and (temporarily) eased up on official censorship. However, Joseph was also an extreme centralist. In 1784 he informed the Hungarian government that it's official language, Latin, was really not effective for modern government and would be changed to German. To add to their horror, Joseph refused to submit to a coronation in Hungary lest he have to swear to uphold laws that he did not wish to, and then he had the sacred crown of the kingdom moved to Vienna. In March 1787 Joseph swept away the constitution of the Austrian Netherlands and announced that from then on it would be ruled according to absolutist principles. Resistance simmered in the Austrian Netherlands until 1789 when it boiled over into open revolt. By that time there also were rumors of rebellion in Hungary and in Galicia, and for a time it appeared as if revolution might erupt in many parts of the monarchy.;x
ACTIONNAME3340A;React against Revolutionary Tendencies!;x
ACTIONNAME3340B;Risk the Revolution!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3401;The Pomjestija Reform;x
EVENTHIST3401;After Muscovites invaded Novgorod in 1471 and Lithuania failed to come to Novgorod's assistance, Novgorod was forced to accept the Korostyn' Treaty, which further limited its independence. Ivan III, still wary of uprisings because of what happened to his father, deported many of the citizens of Novgorod. He also replaced leaders of the Novgorodian church with Russian Orthodox leaders. Lands were taken from the natives and given to cavalrymen in return for military service. After establishing the reform of land management, called the pomestie system, there, he introduced it into Muscovite. By seizing the local nobles', called boyars, estates and giving it to his army, he helped bolster and centralize his power (remember during this time, land is power) and create loyalty in his army and other servants. By 1489, Novgorod was a shell of its former self and now part of the ever-growing Russian state;x
ACTIONNAME3401A;Let us reform;x
ACTIONNAME3401B;Let us become like Novgorod;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3402;The Subednik Laws;x
EVENTHIST3402;In the year 1497, in the month of September, the Grand Prince of all Rus' Ivan Vasilievic, with his children and boyars, compiled a code of law on how boyars and major-domos (okolnichii) are to administer justice.;x
ACTIONNAME3402A;Introduce it;x
ACTIONNAME3402B;Encourage a Free Peasantry;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3506;Veerinigte Westindische Compagnie;x
EVENTHIST3506;In 1621, at the end of the 12 year peace treaty with Spain, the Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie was founded which mainly focused on privateering against the Spanish fleets. Apart from privateering, the objective was to establish as many colonies as possible in the Americas and conquer as much territory. Famous exploits include Manhattan and Piet Heyn raiding the Spanish silver fleet.;x
ACTIONNAME3506A;We will exploit this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3507;Dutch Military Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3507;Johann, Count of Nassau-Siegen a long with his cousin Prince Maurits and brother Willem were at the heart of the Dutch reforms. Relearning the lost skills of Classical armies from translation of Roman military manuals, they reorganized battle formations to make them more flexible and to increase firepower. It was Johann who was the brains behind the most famous of all drill manuals, de Gheyn's Wapenhandelinghe, and the founder of one of the first military academies at Siegen in Germany.;x
ACTIONNAME3507A;Reform Army and Navy;x
ACTIONNAME3507B;Reform Army;x
ACTIONNAME3507C;Reform Navy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3509;Protestants expelled from France;x
EVENTHIST3509;On April 13th, 1598 Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes, a new law granting French Huguenots a large degree of religious toleration. Almost a hundred years later his grandson Louis XIV, a fervent Catholic despot striving for complete religious and politicial unity within France, viewed the coexistence of the Roman and Calvinist churches as a potential catalyst for renewed civil war. Having already encouraged the persecution of France's Lutherans and Calvinists for over a decade, in October 1685 Louis issued the Edict of Fontainebleau - essentially a complete revocation of his grandfather's Edict of Nantes. Within a few years, more than half a million Huguenots had fled to Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and parts of Germany and North America, thereby depriving France of her most industrious commercial class.;x
ACTIONNAME3509A;We welcome you with open arms!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3513;Statholder office is made Hereditary in Oranien Dynasty;x
EVENTHIST3513;Willem III came to the forefront of Dutch politics, eclipsing the brothers de Witt, amidst a growing support of the Orange dynasty amongst the Dutch people. After being named stadholder, the brothers de Witt resigned and were killed by an unruly mob because of high treason and anti Orangistic ideas. Building on the growing support for them the Oranges in August 1674 were declared hereditary in the stadholder office by the states of Holland and Zeela;x
ACTIONNAME3513A;Yes, we need order!;x
ACTIONNAME3513B;No, we need freedom!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3554;Viva Espańa;x
EVENTHIST3554;In the beginning of the 15th century the Aragon nobles felt a need to counterbalance the power of the mercantile Catalans, and in 1412 they got their chance. With the Aragonese throne vacant since the extinction of the house of Barcelona in 1410, they procured the election of a Castilian prince, Ferdinand of Antequera, to the throne over strong Catalan opposition. The Catalan resistance remained until one of Ferdinand's successors, John II of Aragon (1458-79), arranged for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry Isabella, the heiress of Henry IV of Castile. Upon John II's death the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain.;x
ACTIONNAME3554A;Let us claim the name Kingdom of Spain;x
ACTIONNAME3554B;Let us keep the name Kingdom of Aragon instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3556;Viva Espańa;x
EVENTHIST3556;In the beginning of the 15th century the Aragon nobles felt a need to counterbalance the power of the mercantile Catalans, and in 1412 they got their chance. With the Aragonese throne vacant since the extinction of the house of Barcelona in 1410, they procured the election of a Castilian prince, Ferdinand of Antequera, to the throne over strong Catalan opposition. The Catalan resistance remained until one of Ferdinand's successors, John II of Aragon (1458-79), arranged for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry Isabella, the heiress of Henry IV of Castile. Upon John II's death the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain.;x
ACTIONNAME3556A;Let us claim the name Kingdom of Spain;x
ACTIONNAME3556B;Let us keep the name Kingdom of Castile instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3557;Civil War in Castile;x
EVENTHIST3557;Juan succeeded his father as an infant of less than two years of age, under the joint regency of his mother, Catherine of Lancaster, and his uncle, the infant Ferdinand, who became king of Aragon (as Ferdinand I) in 1412. Juan took the reins in 1419 but his political weakness led him to rely on his tutor, Álvaro de Luna, who, despite the hostility of the king's Trastámara cousins and their supporters among the old aristocracy, became the virtual ruler of Castile. He was appointed constable of Castile in 1423. Álvaro de Luna contested the influence of Ferdinand's rebellious sons in Castile. This led to factional struggles among the nobles, which saw de Luna ousted from power twice (1427 and 1438). However, the supporters of Juan II and his constable rallied and finally put an end to the strife by defeating the rebel army of Prince Enrique (future Enrique IV) at the Battle of Olmedo in 1445.;x
ACTIONNAME3557A;Support Álvaro de Luna;x
ACTIONNAME3557B;Support the sons of Ferdinand;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3583;Civil War in Novgorod;x
EVENTHIST3583;The 14th century witnessed the start of Novgorod's long struggle with Moscow for supremacy. Internecine disputes among the republic's leaders weakened it in the face of growing Muscovite strength. Although it became a vassal of Moscow after the Muscovite invasions in 1456 and 1470, Novgorod was allowed to retain its self-government. It was not until 1478 that it came under Moscow's complete control and lost its freedom. Novgorod retained its commercial position until St. Petersburg was built in 1703.;x
ACTIONNAME3583A;Support Merchant Faction;x
ACTIONNAME3583B;Support Noble Faction;x
ACTIONNAME3583C;Support Peasant Faction;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3587;The Empire of Russia;x
EVENTHIST3587;In the 16th century the Roman Empire of Constantinople was long gone and its revival viewed as impossible. The Orthodox faith never had a head figure like the Catholic Pope. It however was mostly guided from Constantinople by the Patriarch there. As the Sunni Muslim Ottomans used the Patriarchs hostage-like situation for there own political gains many Orthodox countries felt appalled and started to loosen the chains of tradition. There had not existed a country as mighty as the Byzantines until Russia was formed. Russia was created from the notion of full control of all those orthodox people that once had been Christianized from Kiev. This together with the fact that there was only one Orthodox country powerful enough to take up the mantle of the fallen Byzantines made the solution perfect and, thus the Greatest of Princedoms changed into the Empire of Russia.;x
ACTIONNAME3587A;Take over the Byzantine Mantle;x
ACTIONNAME3587B;Leave it on the Floor;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3598;The Succession in Luxembourg;x
EVENTHIST3598;By the Peace of Münster of December 29, 1443, the functions of Philippe the Good which had been allotted to him became effective. He became sovereign on August 3 1451, and Thionville consequently becomes Burgundian grounds. Having acquired the succession rights of the duke Guillaume of Saxony, hereditary sovereign of the duchy, he made the annexation of Luxembourg from which he had gained full sovereignty, on October 18 1462.;x
ACTIONNAME3598A;Incorporate them;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3599;The Succession in Luxembourg;x
EVENTHIST3599;By the Peace of Münster of December 29, 1443, the functions of Philippe the Good which had been allotted to him became effective. He became sovereign on August 3 1451, and Thionville consequently becomes Burgundian grounds. Having acquired the succession rights of the duke Guillaume of Saxony, hereditary sovereign of the duchy, he made the annexation of Luxembourg from which he had gained full sovereignty, on October 18 1462.;x
ACTIONNAME3599A;Vassalize them;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3600;The Succession in Luxembourg;x
EVENTHIST3600;In 1443, Philip the Good of Burgundy seized the duchy, and in 1451, he was confirmed in possession by the estates of Luxembourg.;x
ACTIONNAME3600A;Let them regret this defiance;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3607;The Succession in Provence;x
EVENTHIST3607;René of Anjou was recognized by the Holy Roman emperor Sigismund as duke of Lorraine and René also inherited Anjou and Provence from Louis III. Meanwhile Joan II of Naples, who died in 1435, had made René her heir, but he could not defend the city from his rivals. The Anglo-French negotiations at Tours in 1444 led to the marriage of his daughter Margaret to the English king Henry VI in 1445. Meanwhile Charles VII of France had helped René to pacify Lorraine. As a thank you, René accompanied Charles VII on his victorious campaigns of 1449-50 against the English in Normandy. On his wife's death (1453), her duchy of Lorraine passed to René's son John.  With Louis XI of France his relations were generally strained, and Louis forced him to yield Anjou to the French crown. René performed a balancing act through his career and his ties to the English crown could maybe have led to a different course for Provence.;x
ACTIONNAME3607A;We shall join the royal demesne;x
ACTIONNAME3607B;We shall become a vassal of King Louis;x
ACTIONNAME3607C;We shall become a vassal of King Henry;x
ACTIONNAME3607D;We shall become a vassal of the Emperor;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3639;The Death of King Lajos of Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3639;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Habsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;x
ACTIONNAME3639A;Elect Johan Zapolya of Siebenbürgen;x
ACTIONNAME3639B;Elect Ferdinand Habsburg of Austria;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3640;The Death of Johan Zapolya;x
EVENTHIST3640;Under Ottoman suzerainty (1526-1541), Hungary was an autonomous vassal kingdom ruled by John Zapolya, prince of Transylvania. Habsburgs' prince Ferdinand controlled northern Hungary in the name of his father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles 11. When Ferdinand married Louis II's sister Anna, he claimed all of Hungary. Using Süleyman's preoccupation with campaigns in Anatolia, he occupies Budapest in 1528. Süleyman returns, restores Zapolya, besieges Vienna (1529) unsuccessfully, but convinces Habsburgs not to try to conquer Hungary again. He then leaves Hungary as an Ottoman vassal and buffer between Ottomans and Habsburgs. Zapolya secretly agrees with Ferdinand to leave Hungarian throne to Ferdinand after his death. Zapolya's death in 1540 leads Ferdinand to claim right to rule all Hungary. Süleyman responds by conquering Hungary and placing it under direct Ottoman rule. The third period of Ottoman-Habsburg relations (1540+) continued with constant guerilla warfare but no substantial advances on either side.;x
ACTIONNAME3640A;Let the crown become hereditary within the Habsburg Dynasty;x
ACTIONNAME3640B;Let the crown become hereditary within the Siebenbürgen Dynasty;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3641;Religious Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3641;Emperor Rudolf II (1552--1612) of Hungary was intent on re-imposing Catholicism on the Hungarians, Rudolf in 1604 provoked their first popular insurrection against Habsburg rule. The insurrectionists found a leader in István Bocskai (1557--1606), prince of Transylvania in 1605 and 1606, who fused the popular forces with his own army. Already at war with the Turks, the Habsburgs now faced an uncompromising civil war. A threefold settlement was finally forced on the dynasty: the Treaties of Vienna and Zsitvatorok of 1606 and the legislation of the Hungarian diet of 1608. Together these secured for Hungary religious freedom, constitutional autonomy, and the right of habeas corpus.;x
ACTIONNAME3641A;Fight for the cause of the Reformed faith;x
ACTIONNAME3641B;Fight for the cause of the Catholic faith;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3643;The Winter King of Prague;x
EVENTHIST3643;In 1608 the tension increased between the Catholic parts and the Protestant parts of the empire. The Protestants entered a union under the prince Fredrik of Pfalz that was supported by Brandenburg and Hessen-Kassel. The Catholics answered by forming a union of their own, the Catholic league. It was led by Maximilian of Bavaria. In 1618 the Protestants of Bohemia rebelled. They continued to choose a Protestant king of Bohemia, prince Fredrik of Pfalz. The emperor couldn't accept this, as he also was king of Bohemia. He sent his experienced commander Jean Tcerclaes Tilly with his troops to Bohemia and in the battle of the White Mountain (8 November 1620), Fredrik of Pfalz reign ended and all Protestant resistance in Austria and southern Germany was crushed. Fredrik escaped from Bohemia and was named the 'Winter King' due to his short reign.;x
ACTIONNAME3643A;Elect the Wittelsbachs;x
ACTIONNAME3643B;Elect the Habsburgs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3644;The Death of King Lajos of Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3644;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Habsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;x
ACTIONNAME3644A;I will be crowned King of Hungary;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3645;The Death of King Lajos of Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3645;Lajos II (Louis), 1506-26, king of Hungary and Bohemia (1516-26), son and successor of Uladislaus II. He was the last of the Jagiello dynasty in the two kingdoms. In the face of intensified attacks by Sultan Sulayman I, Lajos hastily sought (1526) to unite Hungary and Christendom behind him, but only the pope sent help. With a pitiful army, Lajos joined battle with the Ottomans at Mohács. The Hungarian army was destroyed, and Lajos was killed. Only the ambitious John Zapolya had failed to arrive in time for the battle with the army he was bringing from Transylvania. Through the marriage treaty concluded by Lajos father the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia passed to Louis's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Habsburg (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), but Hungary fell under Ottoman rule.;x
ACTIONNAME3645A;No! It is mine!;x
ACTIONNAME3645B;Let him have it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3646;The Death of Johan Zapolya;x
EVENTHIST3646;The struggle between Johan I and Ferdinand I ended in 1538, when Johan, who was then childless, reached a compromise with Ferdinand: Ferdinand was frustrated in his efforts to reach a military decision, whereas Johan was disappointed in his hopes for Ottoman protection. They agreed, therefore, that Johan would remain king of Hungary as long as he lived, but that after his death the crown would revert to Ferdinand regardless of whether Johan left a male heir. Johan set aside the agreement when, a few months before his death, a son, Johan Sigismund (Johan II), was born. He was crowned king of Hungary on his father's death (1540).;x
ACTIONNAME3646A;I will become King of Hungary;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3652;Moor Refugees from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3652;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;x
ACTIONNAME3652A;Al-Andalus has fallen;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3653;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3653;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;x
ACTIONNAME3653A;This is a Black Day for Islam!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3654;Moor Refugees from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3654;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;x
ACTIONNAME3654A;Al-Andalus has fallen;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3655;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3655;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;x
ACTIONNAME3655A;Our Kindred are being murdered!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3656;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3656;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;x
ACTIONNAME3656A;This is a Black Day for Islam!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3657;Moor Refugees from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3657;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;x
ACTIONNAME3657A;Al-Andalus has fallen;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3658;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3658;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;x
ACTIONNAME3658A;Our Kindred are being murdered!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3659;Morisque Refugees from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3659;The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Muslims. Córdoba fell to Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. Málaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors remained in Spain, those who remained faithful to Islam were called Mudejares, while those who accepted Christianity were called Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain but were kept under close surveillance.;x
ACTIONNAME3659A;This is a Black Day for Islam!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3660;The Aragon Inheritance of Napoli;x
EVENTHIST3660;During Queen Joanna I of Naples reign began the struggle for succession between Charles of Durazzo (later Charles III of Naples) and Louis of Anjou (Louis I of Naples). The struggle was continued by their heirs. Charles's descendants, Lancelot and Joanna II, successfully defended their thrones despite Papal support of their French rivals, but Joanna successively adopted as her heir Alfonso V of Aragón and Louis III and René of Anjou, and the dynastic struggle was prolonged. Alfonso defeated René and in 1442 was invested with Naples by the pope.;x
ACTIONNAME3660A;Ruled as Vassal;x
ACTIONNAME3660B;Independent;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3665;The Winter King of Prague;x
EVENTHIST3665;1596-1632, king of Bohemia (1619-20), elector palatine (1610-20) as Frederick V. The Protestant diet of Bohemia deposed the Roman Catholic King Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II) and chose Frederick as king. Influenced by his minister Christian of Anhalt, Frederick accepted but did not receive the aid expected from his father-in-law, James I of England, and from the Protestant Union against Ferdinand.;x
ACTIONNAME3665A;I will stay longer than a winter!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3688;The Disintegration of the Timurid Empire;x
EVENTHIST3688;Ulugh Beg (ruled 1447-49). He had earlier been (1409-47) viceroy of Transoxiana. After his succession (ruled 1447-49) to the throne the Timurid Empire fell into anarchy, the Turkmen horde known as the White Sheep conquered much territory, while the Uzbeks looted Samarkand. Petty princes took over the rule, and local dynasties sprang up.;x
ACTIONNAME3688A;Attack all traitors;x
ACTIONNAME3688B;Bribe all traitors;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3689;The Disintegration of the Golden Horde;x
EVENTHIST3689;Until the disintegration of the Mongol empire (14th cent.) the khans themselves were under the suzerainty of the great khan at Karakorum. In the early 14th century the empire of the Golden Horde adopted Islam as its official religion. Thus, Russia was exposed to both Muslim and Asian civilization. Internecine warfare among the Tatar leaders and attempts by the Russian princes, such as Dmitri Donskoi, to end tributary payments contributed to the decline of the Empire of the Golden Horde in the late 14th cent. The state was conquered by Timur, who in 1395 dealt a final blow by sacking Sarai Berke. After his death the empire broke up into the independent khanates of Astrakhan, Kazan, Crimea, and Sibir.;x
ACTIONNAME3689A;Remind them that we are the sons of Genghis Khan!;x
ACTIONNAME3689B;Shut them up with promises of gold and glory;x
ACTIONNAME3689C;Let the Hordes go their separate ways;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3695;Guru Nanak reform Sikh Religion;x
EVENTHIST3695;His reputation as a spiritual master spread, and he attracted a steadily increasing number of devotees, whom he described as Sikhs (learners). Nanak died in Kartarpur in 1539, having appointed one of his most devoted followers-whom he renamed Angad (my limb)-as his successor. Over time, the community at Kartarpur developed the distinctive elements of the Sikh religious outlook and way of life. Nanak sought to see beyond the illusions of everyday existence in order to achieve sahaj, or union with God. For Nanak, as for his Sant predecessors, God was simultaneously transcendent, or beyond the ordinary range of perceptions, and immediately immanent, or existing within humanity.;x
ACTIONNAME3695A;Let Guru Nanak reform;x
ACTIONNAME3695B;Let a more Radical Guru reform;x
ACTIONNAME3695C;Let a more Conservative Guru reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3696;Militarization of Sikh Society;x
EVENTHIST3696;Under succeeding gurus the Sikh community gradually united and began to develop military power.;x
ACTIONNAME3696A;Let Guru Har Govinda reform;x
ACTIONNAME3696B;Let a more peaceful man reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3697;Guru Givind Singh installs Sikh Confederacy;x
EVENTHIST3697;In 1699, Govind Singh (1666-1708), the tenth and final guru, instituted certain practices that have become fundamental to Sikh identity. Through an initiatory rite, after which the initiate takes the surname Singh [lion], he created the military fraternity called the Khalsa, or pure, whose ideal was the soldier-saint. He introduced the Sikh practices of wearing a turban, carrying a dagger, and never cutting the hair or beard.;x
ACTIONNAME3697A;Conservatives rule the Council;x
ACTIONNAME3697B;Militants rule the Council;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3698;The Incan Civil War;x
EVENTHIST3698;In 1532 a civil war between the heirs to the Inca throne, Atahualpa and Huascar, each of whom was seeking to control the empire. The Spaniards met Atahualpa, the victor in the civil war, and his army at a prearranged conference at Cajamarca in 1532. When Atahualpa arrived, the Spaniards ambushed and seized him, and killed thousands of his followers even though Atahualpa paid the most fabulous ransom known to history. Which side do you wish to take control over the Incan Empire?;x
ACTIONNAME3698A;Atahualpa;x
ACTIONNAME3698B;Huascar;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3716;The Iberian Wedding;x
EVENTHIST3716;Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, was married to the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. Many considered Ferdinand the savior of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince.;x
ACTIONNAME3716A;Let us bind their Dynasty to ours;x
ACTIONNAME3716B;No let us marry a local talent instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3717;The Iberian Wedding;x
EVENTHIST3717;Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, was married to the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. Many considered Ferdinand the savior of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince.;x
ACTIONNAME3717A;Let us bind their Dynasty to ours;x
ACTIONNAME3717B;No let us marry a local talent instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3719;Genoa accepts offer to buy Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3719;Your most generous offer of Corsica, is greatly appreciated. The Genovese court is utterly pleased to do business with you and accepts your proposal with no conditions.;x
ACTIONNAME3719A;Good;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3720;Genoa decline offer to buy Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3720;However generous it may be, the Genovese court has decided to decline your offer of Corsica. The fate of the people of Corsica will remain in your hands.;x
ACTIONNAME3720A;Darn;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3721;Genoa accepts offer to buy Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3721;Your most generous offer of Corsica, is greatly appreciated. The Genovese court is utterly pleased to do business with you and accepts your proposal with no conditions.;x
ACTIONNAME3721A;Good;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3722;Genoa decline offer to buy Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3722;However generous it may be, the Genovese court has decided to decline your offer of Corsica. The fate of the people of Corsica will remain in your hands.;x
ACTIONNAME3722A;Darn;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3723;Genoa accepts offer to buy Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3723;Your most generous offer of Corsica, is greatly appreciated. The Genovese court is utterly pleased to do business with you and accepts your proposal with no conditions.;x
ACTIONNAME3723A;Good;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3724;Genoa decline offer to buy Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3724;However generous it may be, the Genovese court has decided to decline your offer of Corsica. The fate of the people of Corsica will remain in your hands.;x
ACTIONNAME3724A;Darn;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3725;Genoa accepts offer to buy Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3725;Your most generous offer of Corsica, is greatly appreciated. The Genovese court is utterly pleased to do business with you and accepts your proposal with no conditions.;x
ACTIONNAME3725A;Good;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3726;Genoa decline offer to buy Corsica;x
EVENTHIST3726;However generous it may be, the Genovese court has decided to decline your offer of Corsica. The fate of the people of Corsica will remain in your hands.;x
ACTIONNAME3726A;Darn;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3728;Moor Exodus from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3728;As the Spanish infidels continue their purging of our Muslim brethren from Iberia, the conditions are now ripe in Northern Africa to strike back!;x
ACTIONNAME3728A;This means Holy War;x
ACTIONNAME3728B;Unfortunately our hands are bound;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3729;Moor Exodus from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3729;As the Spanish infidels continue their purging of our Muslim brethren from Iberia, the conditions are now ripe in Northern Africa to strike back!;x
ACTIONNAME3729A;This means Holy War;x
ACTIONNAME3729B;Unfortunately our hands are bound;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3730;Moor Exodus from Al-Andalus;x
EVENTHIST3730;As the Spanish infidels continue their purging of our Muslim brethren from Iberia, the conditions are now ripe in Northern Africa to strike back!;x
ACTIONNAME3730A;This means Holy War;x
ACTIONNAME3730B;Unfortunately our hands are bound;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3732;The Zapolya Inheritance of Hungary;x
EVENTHIST3732;Johan Zapolya, 1487-1540, The leader of the anti-foreign party of the Hungarian nobles, he secured a decree at the diet of 1505 by which no foreign ruler would be chosen king of Hungary after the death of the ruling king, Uladislaus II. To strengthen his own candidacy for the crown he sought to marry the king's daughter, Anna, but his suit was rejected and he was removed from the court through his appointment as voivode of Transylvania.  His anger at the marriage of Anna to Ferdinand of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I) probably motivated his failure to assist Uladislaus' son, King Lajos II of Hungary, at the battle of Mohács (1526). Lajos II was killed in the battle. Johan was crowned king by the Hungarian nobles, but Ferdinand claimed the crown on the basis of his marriage with Anna as well as previous agreements. In 1527, Ferdinand defeated John and was crowned by John's opponents. John retired to his stronghold in the Carpathians. In 1529 the Ottomans began to overrun Hungary. John now descended upon and defeated Ferdinand's army and, after surrendering the crown to Sultan Sulayman I, was confirmed king by the sultan, who exercised real control.;x
ACTIONNAME3732A;Outstanding!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3747;The Abdication of Charles V;x
EVENTHIST3747;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee Catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;x
ACTIONNAME3747A;Yes Father!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3748;The Abdication of Charles V;x
EVENTHIST3748;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee Catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;x
ACTIONNAME3748A;Yes Father!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3749;The Abdication of Charles V;x
EVENTHIST3749;On the twenty-fifth day of October, 1555, the estates of the Netherlands were assembled in the great hall of the palace at Brussels. They had been summoned to be witnesses and the guarantees of the abdication, which Charles V had long before resolved upon, and which he was that day to execute. Charles was a devotee Catholic and compassionate with other people, but he could not see why anyone would not come back to the only church there was, the Catholic Church. The incessant strife, both religious and political, within the Holy Roman Empire had worn him down. Therefore he wanted to split the Habsburg Empire between Madrid and Vienna and then withdraw to the calm milieu of his favorite cloister. Let the rash and youthful take care of the problems!;x
ACTIONNAME3749A;We go separate ways as Brothers;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3753;The King's Army;x
EVENTHIST3753;During the 16th century England began (with some rapidity) her transition from a Continental to a maritime power. There were numerous reasons for this, some voluntary and some circumstantial, though the primary factors were Henry VIII's eventual realisation that the Hundred Years' War really was over for good, and his daughter Mary's loss of Calais in 1558 making it a universal truth. Though with hindsight it is easy to see why England quickly looked to the New World for future opportunities and ventures, it was by no means an inevitability. Both Mary and Elizabeth harboured dreams of major European influence, with a Tudor-Habsburg dynastic alliance against France a very real possibility had Mary given birth to an heir before her death at 42. Elizabeth, a firm Protestant, openly aided the Dutch against their mutual Spanish foe, and was for a time considered a candidate for the Dutch throne following the death of William the Silent in 1584. Had either of these events turned out a little differently then it is almost certain that England's reliance on her island geography would have been less assured, and a large continental garrison essential. Finally, Oliver Cromwell's incredibly successful campaigns against the Scots and Irish were certainly an indication that Republican England had established itself as a formidable land power as well as an up-and-coming naval superpower. Perhaps dreams of Continental hegemony may not be so far-fetched after all?;x
ACTIONNAME3753A;Invest in the King's Army;x
ACTIONNAME3753B;Expand the Royal Navy instead;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3775;The Succession in Brabant;x
EVENTHIST3775;The Duchy of Brabant had been under Burgundian influence for a while already in the decades leading up to 1430 with side branches of the Burgundian dynasty occupying the title of Duke but on the 1st of August, 1430 it formally passed to the control of Philip the Good of Burgundy further strengthening the Burgundian hold on the Netherlands and continuing Philip's moves towards unification of the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3775A;Let us be a part of Great Burgundy;x
ACTIONNAME3775B;Let the Burgundian monarch become our Duke;x
ACTIONNAME3775C;Let us elect a local Count as Duke;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3776;The Succession in Brabant;x
EVENTHIST3776;The Duchy of Brabant had been under Burgundian influence for a while already in the decades leading up to 1430 with side branches of the Burgundian dynasty occupying the title of Duke but on the 1st of August, 1430 it formally passed to the control of Philip the Good of Burgundy further strengthening the Burgundian hold on the Netherlands and continuing Philip's moves towards unification of the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3776A;Incorporate them;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3777;The Succession in Brabant;x
EVENTHIST3777;The Duchy of Brabant had been under Burgundian influence for a while already in the decades leading up to 1430 with side branches of the Burgundian dynasty occupying the title of Duke but on the 1st of August, 1430 it formally passed to the control of Philip the Good of Burgundy further strengthening the Burgundian hold on the Netherlands and continuing Philip's moves towards unification of the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3777A;Vassalize them;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3778;The Succession in Brabant;x
EVENTHIST3778;The Duchy of Brabant had been under Burgundian influence for a while already in the decades leading up to 1430 with side branches of the Burgundian dynasty occupying the title of Duke but on the 1st of August, 1430 it formally passed to the control of Philip the Good of Burgundy further strengthening the Burgundian hold on the Netherlands and continuing Philip's moves towards unification of the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3778A;Let them regret this defiance;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3755;The Purge of the Archbishop of Salzburg;x
EVENTHIST3755;In 1731 the Archbishop of Salzburg purged his lands from Protestants. The Protestants had grown in number over the years and the archbishop had started to feel his powers threatened by their existence. More than 26000 ethnic German Protestants fled for their lives. 17000 of them were welcomed in Prussia in 1732 and most of them settle in East Prussia. Several Protestant countries started nation-wide collections to help the fugitives.;x
ACTIONNAME3755A;Purge the Protestants;x
ACTIONNAME3755B;Leave the Protestants alone;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3781;The Directory;x
EVENTHIST3781;The Directory was the French revolutionary government set up by the Constitution of the Year III, which lasted four years, from November 1795 to November 1799. The Directors chose governmental ministers, ambassadors, army generals, tax collectors, and other officials. However, they had no funds to finance their projects or courts to enforce their will. The Directory was perhaps the most corrupt regime that France has ever known. Its policies were aimed, first, at protecting and increasing the profits of those in political and economic power and, second, at preventing the return of the Bourbons or the establishment of any other regime that might endanger those in power by such means as the redistribution of national property. The period was also noted for extravagant fashions in dress, excesses in entertainment, and a loose morality. However, the most important aspect of the directory and what gave it legitimacy in the eyes of the people, even as it was corrupt, was that it had ended the Reign of Terror. Anything was judged better then the 'Today you, Tomorrow me' logic of the Terror.;x
ACTIONNAME3781A;A Coup-de-Etat has brought Order;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3801;The Death of King Václav IV;x
EVENTHIST3801;A broken man, Václav IV died of a second stroke on August 16th 1419. His brother, Emperor Zigmunt, immediately claimed the throne and was acknowledged as rightful heir by the crown lands and by the remaining Catholics in Bohemia, mostly in the crown lands Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia where there still was a Catholic majority, however the Hussites who at that time already dominated most of Bohemia proper refused to accept him, fearing suppression of their faith and despising him for his betrayal of Jan Hus that led to his execution at the stake in 1415. Armed resistance against royal authority and violence against Romanists, especially Germans, began almost immediately. Queen Sophia, widow of Václav, first acted as regent in Bohemia and tried to maintain at least a bit of central authority in Prague and to secure the throne for her brother-in-law, however she was opposed by the Hussites in Prague and had few effective control over Bohemia. On November 13th, she had to conclude a truce with the citizens of Prague, having failed to suppress them with hired mercenaries, basically acknowledging that the Hussite movement had become impossible to control, let alone suppress it. For almost two decades large parts of Bohemia would be in Hussite hands.;x
ACTIONNAME3801A;Reject the traitor and fight for the Hussite faith;x
ACTIONNAME3801B;Zigmunt is our king;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3802;Zikmund makes concessions;x
EVENTHIST3802;Zikmund of Hungary, claimnant to the Bohemian throne, has decided to make concessions to the Hussites in order to gain his throne. Do we accept him as king?;x
ACTIONNAME3802A;Yes, his concessions are acceptable;x
ACTIONNAME3802B;No, compromise is unacceptable with the betrayer of Jan Hus!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3803;Jirí the Heretic King;x
EVENTHIST3803;Jirí Podebrady, a former Hussite commander, has been elected to the Bohemian throne following the death of King Ladislav. Our neighbours - indeed all of Europe - are wary of this election, fearing further outbreaks of violence and Hussite crusades. Jirí gained the throne largely thanks to his nationality (he's Czech, not a foreign prince) and the influence of his old Hussite friends, but how should we act towards them now that he is King?;x
ACTIONNAME3803A;Acknowledge but downplay their role;x
ACTIONNAME3803B;Embrace the Hussite faith and tradition;x
ACTIONNAME3803C;Suppress the Hussites to play to European opinion;x
#;x
EVENTNAME129000;Defenestration of Prague;x
EVENTHIST129000;Religious dissent in Bohemia, caused by the low moral state of the clergy and the great schism, had grown slowly in the 14th century. It found a leading figure in Jan Hus, a priest and professor of theology at the university of Prague. Influenced by the teachings of John Wyclif, he developed several reformatory demands, including the administration of the communion in both kinds to all church members, a much stricter adhesion to the bible and the Commandments, a radical reformation of the clergy and the abolition of Papal infallibility. These views were attacked as heretic by the University of Prague in 1403, however since he enjoyed the protection of the king he could continue to spread them and even became rector of the university. In 1410, when his influence had grown significantly and he had gathered already a large amount of followers, the Archbishop of Prague excommunicated him, which did not stop him from teaching his ideas and increasing what had soon become a popular movement, though. In 1414 he was summoned to the Council of Constance to justify his views, having been guaranteed safe-conduct by Emperor Zigmunt. Ignoring this safe-conduct, the Council condemned him as a heretic and had him burned at the stake. Thereby he became a martyr for the Bohemians and his views became even more popular.;x
ACTIONNAME129000A;What can we do?;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3754;The Threat to Protestantism in Germany;x
EVENTHIST3754;The Edict of Restitution purported to do no more than enforce the terms of the Peace of Augsburg. However, the interpretation put on that document was that which had been urged by partisans of Catholicism. Thus it became the source of outrage from many important Protestant leaders as Christian IV of Denmark and Gustav II Adolphus of Sweden, and also a good reason for war...;x
ACTIONNAME3754A;Make it your cause;x
ACTIONNAME3754B;Don't mess around in Germany;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3750;Fate of the Patriarchate;x
EVENTHIST3750;Your excellency, with Constantinople in our hands, we must decide the fate of the Christian Patricarch. There are many Christians still in the city, it might be prudent to show some leniency. This time...;x
ACTIONNAME3750A;Allow the Patriarchate to exist and keep the current Patriarch;x
ACTIONNAME3750B;Allow the Patriarchate to exist, but appoint a new Patriarch;x
ACTIONNAME3750C;Close down the Patriarchate and confiscate its properties;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3999;The Safavid Heresy;x
EVENTHIST3999;The Safavid movement was originally founded by Seyh Safiuddin in the thirteenth-century as a contemplative brand of Sufism, but it later evolved in a militant Shi'a Heresy ideology. Proponents of the movement were eventually able to take advantage of the disorganized political situation in what is today modern Iran, to form the country of Persia. This newly formed Persian nation, with its militant Shi'a followers, was ably to quickly conquer territory in the surrounding region.;x
ACTIONNAME3999A;Accept Ismaďl as Shah of Persia;x
ACTIONNAME3999B;Crush the Safavid Heresy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4000;Ismaďl's Resurrection of Persia;x
EVENTHIST4000;Ismaďl emerged at the age of 14 to take his father's position as head of the Kizilbash (a Shi'a Turkmen tribe). He quickly established a base of power in north-western Persia, and in 1501 he took the city of Tabriz and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran. In a succession of swift conquests he crushed the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep Turks) and resurrected the nation of Iran under his Safavid dynasty.;x
ACTIONNAME4000A;Take up the Safavid cause;x
ACTIONNAME4000B;Exterminate the Shi'a Heresy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4001;Fars is annexed into Persia;x
EVENTHIST4001;With the resurrection of Persia, the ancient province of Fars has now been annexed into our realm.;x
ACTIONNAME4001A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4003;Khorasan is annexed into Persia;x
EVENTHIST4003;With the resurrection of Persia, the ancient province of Khorasan has now been annexed into our realm.;x
ACTIONNAME4003A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3998;Tribesmen Join the Safavid Cause;x
EVENTHIST3998;The Safavid movement was originally founded by Seyh Safiuddin in the thirteenth-century as a contemplative brand of Sufism, but it later evolved in a militant Shi'a Heresy ideology. Proponents of the movement were eventually able to take advantage of the disorganized political situation in what is today modern Iran, to form the country of Persia. This newly formed Persian nation, with its militant Shi'a followers, was ably to quickly conquer territory in the surrounding region.;x
ACTIONNAME3998;The Tribesmen join us;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3804;Bâbur's Ambition;x
EVENTHIST3804;Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, better known as Bâbur, was a Timurid Prince with the blood of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane flowing through his veins, who became the founder of the mighty Mughal dynasty. His early years were spent in bitter struggle with the Uzbeks, who under their brilliant Khan Muhammad Shaybânî had occupied the old Timurid capital of Samarkand. Weary of this useless quest, Bâbur eventually turned his ambitious gaze east towards India - a much more fruitful ambition, as it would turn out...;x
ACTIONNAME3804A;Unleash the Tiger!;x
ACTIONNAME3804B;Remain as we are;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3805;The Conquest of Delhi;x
EVENTHIST3805;Your Highness, Delhi is finally in our hands and the Sultanate has been conquered. If I may be so bold, I would suggest that we move our capital to this great city. It is time to leave the mountains and deserts behind and face the future as a truly civilized nation!;x
ACTIONNAME3805A;Move the throne to Delhi;x
ACTIONNAME3805B;Rule from the old capital;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3806;The Dutch Republic;x
EVENTHIST3806;Your Highness, a united Dutch Republic has broken free from the oppressors. This is a chance to unite the Netherlands at last... Shall we join our brothers and sisters in the republic? (This will end the game.);x
ACTIONNAME3806A;Join the new Republic;x
ACTIONNAME3806B;Walk our own path;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3807;Guelders joins the Republic;x
EVENTHIST3807;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Guelders have decided to join us!;x
ACTIONNAME3807A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3808;The Dutch Republic;x
EVENTHIST3808;Your Highness, a united Dutch Republic has broken free from the oppressors. This is a chance to unite the Netherlands at last... Shall we join our brothers and sisters in the republic? (This will end the game.);x
ACTIONNAME3808A;Join the new Republic;x
ACTIONNAME3808B;Walk our own path;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3809;Friesland joins the Republic;x
EVENTHIST3809;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Friesland have decided to join us!;x
ACTIONNAME3809A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3810;The Dutch Republic;x
EVENTHIST3810;Your Highness, a united Dutch Republic has broken free from the oppressors. This is a chance to unite the Netherlands at last... Shall we join our brothers and sisters in the republic? (This will end the game.);x
ACTIONNAME3810A;Join the new Republic;x
ACTIONNAME3810B;Walk our own path;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3811;Flanders joins the Republic;x
EVENTHIST3811;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Flanders have decided to join us!;x
ACTIONNAME3811A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3812;The Dutch Republic;x
EVENTHIST3812;Your Highness, a united Dutch Republic has broken free from the oppressors. This is a chance to unite the Netherlands at last... Shall we join our brothers and sisters in the republic? (This will end the game.);x
ACTIONNAME3812A;Join the new Republic;x
ACTIONNAME3812B;Walk our own path;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3813;Brabant joins the Republic;x
EVENTHIST3813;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Brabant have decided to join us!;x
ACTIONNAME3813A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME2901;Holland joins the Republic;x
EVENTHIST2901;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Holland have decided to join us!;x
ACTIONNAME2901A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME2904;Zeeland joins the Republic;x
EVENTHIST2904;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Zeeland have decided to join us!;x
ACTIONNAME2904A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME2906;Utrecht joins the Republic;x
EVENTHIST2906;Your Excellency, seeing the success of the revolt in the core provinces of the Low Countries, other Dutch principalities are rushing to join the greater Dutch Republic. Today, our brothers in Utrecht have decided to join us!;x
ACTIONNAME2906A;Marvellous!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME2907;The Khan Converts;x
EVENTHIST2907;Like many Mongol realms, the Northern Yuan had previously flirted with an array of different faiths as their armies subjugated the different peoples who practiced them. Various Ilkhans, Chagatai khans and even Great Khans such as Kublai himself had embraced traditional eastern faiths like Buddhism and Nestorian Christianity, whilst others - generally further west - had adopted forms of Islam along with corresponding Arab and Persian cultural identities. By the late 16th century, following a period of relative peace with the Ming dynasty, the Northern Yuan had been exposed to numerous foreign religious influences as a result of increased diplomatic and trade links with China, Transoxiana and the nascent power of Russia. Though the majority of Mongols had always practiced the local shamanism of their ancestors, several Yuan khans had personally adopted other faiths, and by the 1570s the 'Right Wing' of the Yuan horde had become increasingly exposed to Tibetan Buddhism, and the 3rd Dalai Lama had been received at the Northern Yuan court as an esteemed guest. However, the conversion to Buddhism was by no means assured, and competing influences continued to make inroads until the final collapse of the Northern Yuan in 1635.;x
ACTIONNAME2907A;Convert to Buddhism;x
ACTIONNAME2907B;Convert to Islam;x
ACTIONNAME2907C;Convert to Orthodoxy;x
ACTIONNAME2907D;Defend the old ways;x
#;x
EVENTNAME2902;The Dutch Capital;x
EVENTHIST2902;Your Excellency, now that we have control of Holland, we face a decision: keep the capital where we began, or move to the great city of Amsterdam?;x
ACTIONNAME2902A;Amsterdam;x
ACTIONNAME2902B;Keep the old capital;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3814;The Dutch Independence;x
EVENTHIST3814;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;x
ACTIONNAME3814A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3815;The Dutch Independence;x
EVENTHIST3815;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;x
ACTIONNAME3815A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3816;The Dutch Independence;x
EVENTHIST3816;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;x
ACTIONNAME3816A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3817;The Persian Resurrection;x
EVENTHIST3817;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control over the Persian provinces to the victorious rebels under Ismaďl. More local chiefs and warlords join his cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;x
ACTIONNAME3817A;No, we can be allies;x
ACTIONNAME3817B;Yes, burn them all!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3818;The Persian Resurrection;x
EVENTHIST3818;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control over the Persian provinces to the victorious rebels under Ismaďl. More local chiefs and warlords join his cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;x
ACTIONNAME3818A;No, we can be allies;x
ACTIONNAME3818B;Yes, burn them all!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3819;The Dutch Independence;x
EVENTHIST3819;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;x
ACTIONNAME3819A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3820;The Marathi Revolt;x
EVENTHIST3820;The Marathas under the leadership of a brilliant young general by the name of Shivaji have risen in revolt in Maharashtra! Shivaji is a devoted Hindu, as are most of the Marathas. Apparently they have had enough of the 'Muslim Oppressors'. What shall we do to combat these infidels?;x
ACTIONNAME3820A;Crush the Hindu rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3820B;Give in to their demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3821;The Marathi Revolt;x
EVENTHIST3821;The Marathas under the leadership of a brilliant young general by the name of Shivaji have risen in revolt in Maharashtra! Shivaji is a devoted Hindu, as are most of the Marathas. Apparently they have had enough of the 'Muslim Oppressors'. What shall we do to combat these infidels?;x
ACTIONNAME3821A;Crush the Hindu rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3821B;Give in to their demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3822;The Collapse of the Mughal Empire;x
EVENTHIST3822;After the series of civil wars resulting from the disputed succession after Aurangzib's death in 1707, various nobles and local officials, notably the Nawabs and the Nizams, have managed to usurp power in the provinces. How shall we deal with them?;x
ACTIONNAME3822A;Attempt to reclaim control;x
ACTIONNAME3822B;Let them have semi-autonomy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3823;The Fall of The City of Victory;x
EVENTHIST3823;A combination of internal dissent and foreign attack has resulted in armies marching upon our capital in a lightning-quick campaign! Vijayanagar has been subjected to a thorough three-month sack, resulting in the complete disruption of the government, the massive loss of revenue, and the collapse of our authority in the provinces!;x
ACTIONNAME3823A;Cut our losses and regroup;x
ACTIONNAME3823B;Protect the whole nation!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3824;Tiger on the Border;x
EVENTHIST3824;Your Highness, forces suspected to be led by the Mughal Prince Bâbur have been moving into Thar and the Indus valley. If this is indeed Bâbur and not an ordinary raid by Afghani tribesmen we could be facing an outright invasion. I have a very bad feeling about this... Perhaps we should attempt to negotiate?;x
ACTIONNAME3824A;Negotiate with Bâbur;x
ACTIONNAME3824B;No compromises!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3825;The Dalai Lama takes control;x
EVENTHIST3825;After years of misrule by weak kings who were puppets of foreign powers, the Dalai Lama, long the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people, has taken full control of the government. His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, seeks your advise. What kind of foreign policy should we pursue?;x
ACTIONNAME3825A;Turn inward and create a peaceful Shangri-La;x
ACTIONNAME3825B;Chastise our treacherous neighbors!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3829;Hugh O'Neill's Irish Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3829;Your Highness, our agreement with Queen Elizabeth has done little for Ireland. Indeed, English influence has only increased whilst the power of our own nobles has been severely curtailed. The people and the nobility cry out for freedom from English tyranny. Shall we rise up and throw them out?;x
ACTIONNAME3829A;We are free of England's yoke!;x
ACTIONNAME3829B;Let us bide our time...;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3830;The Kalmyk Conquest;x
EVENTHIST3830;Our country has been overrun by the armies of the Kalmyks, a western Mongol tribe which has burst upon the steppes as conquerors. The situation is most dire. What should we do?;x
ACTIONNAME3830A;Resist the invaders!;x
ACTIONNAME3830B;We are powerless to resist;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3831;The City on the Silk Road;x
EVENTHIST3831;A new dynasty has come to power in our nation, and they feel that moving the capital would be a good way to symbolize the break with the old rulers. Kashgar, the great city on the Silk Road, would be most suitable as the new capital. Shall we move?;x
ACTIONNAME3831A;Yes, it is a fine idea;x
ACTIONNAME3831B;No, we are fine where we are;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3832;Vlad the Impaler;x
EVENTHIST3832;Milord, our beloved monarch, Vlad III, also known as Dracula after his father Vlad II Dracul, has recently begun impaling captured Turkish soldiers and even civilians. Already he is being called 'Tepes' - the Impaler. The Turks are livid and insist that we at the very least apologize for his actions. Now, far be it from me to criticize our wise and noble ruler, hrrm, but he seems to listen to you - perhaps you could convince him to be a tad more... diplomatic?;x
ACTIONNAME3832A;We owe the Turks nothing! Let them squirm on the stakes!;x
ACTIONNAME3832B;Apologize to the Sultan;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3833;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;x
EVENTHIST3833;Faced with the onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate the Union of the Churches in a forlorn hope that by doing so the Catholic nations will aid them against the Muslims. Your Highness, the Western Church demands only concessions, not compromise - the 'Union' is little more than a surrender for Orthodoxy. The representatives have little choice but to accept due to the situation, but the populace of Constantinople and the hierarchy of the Orthodox Church are outraged. Do we accept the Union?;x
ACTIONNAME3833A;Laetentur Coeli, we accept!;x
ACTIONNAME3833B;No, Orthodoxy will remain pure and independent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3834;Revocation of the Union;x
EVENTHIST3834;Your Highness, the Union of the Churches appears to have had little effect, and help from the Catholic states has been much less than expected. The people and the clergy feel that we have betrayed Orthodoxy by having agreed to the Union and demand that we end it. Should we revoke the Union?;x
ACTIONNAME3834A;Yes, the Union serves no purpose!;x
ACTIONNAME3834B;No, we must remain faithful to the Union!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3835;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;x
EVENTHIST3835;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;x
ACTIONNAME3835A;Very well;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3836;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;x
EVENTHIST3836;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;x
ACTIONNAME3836A;Very well;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3837;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;x
EVENTHIST3837;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;x
ACTIONNAME3837A;Very well;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3838;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;x
EVENTHIST3838;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;x
ACTIONNAME3838A;Very well;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3839;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;x
EVENTHIST3839;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Now, Byzantium is begging us to support them in their desperate struggle against the Ottomans!;x
ACTIONNAME3839A;Very well;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3840;The Council of Florence and the Union of the Churches;x
EVENTHIST3840;Faced with the terrible onslaught of the Ottoman Turks, representatives of the Byzantine Empire and the Greek Orthodox Church have gone to the Council of Florence in order to negotiate a Union of the Churches. The Byzantines and their patriarch have agreed to great concessions, and Orthodoxy has virtually surrendered to Rome. Your Excellency, I fear that the Christians might be preparing for another Crusade.;x
ACTIONNAME3840A;Let them come!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3841;Charlotte's Web;x
EVENTHIST3841;Your Highness, much as it pains me to say it, our scheming Queen Charlotte has enveloped the island of Cyprus in a web of plots and intrigue. She and her Savoyard husband have infuriated the nobles and oppressed the common folk. Her bastard half-brother Jacques has raised the flag of rebellion to end this misrule. Who do we support?;x
ACTIONNAME3841A;Queen Caterina and the Venetians;x
ACTIONNAME3841B;Queen Charlotte and her Savoyard relatives;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3842;The Two Queens;x
EVENTHIST3842;Your Highness, the child king Jacques III has died! Two queens now claim the throne: Jacques' mother, the Venetian noblewomen Caterina Cornero, and the former queen Charlotte, driven off the island in the coup of 1460. Who should we support during this crisis of succession?;x
ACTIONNAME3842A;Queen Caterina and the Venetians;x
ACTIONNAME3842B;Queen Charlotte and her Savoyard relatives;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3843;The Inheritance of Cyprus;x
EVENTHIST3843;Your Highness, Queen Caterina has offered our whole nation to the merchant Republic of Venice. I've made some discreet inquiries, and the nobles will support you should you desire to, ah, walk another path...;x
ACTIONNAME3843A;We have no choice but to submit;x
ACTIONNAME3843B;Oust the Venetian pretender!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3844;The Two Queens of Cyprus;x
EVENTHIST3844;Your Highness, the noblewoman Caterina Cornero has managed to become Queen of Cyprus. With a Venetian on the Cypriotic throne chances are good we will one day control the island directly...;x
ACTIONNAME3844A;Excellent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3845;The Two Queens of Cyprus;x
EVENTHIST3845;Your Highness, Queen Caterina of Cyprus has offered her crown to Venice. This will make a fine addition to our realm and put fear into the black hearts of the Turks!;x
ACTIONNAME3845A;Yes, indeed!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3703;The Strategic Decision after Zheng He's Journey;x
EVENTHIST3703;Around 1400 China's relations with the outside world began to change. In earlier times, links of trade and religion had created connections between the Heavenly kingdom and its neighbors. Under the T'ang (A.D. 618-906) there had been growing contacts with India, and China had opened its doors to the influence of Buddhism approaching from the South. At the time of the Sung (A.D. 960-1279), there had been a great expansion of trade with the southern seas. Under the Mongols (A.D. 1280-1367) China had made contact with the West by reopening the old silk routes and bringing Muslim, Christian, and Jewish traders into China. The expulsion of the Mongols in 1367 and the seizure of power by the Ming reversed the processes that were tying China more strongly to the outside. Following the seven expeditions (1405-1433) of admiral Zheng-He, who sailed the imperial fleet into the Indian Ocean and to the coast of Africa, China folded in on itself and closed off its external connections. Perhaps this was due to the conservative character of the Ming emperors themselves, who sought a return to Chinese roots after 400 years of foreign invasions. However, such change was favored by the masses of the Chinese society, who had suffered terribly under their Mongol masters. Under the Ming China withdrew and abandoned innovation and exploration in favor of stability and defense of her northern borders.;x
ACTIONNAME3703A;Inward Perfection;x
ACTIONNAME3703B;Balanced Position;x
ACTIONNAME3703C;Outward Expansion;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3846;The End of the Kalmar Union;x
EVENTHIST3846;Your Highness, the Swedes have renounced our wise and just Union King and declared themselves independent. I hesitate even to bring this up, but there is a faction among the nobles and clergy who would happily follow the Swedish example...;x
ACTIONNAME3846A;The Swedes are fools. We shall do the opposite! (Game Over);x
ACTIONNAME3846B;Limited autonomy is best;x
ACTIONNAME3846C;Follow the Swedish example!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3847;Norway Declares Independence;x
EVENTHIST3847;Milord, the Norwegian nobles and clergy have renounced the king and declared independence from our wise overlordship! I never thought I'd see the day... The Norwegians have always been loyal and trustworthy, but now they shall have to be punished!;x
ACTIONNAME3847A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME5848;Norway Requests Annexation;x
EVENTHIST5848;Milord, the Norwegian nobles and clergy are weak and mostly happy with our rule. With Sweden out of the Union, the pro-Danish faction in Norway seeks even closer ties with us. From now on, Norway shall be a part of Denmark!;x
ACTIONNAME5848A;Excellent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3848;The Crowns of Spain are United;x
EVENTHIST3848;After the death of Ferdinand II in 1516, Carlos was declared King of all Spain. Up until now the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castille had been ruled jointly by the 'Reyes Católicos' or 'Catholic Monarchs' Ferdinand and Isabella - the maternal grandparents of Carlos I. During their time they had successfully brought the two Kingdoms closer to each other and now, when there was only one King, there was also only one Kingdom.;x
ACTIONNAME3848A;God Save Spain!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3849;Protestants expelled from France;x
EVENTHIST3849;On April 13th, 1598 Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes, a new law granting French Huguenots a large degree of religious toleration. Almost a hundred years later his grandson Louis XIV, a fervent Catholic despot striving for complete religious and politicial unity within France, viewed the coexistence of the Roman and Calvinist churches as a potential catalyst for renewed civil war. Having already encouraged the persecution of France's Lutherans and Calvinists for over a decade, in October 1685 Louis issued the Edict of Fontainebleau - essentially a complete revocation of his grandfather's Edict of Nantes. Within a few years, more than half a million Huguenots had fled to Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and parts of Germany and North America, thereby depriving France of her most industrious commercial class.;x
ACTIONNAME3849A;We welcome you with open arms!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3850;The Trade Center of Barcelona;x
EVENTHIST3850;With the discovery of the New World, Barcelona entered its greatest period of prosperity. It was the chief port of trade with the new colonies, as well as a major shipyard and launch point for Spain's numerous exploratory expeditions. The city soon became extremely wealthy thanks to Spain's treasure fleets bringing back plundered South American gold and silver, and so the Habsburg monarchs quickly let it have a monopoly on all such freight going to and from her New World colonies.;x
ACTIONNAME3850A;The New World is our oyster!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4980;Effect of regressive tax policies in North America;x
EVENTHIST4980;Your Excellency, our tax policies have increased unrest in the North American colonies.;x
ACTIONNAME4980A;OK;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4981;Effect of regressive tax policies in North America;x
EVENTHIST4981;Your Excellency, our tax policies have further increased unrest in the North American colonies. Perhaps we should strengthen our garrisons in the region...;x
ACTIONNAME4981A;OK;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4982;The Continental Congress Succeeds;x
EVENTHIST4982;The traitorous rabble, called 'The Continental Congress', has declared that they are no longer subject to our authority. All of the colonies have joined the existing revolt.;x
ACTIONNAME4982A;Treason!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4983;The Treaty of Paris;x
EVENTHIST4983;We have failed to destroy the American rebellion, but still control much of our territory. However, we have made terms with their diplomats.;x
ACTIONNAME4983A;OK;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4984;The Treaty of Paris;x
EVENTHIST4984;We have failed to destroy the American rebellion and have made a humiliating peace with their diplomats.;x
ACTIONNAME4984A;Oh no!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4985;The Destruction of the Tax Revolt;x
EVENTHIST4985;We have completely destroyed the American tax rebellion.;x
ACTIONNAME4985A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4986;The Continental Congress Fails;x
EVENTHIST4986;Most of our colonial subjects have shown their common sense and loyalty by refusing to support the acts of a misguided minority in their treasonous revolt against the king.;x
ACTIONNAME4986A;Good!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4987;Colonial dissatisfaction cools;x
EVENTHIST4987;Our North American subjects have come to accept the reasonable policies of His Majesty's government and no longer threaten to revolt against us.;x
ACTIONNAME4987A;Just as we thought!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4990;The Continental Congress;x
EVENTHIST4990;A Congress has been assembled of honored and influential representatives from all of the colonies afflicted by the outrageous policies of our Monarch. Will the Congress be able to find common cause and support the rebellion, thereby joining all colonies to the open revolt against His Majesty? Or will the Congress fail to create a united front, leaving the colonies that are revolting to fight alone?;x
ACTIONNAME4990A;Yes, let us bind our fates together!;x
ACTIONNAME4990B;No, our grievances are not that bad!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4992;Continental Congress Territorial Consequences;x
EVENTHIST4992;Our goals and objectives are the same. We will expand to the frontier and beyond.;x
ACTIONNAME4992A;OK;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4993;The Declaration of Independence;x
EVENTHIST4993;The Continental Congress is unified in the goal of cutting the cords that bind us to Great Britain. We will govern ourselves as an independent nation. We will deliver our Declaration of Independence to the king. All colonies will now join the revolt against the Redcoats.;x
ACTIONNAME4993A;So be it!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4994;The Treaty of Paris;x
EVENTHIST4994;We have survived, but do not hold several key colonies. At least, Great Britain does acknowledge our independence and accepts some of our claims in the Americas.;x
ACTIONNAME4994A;OK;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4995;The Treaty of Paris;x
EVENTHIST4995;We have won our righteous cause and have secured a peace wherein Great Britain acknowledges our independence and accepts all of our rightful claims in the Americas.;x
ACTIONNAME4995A;Wonderful!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4996;We are successful!;x
EVENTHIST4996;We have revolted from the tyranny of the crown. Alas, most of our colonial friends are still under the yoke. Perhaps we can help them...;x
ACTIONNAME4996A;Good!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3851;The Death of King Václav IV;x
EVENTHIST3851;The Bohemians have rejected the claim of our gracious King to be ruler of Bohemia! They have risen up in revolt and refuse to allow our forces to enter a region that is rightfully ours!;x
ACTIONNAME3851A;This is not acceptable!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3852;The Bavarian Archbishops;x
EVENTHIST3852;Ernst, a member of the ruling Wittelsbach family of Bavaria, has been appointed Archbishop of Cologne. This may mean a new era of Bavarian influence here. How shall we proceed?;x
ACTIONNAME3852A;Allow Bavarian influence;x
ACTIONNAME3852B;We will go our own way;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3853;The Archbishop in Cologne;x
EVENTHIST3853;Ernst, a member of our ruling Wittelsbach family, has been appointed Archbishop of Cologne. This means a new era of Bavarian influence there.;x
ACTIONNAME3853A;Splendid!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3854;The Kleve Inheritance;x
EVENTHIST3854;Your Highness, the male line of the Ducal House of Kleve has died out! There are various claims to our realm, so how shall we proceed?;x
ACTIONNAME3854A;Brandenburg has the best claim (Game Over);x
ACTIONNAME3854B;The Palatinate has the best claim (Game Over);x
ACTIONNAME3854C;Let the Emperor appoint a new Duke;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3855;The Kleve Inheritance;x
EVENTHIST3855;Your Highness, the male line of the Ducal House of Kleve has died out, and our rightful claim to the duchy has been acknowledged!;x
ACTIONNAME3855A;Splendid!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3856;The Kleve Inheritance;x
EVENTHIST3856;Your Highness, the male line of the Ducal House of Kleve has died out, but our rightful claim to the duchy has been refused!;x
ACTIONNAME3856A;Not acceptable!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3861;The Mamluk Nobility;x
EVENTHIST3861;Your Excellency, the numerous Mamluk nobles are demanding that more power be transfered from the central government into their hands. To do so will massively decentralize the government, but to deny them will likely cause them to rise up in rebellion. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME3861A;Grant them more power;x
ACTIONNAME3861B;Refuse their demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3862;The Massacre of the Mamluks;x
EVENTHIST3862;Your Excellency, the Khedive, Muhammad Ali, has invited the Mamluk nobility to a grand feast in Cairo. He plans to massacre them en masse in order to destroy their power and disruptive influence. The Khedive also suspects that the Ottoman Sultan has been conspiring with them to undermine the Khedive's power or even to overthrow him. Shall we support the Khedive's plans?;x
ACTIONNAME3862A;Yes, let them all die!;x
ACTIONNAME3862B;No, let them live;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3863;Muhammad Ali's Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3863;Your Excellency, the Khedive believes that only by modernizing our nation's military and economy will we be able to compete with the European powers. Should we support his efforts?;x
ACTIONNAME3863A;Yes;x
ACTIONNAME3863B;No;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3872;The Dutch Independence;x
EVENTHIST3872;Your Highness, we are swiftly losing control of our holdings in the Netherlands to the victorious Dutch rebels. More local nobles and magnates are joining the Dutch cause every day. We must strike swiftly and without mercy if we want to put a stop to this outrage!;x
ACTIONNAME3872A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3864;Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;x
EVENTHIST3864;In 1566 the Dutch Nobles courted the Burgundian regent in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene, but all they got was a contemptous refusal. One of the effects of the insulting denial was that the citizenry of Antwerpen stormed the churches and destroyed the relics and paintings. The rebellion then spread from town to town. Paris William of Orange tried to stop these senseless acts of violence, but it was futile. The grass had caught fire...;x
ACTIONNAME3864A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3864B;Lower the taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3865;The Count of Charolais and the Edict of Blood;x
EVENTHIST3865;In 1567 the Count of Charolais arrived in the Netherlands, bringing Burgundian Elite troops and determined to break the Dutch Insurrection once and for all. The Count of Charolais issued the Edict of Blood, which allowed him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition was intensified and hundreds of people executed. In 1568 the Count of Charolais arrested and executed Count Horn and Egmont, making William of Orange the only leader left to take up the flag. In 1570 the Count of Charolais by himself introduced a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch had just paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spread in the Netherlands... In 1573 it was clear that the 'General of the League' had failed to subjugate the Dutch.;x
ACTIONNAME3865A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3865B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3866;The Count of Maçon and the Union of Arras;x
EVENTHIST3866;In 1578 the Count of Maçon, member of the powerful Charolais family, arrives in the Netherlands. The Count of Maçon has good character and is efficient, as well as being both a good general and politician. In him William of Orange gets a powerful opponent. The Count of Maçon quickly understands that Burgundy can keep its mastery of the Netherlands only if it plays on the desires of the Catholic provinces. In 1579 Burgundy manages to get some of the southern Catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which makes peace with Burgundy. However, some of the Northern provinces now create the Union of Utrecht - the first sign of a new Dutch nation. Later on, the Count of Maçon uses the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North and the northerners are only saved by the murder-attempt on the Count of Maçon's two elder brothers in 1588, forcing him to leave for Burgundy immediately.;x
ACTIONNAME3866A;Sign the Union of Arras;x
ACTIONNAME3866B;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3866C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3867;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;x
EVENTHIST3867;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and Burgundy, once again, got the opportunity to revive their offensive in the Netherlands. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. The majority of the Dutch in the United Provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the Burgundian troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to the forces of Burgundy, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but it was lost again within 6 months, as was Nijmegen. In a nightly sea battle the Burgundian navy managed to prevail and landed 12000 men in Zeeland - within a year Burgundy had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace Burgundy harshly subjugated all heretics. Those of the true faith were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between All the faithful subjects of the Duke of Burgundy was instituted. Many Dutchmen left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful Burgundian rule in the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3867A;The Netherlands are subjugated;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3868;Dutch Nobility demands General Estates;x
EVENTHIST3868;In 1566 the Dutch Nobles courted the English regent in Brussels in an effort to stop the persecution of the Inquisition and to let the General Estates convene, but all they got was a contemptous refusal. One of the effects of the insulting denial was that the citizenry of Antwerpen stormed the churches and destroyed the relics and paintings. The rebellion then spread from town to town. Paris William of Orange tried to stop these senseless acts of violence, but it was futile. The grass had caught fire...;x
ACTIONNAME3868A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3868B;Lower the taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3869;The Duke of York and the Edict of Blood;x
EVENTHIST3869;In 1567 the Duke of York arrived in the Netherlands bringing English Elite troops and very determined to break the Dutch Insurrection. York issues the Edict of Blood, which allows him to create a harsh military dictatorship with mass-arrests and courts of honor as a daily routine. The Terror of the Inquisition is intensified and hundreds of people are executed. In 1568 York arrests and executes Count Horn and Egmont, making William of Orange the only leader left to take up the flag. In 1570 York by himself introduces a 10 percent tax even as the Dutch have paid a two-year tax that the General estates had agreed upon on the promise of no more extra taxes. A General Strike spreads in the Netherlands... In 1573 it is clear that the 'General of the League' has failed to subjugate the Dutch.;x
ACTIONNAME3869A;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3869B;Don't introduce that Consumption Tax;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3870;The Earl of Wessex and the Union of Arras;x
EVENTHIST3870;In 1578 the Earl of Wessex, member of the powerful York family, arrives in the Netherlands. The Earl of Wessex has good character and is efficient, as well as being both a good general and politician. In him William of Orange gets a powerful opponent. Wessex quickly understands that England can keep its mastery of the Netherlands only if it plays on the the desires of the Catholic provinces. In 1579 England manages to get some of the southern Catholic provinces into the Union of Arras, which makes peace with England. However, some of the Northern provinces now create the Union of Utrecht - the first sign of a new Dutch nation. Later on, Wessex uses the Union of Arras as a safe base for an invasion of the North, and the northerners are only saved by the murder-attempt of Wessex's two elder brothers in 1588, forcing him to leave for England immediately.;x
ACTIONNAME3870A;Sign the Union of Arras;x
ACTIONNAME3870B;No Concessions;x
ACTIONNAME3870C;Sign the Union of Arras and lower taxes;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3871;The Repatriation of the Netherlands;x
EVENTHIST3871;After a number of failures in the 1590's and during the first decades of the 17th century the Thirty Years War started and England, once again, got the opportunity to revive their offensive in the Netherlands. The Dutch again tried to open their walls and flood their enemy, but it backfired and they lost more than 10000 elite troops in the events. The majority of the Dutch in the United Provinces lost all their money and wealth, which was used paying for the upkeep of the English troops. In 1625 Breda capitulated to the English, the Dutch took Grol in 1627, but it was lost again within 6 months, as was Nijmegen. In a nightly sea battle the English navy managed to prevail and landed 12000 men in Zeeland - within a year England had gained control of their quarrelsome subjects. During the years until the Westphalian Peace England harshly subjugated all heretics. Those of the true faith were given strong preferences in all areas and they also got local self-governance. A pact between all the faithful subjects of the King of England was instituted. Many Dutchmen left for South Africa and South-East Asia. At the Westphalian Peace in 1648 the world at last acknowledged the rightful English rule in the Netherlands.;x
ACTIONNAME3871A;The Netherlands are subjugated;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3826;Queen Elizabeth's Offer;x
EVENTHIST3826;The Queen of England wishes to bring the Irish leaders to heel, therefore she has offered to grant our nobles English land and titles, making our Gaelic rulers earls and dukes in exchange for swearing fealty to her. Your Highness, accepting this offer will grant us protection at the expense of freedom, 'for we shall be little more than a vassal kingdom. Do we accept?;x
ACTIONNAME3826A;Offer her the Crown in exchange for protection;x
ACTIONNAME3826B;We are not slaves to England!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3827;Queen Elizabeth's Offer;x
EVENTHIST3827;Your Majesty, your wise and benevolent offer of vassalage and protection has proved popular with the potato-loving vermin across the Irish Sea. Dread Sovereign, you are now undisputed Queen of Ireland!;x
ACTIONNAME3827A;I am Queen of Ireland!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3828;Queen Elizabeth's Offer;x
EVENTHIST3828;Your Majesty, your wise and benevolent offer of vassalage and protection has proved deeply unpopular with the potato-loving vermin across the Irish Sea. Dread Sovereign, the unruly Irish have executed our diplomat and ready themselves for war!;x
ACTIONNAME3828A;They'll pay for this...;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3873;The Bogumil Heresy;x
EVENTHIST3873;The Bogumils were a Christian sect that believed in Dualism. Their teachings had their origin in teachings of early Paulician churches in Asia Minor and in Manicheanism. While Manicheanists believed in two Gods, one evil and one good (violating the Christian view of monotheism), Bogumils believed in one God with two sides, one evil and one good. Satan was the older brother of Jesus and thus as much God as Jesus is. God's evil side (Satanael) was ruling the material world while God's good side was ruling the spiritual world. Thus they believed that all churches were the work of Satanel, so they rejected them. They also rejected the Old Testament, priests' ownership of material things and church sacraments. Because of this they were usually supported by the Bans and Kings of Bosnia. With the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia, most of the Bogumils converted to Islam.;x
ACTIONNAME3873A;Stop these Heretics!;x
ACTIONNAME3873B;Let them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3874;Jayayakshya's Ambition;x
EVENTHIST3874;By the 15th century, the Malla dynasty had brought long-term stability to Nepal, having ruled various regional kingdoms since the early 1200s before unifying much of the country into a single realm during the long reign of the most successful Malla king, Jayayakshya (1428-1482). He had largely built on the work of his illustrious grandfather Jayasthiti (1382-1395), the first Malla king to conquer much of the Nepalese valley and introduce a codified system of laws. Jayayakshya, seeking even greater glory still, constructed the Pashupatinath Temple and fortified Nepal with a series of moats and palisades. Never lacking in ambition, he also raided south into the plains of Bihar and took vassalage of several local princes. Jayayakshya's dream, which failed to materialize following the partition of his kingdom after his death, was to lay claim to the southern border regions and establish Nepal as a serious rival to the powerful Bengal Sultanate.;x
ACTIONNAME3874A;Assemble the Army!;x
ACTIONNAME3874B;Peace must be our policy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3875;Rise of the Gorkha Empire;x
EVENTHIST3875;Though Nepal had been briefly unified under previous kings of the old Malla dynasty, it was not until the reign of the ambitious Hindu warlord Prithvi Narayan Shah (1768-1775) that the nation itself was finally - and permanently - forged through diplomacy and conquest. Shah spent years achieving his goal, a united Nepal he called 'Asal Hindustan' ('the Real Land of Hindus'), which he believed could represent a beacon of the Hindu religion and Nepali culture, and a viable counter to Muslim influence in the south. Shah believed that Nepal could - and should - dominate the region for the benefit of its people as they did not deserve to live under 'foreign' rulers like the Mughals and East India Company, whilst also acknowledging that a close relationship with China was essential to Nepal's independence. However, an alternative direction lay with the rising Sikh Empire of the Punjab, which Nepal could align with as a way of dominating the Ganges.;x
ACTIONNAME3875A;We are the real Hindustan!;x
ACTIONNAME3875B;Focus on China and Tibet;x
ACTIONNAME3875C;Make a pact with the Sikh Empire;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3876;Welsh Act of Union;x
EVENTHIST3876;Wales had been conquered by England during the reign of Edward I, but was considered a separate country until Parliament passed the Welsh Act of Union in 1536. This act, combined with a further one in 1543, gave Wales representation in Parliament, made it subject to the same laws as England, and also made English the primary language of Wales. This hastened the anglicization of Wales, making it easier for the English to administer the province.;x
ACTIONNAME3876A;Pass the Act;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6968;Francis Xavier arrives in Japan;x
EVENTHIST6968;Portuguese traders first reached Japan in 1543 and eventually became important middlemen in the silk trade between China and Japan, operating out of Macao. In 1549, Francis Xavier, a member of the Jesuit order and future saint, arrived in Japan and began making converts to Christianity. This resulted in the establishment of a Jesuit mission in Japan, which proved invaluable as an intermediary for the Portuguese merchants and which also was successful in converting substantial numbers of Japanese commoners and Daimyo, reaching about 150,000 converts by 1587. The merchants also brought with them improved firearms that were soon adopted by the Japanese.;x
ACTIONNAME6968A;The Jesuits Establish Themselves;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3877;Hideyoshi's Anti-Christian Edict;x
EVENTHIST3877;In 1587, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who had already consolidated his hold over central Japan in the wake of Oda Nobunaga's murder, seized control of Kyushu, the main stronghold of Japanese Christianity. Alarmed at the possible undermining of authority that Christianity could cause, he proceeded to issue an edict that technically expelled the Jesuit missionaries from Japan, although in reality they were permitted to continue operating so long as they maintained a low profile. He also forced many important Daimyo to renounce their new faith. However, despite this, the number of Christian converts continued rising to a peak of about 300,000.;x
ACTIONNAME3877A;Issue the Edict;x
ACTIONNAME3877B;Let the Christians be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3878;Tokugawa's Edict of Expulsion;x
EVENTHIST3878;By 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu had effectively gained control of Japan even though rule had been meant to pass to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori, when Hideyori reached adulthood. A series of mounting conflicts with the Portuguese, the possibility of trading with the Dutch, and alarm at the spread of Christianity in 'the Land of the Gods' resulted in an Edict of Expulsion for the Jesuit missionaries. The Tokugawa regime then began persecuting the estimated 300,000 Japanese Christians using torture and execution as their primary instruments. This eventually helped to prompt the Shimabara peasant rebellion in Kyushu in 1638 in which about 30,000 overtaxed peasants rebelled, but were eventually massacred. If the Tokugawa regime had instead extended toleration to Christianity, then in Kyushu Catholicism may have eventually emerged as the dominant religion.;x
ACTIONNAME3878A;Persecute the Christians;x
ACTIONNAME3878B;Tolerate the Christians;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3879;Tokugawa's Edict of Expulsion;x
EVENTHIST3879;By 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu had effectively gained control of Japan even though rule had been meant to pass to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori, when Hideyori reached adulthood. A series of mounting conflicts with the Portuguese, the possibility of trading with the Dutch, and alarm at the spread of Christianity in 'the Land of the Gods' resulted in an Edict of Expulsion for the Jesuit missionaries. The Tokugawa regime then began persecuting the estimated 300,000 Japanese Christians using torture and execution as their primary instruments. This eventually helped to prompt the Shimabara peasant rebellion in Kyushu in 1638 in which about 30,000 overtaxed peasants rebelled, but were eventually massacred. If the Tokugawa regime had instead extended toleration to Christianity, then in Kyushu Catholicism may have eventually emerged as the dominant religion.;x
ACTIONNAME3879A;Persecute the Christians;x
ACTIONNAME3879B;Tolerate the Christians;x
ACTIONNAME3879C;Convert to Catholicism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3880;Policy of Sakoku Implemented;x
EVENTHIST3880;Because of the political consolidation of Japan, antagonism of the ruling elite towards Christianity, and general disdain for the 'southern Barbarians' as Europeans were termed, the Tokugawa regime in the 1630s began to implement the policy of Sakoku, or the Closed Country. The Merchant Marine was disbanded, no large ocean-going ships were allowed, and foreign travel was prohibited. This culminated in the final Sakoku edict of 1639 that banned all trade with Europeans except for a small Dutch factory at Nagasaki.  Japan then turned inward for the next two centuries. However, if Japan had maintained closer contacts with the West by tolerating Christianity, then this policy of isolation would never had occurred.;x
ACTIONNAME3880A;Close Japan to Foreigners;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3881;Toyotomi Hideyoshi Plans to Invade Korea;x
EVENTHIST3881;Having eliminated the last resistance to his rule in Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi then turned his attention to conquering Korea, which he planned to use as a springboard for invading China. The Japanese mounted two invasions in 1592 and 1597, but both failed, largely as a result of the efforts of the Korean Admiral Yi. However, the war did result in the deaths of many Japanese samurai and Daimyo who might otherwise have troubled the new regime.;x
ACTIONNAME3881A;Invade Korea;x
ACTIONNAME3881B;Provoke Korea;x
ACTIONNAME3881C;Abandon the Plans;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3882;The Gunpowder Plot;x
EVENTHIST3882;A plot to blow up the king and the Houses of Parliament has been discovered! The conspirators, led by Guy Fawkes and Robert Catesby, hid barrels of gunpowder below the Houses of Parliament and planned to detonate them when the Houses were in session with the king attending. Their goal was to seize control of the government and restore England to Catholicism. The conspirators will undoubtedly be executed, but how should we react towards Catholics as a whole?;x
ACTIONNAME3882A;Punish all Catholics!;x
ACTIONNAME3882B;Punish only the obvious conspirators;x
#;x
EVENTNAME1101;Chartering of a University;x
EVENTHIST1101;Your advisors recommend that we charter a new University to support science and development. Should we heed their advise?;x
EVENT1101A;Yes;x
EVENT1101B;No;x
#;x
EVENTNAME1102;Commissioning of a Cathedral;x
EVENTHIST1102;Your advisors recommend that we commission a new Cathedral to the greater glory of God and Christianity. Should we heed their advise?;x
EVENT1102A;Yes;x
EVENT1102B;No;x
#;x
EVENTNAME1103;Great royal hunt;x
EVENTHIST1103;From time to time most rulers liked to arrange great royal hunts. These occasions were quite popular, but far from everyone were invited to participate - being invited to a royal hunt was a clear indication of favour. As with similar occasions, this was used by the king to diplomatically demonstrate his current favorites among the nobility as well as the foreign dignitaries.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME1129;A Heir to the Crown;x
EVENTHIST1129;A heir to the Crown has been born! Let us all rejoice!;x
EVENT1129A;Celebrate!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME1130;Commissioning of a great Mosque;x
EVENTHIST1130;Your advisors recommend that we commission a new great Mosque to the greater glory of Allah and his prophet Mohammed. Should we heed their advise?;x
EVENT1130A;Yes;x
EVENT1130B;No;x
#;x
EVENTNAME1131;End of a great Feud;x
EVENTHIST1131;Although rare, feuding families could sometimes lay their grievances to rest and come to terms. Usually this was the result of more or less overt directives by monarchs who could ill afford internal strife. The common method of ending such feuds was to bring the two families closer together by arranging a wedding between youngsters from both Houses. Your Excellency, a potential problem seems to be eliminated!;x
EVENT1131A;Let us send them a gift!;x
#;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
##FLAVOUR EVENTS;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6950;The Murder of Togashi Mitsushige;x
EVENTHIST6950;Togashi Mitsushige is murdered on Koya mountain by Hatakeyama Mitsuie on the orders of the Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi. Togashi had murdered Ashikaga Yoshitsugu, the ambitious brother of the Shogun conspiring for power, on the orders of Yoshimochi January 1418. He killed three more the conspiritors in August and was arrested in November. He had discraced himself and had ceased to be useful for the Shogun. The actions of the Shogun caused wide spread disgust amongst leading officials.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6951;Zeami Motokiyo writes Nohsakusho;x
EVENTHIST6951;Zeami is the most famous playwright in Noh an esoteric form of theatre favoured by the Samurai class in Japan. He revolutionised and modernised Noh by incorporating other aspects Japanese culture to create Total Art. The 'Nohsakusho' was the most famous of his treatises on performing Noh.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6952;Yoshinori orders the collection of waka;x
EVENTHIST6952;The ever superstitious Ashikaga Yoshinori has ordered the collection of the countless waka (31 syllable poems) in Japan. They were usually used as magical charms and as prayers to the gods. The two people responsible for the collection, Asukai Masayo and Kaigojokoin Gyokosozu, continued collecting until the 'Age of Security' ended in 1438. The result was last literary work of the Shogunate commissioned the 'Shinzokukokinwakashu'.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6953;War against the Yuki;x
EVENTHIST6953;Yuki Ujitomo has raised the remnants of Ashikaga Mochiuji's army against the Kyoto Bakufu. The army had been hidden from the Bakufu by Isshiki Yoshitsura in the Kanto area and marches against Edo.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6954;Hyogokita tax and toll reforms;x
EVENTHIST6954;Hyogokita tax and toll reforms have been carried out to place the Bakufu's finances on a better footing.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6955;Floods and famine in 1459;x
EVENTHIST6955;Huge floods have ravaged Nippon destroying houses and this year's harvest. With the harvest gone people are dying in droves.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6956;Ashikaga Masatomo murdered by his own son!;x
EVENTHIST6956;Ashikaga Chachamaru has killed his father Masatomo his mother and his younger brother! What is Nippon coming to? The lord of Izu Ashikaga Masatomo decided to replace Chachamaru as his heir and place him in a monastery. Chachamaru responded by killing his entire family! He forced the family retainers to swear loyalty to him and has since then entrenched himself in Horigoe castle.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6957;Ise Shinkuro slays the murderer;x
EVENTHIST6957;An Imagawa Yoshitada vassal called Ise Shinkuro took upon himself to right the wrongs and bring justice to the world. He attacked the murderous Chachamaru and laid siege to his castle. He then forced Chachamaru to commit suicide and has taken the castle and its garrison as his own. He has proven that man of the people can possess virtue and military prowess equal to the nobles.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6958;Ginkakuji construction starts;x
EVENTHIST6958;Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa intended Ginkakuji (also called the Silver Pavilion) to be a complement to Kinkakuji (the Golden Pavilion) built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. Yoshimasa used the pavilion to develop the Higashiyama culture. The construction diverted the Shogun's attention from the events of state which lead to a flowering of innovation at the expense of the unity of the state.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6959;Sen no Rikyu perfects Tea Ceremony;x
EVENTHIST6959;The ceremony developed under the influence of Zen Buddhism and the high culture developed around the Higashiyama culture centered in Ginkakuji. When Sen no Rikyu took over the Toyotomi household he spread the ceremony he had perfected. The tea ceremony etiquette is carefully calculated to achieve the highest possible economy of movement. The ceremony involves the appreciation of the room in which it is held, the garden attached to the room, the utensils used in serving the tea, and the decor of the setting, such as a hanging scroll or a flower arrangement.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6960;Okuni creates Kabuki;x
EVENTHIST6960;Okuni an Izumo shrine maiden set up a stage on the dry bed of the Kamo River in Kyoto where she and her company performed a new form of theatre mixed with dances. Her performances caused quite a stir since at the time it was not proper for women to show any skin in public, which was difficult to avoid in her performances. The popularity of Kabuki and the subsequent elevation of women cause some concern in the Bakufu. Determined to prevent any social disruption the authorities want to women from the stage on grounds of immorality citing the availability of the performers to their audience off-stage.;x
ACTIONNAME6960A;Ban women;x
ACTIONNAME6960B;Allow women;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6961;Musashi Miyamoto writes the Book of Five Rings;x
EVENTHIST6961;Musashi Miyamoto was the greatest samurai in Japanese history. His Book of Five Rings represents the definitive work on Japanese 17th century tactics and swordsmanship.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6962;Kabuki banned again by authorities;x
EVENTHIST6962;When women were banned from performing Kabuki they were replaced by teenage boys. The authorities subsequently banned teenage boys from the stage arguing that it was immoral and again citing the availability of the performers to their audience off-stage as the reason. The teenage boys were replaced by adult men which has been used since.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6963;First Sewamono written by Chikamatsu Monzaemon;x
EVENTHIST6963;The traditional plays in Japanese theatre were usually about the lives of long dead aristocrats. Chikamatsu Monzaemon was the first to write plays about the everyday Japanese at the lowest levels of Japanese society and their lives like merchants and prostitutes called sewamono. The usual theme is on the conflict between duty and emotions.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6964;Basho Matsuo develops haiku poetry;x
EVENTHIST6964;Basho is considered the most accomplished poet in Japanese history. He popularised the haiku form of poetry. The disciples of Basho spread his teachings and the haiku remains the most popular form of poetry in Japan.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6965;Incident of the 47 Ronin;x
EVENTHIST6965;In 1703, the Japanese populace was captivated by an event that evoked memories of old samurai ideals. Forty-six samurai entered the mansion of Kira Yoshinaka on January 30th. Yoshinaka had caused the death of their master, Asano Naganori, two years earlier by provoking him to draw his sword and attack him at the shogun's court, for which Asano was sentenced to death by seppuku (ritual suicide with a dagger). The 46 samurai, who had become ronin by this event, killed Kiro with the dagger that had already slain Asano. The ronin did the right thing by the samurai's code of honour, the bushido, but by the shogun's law that has prohibited private revenge, they would have to be punished with death. How shall we deal with them?;x
ACTIONNAME6965A;Order seppukku;x
ACTIONNAME6965B;Let them off;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6966;First mawaributai built by Namiki Shozo;x
EVENTHIST6966;Namiki Shozo was a playwright determined to liven up performances on stages. He was the first to build a revolving stage, called a mawaributai, integrated in the main stage. This allowed very fast scene switches, which together with his use of mechanisms like cable systems allowing actors to fly and hinged roofs that opened to show the action inside the house, made going to the theatre more of an experience.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6967;Kitagawa Utamaro completes Selected Poems on Love;x
EVENTHIST6967;Kitagawa Utamaro brought the bijinga ukiyoe (wood block prints of beautiful women) to perfection in his Selected Poems on Love. The portraits of beautiful women minimized or omitted altogether the background and depicted what he considered to be ideal feminine beauty with smooth lines and a harmonisation of colors. Kitagawa's prints had a great influence in Japan and in West. The West based its view of the Japanese people in general and women in particular on Kitagawas prints.;x
#;x
##MAJOR EVENTS;;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6930;Shocho Ikki;x
EVENTHIST6930;Peasants demand that their debts are to be annulled and taxes lowered. If we go along with their demands it is likely that we will lose face, that the mechants will be upset and it will disrupt economic development. If we destroy them the peasants are likely to revolt all over the country. What should we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6930A;Reduce taxes and annul debts;x
ACTIONNAME6930B;Crush the ikki;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6931;Harima Ikki;x
EVENTHIST6931;Peasants demand that there debts are to be annulled and taxes lowered. If we go along with their demands it is likely that we will lose face, that the mechants will be upset and it will disrupt economic development. If we destroy them the peasants are likely to revolt all over the country. What should we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6931A;Reduce taxes and annul debts;x
ACTIONNAME6931B;Crush the ikki;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6932;The Eikyo war;x
EVENTHIST6932;Ashikaga Mochiuji the leader of our Military Bakufu for the Kanto area has rebelled. He threatens to destroy the government. Uesugi Norizane has offered his services to us in exchange for more rights for the nobility, but receiving help will cause us to lose face. If we do not accept his offer he will join forces with Mochiuji, but we can be more assertive towards the nobility;x
ACTIONNAME6932A;Call for Uesugi Norizane`s help;x
ACTIONNAME6932B;Deal with them alone;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6933;The final act in the Eikyo war;x
EVENTHIST6933;Tashikaga Mochiuji`s sons Haruo and Yasuo have joined their father`s cause. They now defy our government by gathering armies in Kanto and marching against us.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6934;The final act in the Eikyo war;x
EVENTHIST6934;Ashikaga Mochiuji`s sons Haruo and Yasuo have joined their father`s cause. They now defy our government by gathering armies in Kanto and marching against us.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6935;Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori assassinated!;x
EVENTHIST6935;The treacherous Akamatsu Mitsusuke has killed our beloved Shogun. He invited him to a feast. Horses broke out of their stables during the dancing, creating a diversion and the Shogun and his bodyguard was struck down! Akamatsu Mitsusuke has fled to his territory and now leads an army against us! The earlier Shogun Yoshimochi decided to replace Akamatsu as the the head of the Yamana Clan with one of his lovers, Akamatsu Mochisada. Mitsusuke then left Kyoto for the safety of his lands. When Mochisada was found to have an affair with a woman, Yoshimochi ordered him killed and Mitsusuke was forgiven. Mitsusuke decided to lie low by becoming a monk until the death of Yoshimochi, when he returned to lead his clan. When Yoshinori took some of Akamatsu Yoshimasa's land, which was intended to be Mitsusuke heritage, and gave it to his lover Akamatsu Sadamura, it made Mitsusuke so furious he decided to carry out the assassination.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6915;Kakitsu Ikki;x
EVENTHIST6915;Peasants demand that there debts are to be annulled and taxes lowered. If we go along with their demands it is likely that we will lose face, that the mechants will be upset and it will disrupt economic development. If we destroy them the peasants are likely to revolt all over the country. What should we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6915A;Reduce taxes and annul debts;x
ACTIONNAME6915B;Crush the ikki;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6936;Infighting in the Hatakeyama family;x
EVENTHIST6936;Fighting has broken out between two sides of the Hatakeyama family on who should be the heir after Hatakeyama Yoshikuni. Yoshikuni had originally adopted his nephew Hatakeyama Masanaga as his heir, when his biological son Yoshinari was born shifted Yoshikuni changed his mind. This widened a split in the Hatakeyama family that was caused by the division of land of Akamatsu Mitsusuke's land.The resulting conflict was made worse by the fact that the Hatakeyama are one of three noble families that have the right to be the Kanrei of Yamashiro, the Hosokawa and the Shiba being the other two, and therefore wield considerable power as the highest officials in the Bakufu. The fighting has been been made worse by the involvement of the two other major families in Nippon, the Yamana and the Hosokawa. Both the Yamana and the Hosokawa have asked for permission to chastise the other clan for the involvement. Committing the Bakufu to one side is likely to tip the balance of power in the country and force a reaction from the other side.;x
ACTIONNAME6936A;Chastise Hosokawa;x
ACTIONNAME6936B;Chastise Yamana;x
ACTIONNAME6936C;Don't get involved;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6937;The Kyotoku War;x
EVENTHIST6937;Ashikaga Shigeuji the kubo or military commander of Kanto has ordered the murder of the Uesugi Noritada the Kanrei highest bureaucrat of Kanto. The Uesugi clan are understandably upset that the holder of their traditional post has been killed and they demand compensation increased rights for the nobility and that Shigeuji should be killed. If we follow their demands we risk alienating the military. What should we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6937A;Order Ashikaga Shigeuji to commit seppuku;x
ACTIONNAME6937B;Refuse the Uesugi's demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6938;Koshamain;x
EVENTHIST6938;A wajin sword maker a Japanese from the mainland has killed a young Ezo (Ainu) a native in an argument over a sword's price in Hakodate. The Ainu responded by attacking all the wajin's houses. The Ezo demand that they are to be compensated by having their former land back in Tohoku. The Ezo are hunter-gatherers so they are not as productive as the Japanese and it is likely that letting them back will cause problems in Tohoku. On the other hand refusing is likely to cause a rebellion and unrest in Ezochi. What should we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6938A;Accept the demands;x
ACTIONNAME6938B;Crush the Koshamain rebellion;x
ACTIONNAME6938C;Annihilate the Ezo;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6939;The Onin War;x
EVENTHIST6939;Ashikaga Yoshimasa has tired of the responsibility involved with being Shogun and has decided to retire. He has dragged his reluctant brother, Yoshimi, from a monestary and wished him to take over after him. Unfortunately his concumbine gave birth to a son and started building support for for him being heir. This has lead to the rival lords pledging support for either Yoshimi or Yoshihisa. Who should we pledge support for?;x
ACTIONNAME6939A;Yoshimi;x
ACTIONNAME6939B;Yoshihisa;x
ACTIONNAME6939C;Don't choose sides;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6940;The Onin War;x
EVENTHIST6940;Ashikaga Yoshimasa has tired of the responsibility involved with being Shogun and has decided to retire. He has dragged his reluctant brother, Yoshimi, from a monestary and wished him to take over after him. Unfortunately his concumbine gave birth to a son and started building support for for him being heir. This has lead to the rival lords pledging support for either Yoshimi or Yoshihisa. Who should we pledge support for?;x
ACTIONNAME6940A;Yoshimi;x
ACTIONNAME6940B;Yoshihisa;x
ACTIONNAME6940C;Don't choose sides;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6941;The Onin War;x
EVENTHIST6941;Ashikaga Yoshimasa has tired of the responsibility involved with being Shogun and has decided to retire. He has dragged his reluctant brother, Yoshimi, from a monestary and wished him to take over after him. Unfortunately his concumbine gave birth to a son and started building support for for him being heir. This has lead to the rival lords pledging support for either Yoshimi or Yoshihisa. Who should we pledge support for?;x
ACTIONNAME6941A;Yoshimi;x
ACTIONNAME6941B;Yoshihisa;x
ACTIONNAME6941C;Don't choose sides;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6942;The Onin War cools down;x
EVENTHIST6942;The deaths of the major leaders on both sides have not lead to the end of the fighting Kyoto but armies are exhausted. However local monks, peasant armies and bandits have started pillaging and causing chaos.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6943;The Onin War ends;x
EVENTHIST6943;The last of the roving armies and bandits have been chased out of Kyoto, marking the end of 10 years of destructive fighting.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6944;Kaga Ikko-ikki;x
EVENTHIST6944;The peasants and the monks have risen against the nobles. The combination of the masses of peasants and the skill of the Sohei warrior-monks has destroyed the noble`s army and they now threaten the Shogunate. We must destroy them as quickly as possible or submit to their demands!;x
ACTIONNAME6944A;Enforce the ancient Japanese values;x
ACTIONNAME6944B;Crush the Ikko-ikki;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6945;Ise Shinkuro takes Odawara Castle;x
EVENTHIST6945;Ise Shinkuro has by guile and trickery taken control of Odawara castle. He befriended the lord of the castle Omori Fujiyori and invited him on a hunting trip. The diversion allowed him to kill the lord and take the castle with ease. He has had his son, Ujitsuna, marry a descendent of the illustrious but almost extinct Hojo family and now calls himself Hojo Soun. Ise has since promoted good relationships with the local peasants and merchants, while gradually extending his control over Kanto.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6946;Takeda Alliance begins reunification;x
EVENTHIST6946;Takeda Shingen has allied with the Imagawa and the Hojo. The alliance has taken control of the Kanto Area and are consolidating power to retake the control of the country.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6947;Takeda Alliance Wins!;x
EVENTHIST6947;The Takeda clan together with the Hojo and the Imagawa have eliminated the last opposition to their control. They have decided that to restore stability reducing the power of the Bakufu by decentralising and freeing people from ancient obligations will bring peace to the country.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6948;Kyushu Daimyo start reunification;x
EVENTHIST6948;The Mori and the Shimazu have conquered Kyushu and are preparing to take the rest of the country.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6949;Kyushu Daimyo Win!;x
EVENTHIST6949;Mori Motonari, the successor of the ancient Yamana, has eliminated the last resistance by rival lords together with the Shimazu. Mori believes that the only way to preserve peace is by opening to the world by trade, focusing on the navy and more defences to prevent foreigners from getting a foothold on Japan`s sacred soil.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6920;Uesugi and Date drive south;x
EVENTHIST6920;Uesugi of Echigo and Date of Mutsu have destroyed all other lords in their drive south;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6921;Uesugi Kenshin Wins!;x
EVENTHIST6921;Uesugi Kenshin, the leader of the ancient and influential Uesugi family, has taken control over the country. He has started reforming Japan after his own will promoting old Japanese values, the rights of nobles, bind peasants to their land and reforming the army to his offensive;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6922;Oda has taken capital;x
EVENTHIST6922;Oda has taken capital and now seems to have assumed control over the Kansai area.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6914;The great sword hunt;x
EVENTHIST6914;Toyotomi Hideyoshi wishes to split the warriors from the peasants to prevent rebellions. He wants to force the peasants and warriors to choose between the two. Samurai are to be prohibited from farming and forced to move into the castle towns. Peasants and religious orders are to be prohibited from owning weapons. Toyotomi says that the pretext is that all weapons are to be collected to make a statue of buddha. Should the groups be split?;x
ACTIONNAME6914A;Split the groups;x
ACTIONNAME6914B;Don't split;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6923;Tokusei Ikki;x
EVENTHIST6923;Peasants demand that their debts are to be annulled and taxes lowered. If we go along with their demands it is likely that we will lose face, that the mechants will be upset and it will disrupt economic development. If we destroy them the peasants are likely to revolt all over the country. What should we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6923A;Reduce taxes and annul debts;x
ACTIONNAME6923B;Crush the ikki;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6924;Ikko-ikki;x
EVENTHIST6924;The peasants and the monks have risen against the nobles. The combination of the masses of peasants and the skill of the Sohei warrior-monks has destroyed the noble`s army and they now threaten the Shogunate. We must destroy them as quickly as possible or submit to their demands!;x
ACTIONNAME6924A;Enforce the ancient Japanese values;x
ACTIONNAME6924B;Crush the Ikko-ikki;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6925;A daimyo demands rights and better position;x
EVENTHIST6925;A daimyo demands that the Bakufu recognises his sacrifices for the country and assigns him rights rights and better position.;x
ACTIONNAME6925A;Accept his demands;x
ACTIONNAME6925B;Order him to commit seppuku;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6926;The Ezo are rebelling;x
EVENTHIST6926;The Ezo are attacking Hakodate to try and break the Wajin control over Ezochi. This requires that we show them who is in control.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6927;A vassal betrays his lord and takes over his lands;x
EVENTHIST6927;A former vassal betrayed his lord. He has killed the former daimyo's entire family and taken over his lands. This kind of behaviour does not usually concern us, but the daimyo demand that we make an example of the vassal. Ignoring it will weaken the power of the daimyo and will also decrease the respect towards the Bakufu. Letting the daimyo take care of it will increase their power. If we take care of it we will increase the Bakufu`s control over country.;x
ACTIONNAME6927A;Ignore it;x
ACTIONNAME6927B;Order a Daimyo restore order;x
ACTIONNAME6927C;Take care of it;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6928;Daimyo are fighting in a province destroying it in the process;x
EVENTHIST6928;Two daimyo are fighting a particularly vicious war against each other in a province. This would not usually concern us, but the daimyo are trying to win by inflicting economic damage on their opponent. This is not in the interest of the country so should we intervene?;x
ACTIONNAME6928A;Ignore it;x
ACTIONNAME6928B;Restore order;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6929;A Daimyo has made agricultural reforms in his domain;x
EVENTHIST6929;A daimyo has redistributed land to the most enterprising peasant and introduced new agricultural methods. This has increased his prestige at our expense and the number of peasants in his lands.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6919;A Daimyo has built a manufactory;x
EVENTHIST6919;A Daimyo intent on furthering his political goals by economic means has commissioned a manufactory at his own expense.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6918;Daimyo alliance has formed against you;x
EVENTHIST6918;Some daimyo have formed an alliance with the goal of reuniting Japan under their control. Since this is not in the best interest of the country you must destroy their peasant armies.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6917;A Daimyo has attacked you;x
EVENTHIST6917;A Daimyo has risen against the central authority and has caused the peasants around the to rise against us in an attempt take control over the Bakufu himself. We must crush his peasant army.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6916;Vermillion Seal Ships;x
EVENTHIST6916;Vermillion Seal Ships are ships that carry an official seal from the Japanese government certifying that they have official approval. This was to prevent them from confused with the numerous pirates active throughout Eastern Asia.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6974;Toyotomi carries out the Taikokenchi;x
EVENTHIST6974;Taikokenchi is a nationwide census of all production within Japan. Every piece of land and every industry is being evaluated and measured to determine how much tax should be paid by each family in Japan. The result is a detailed account of everything important for the tax system in Japan;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6969;Three devils graffiti;x
EVENTHIST6969;Graffiti denouncing the Three devils has started to appear all over Kyoto. The three devils are the lovers of the Shogun Yoshimasa, his ten year older concumbine and two noblemen. They are said to be the real power in Japan now and that Yoshimasa has distanced himself completely from the real world.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6970;Sesshu returns to Japan;x
EVENTHIST6970;Sesshu, our foremost Zen priest-painter, has returned to Nippon from his voyage to China. He has studied both the ancient and the latest Chinese painting techniques and has been able to apply them to our indigenous Zen-art. His ink paintings are now an inspiration for all who see them.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6971;Ikkyu Sojun becomes head priest;x
EVENTHIST6971;Ikkyu Sojun is famed for his wit and unconventional approach in spreading the wisdom of Zen. He built his popularity by satirising authorities, especially corrupt priests, and by his willingness to adopt a decadent lifestyle without the hypocrisy that characterised the other priests. His poems are rather untypical of most priests e.g.: Eight inches strong, it is my favourite thing, If I'm alone at night, I embrace it fully, A beautiful woman hasn't touched it for ages. Within my underwear there is an entire universe!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6972;Rennyo becomes head priest;x
EVENTHIST6972;Rennyo popularised Buddhist teachings according to Jodoshinshu which emphasises the infinite benevolence of the Amida buddha. His teachings were spread by copies of his letters made by his followers. His success in conversions threatened the existing orders so much that they finally were forced to unite to chase him out of Kyoto.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6973;Ryoanji stone garden built;x
EVENTHIST6973;The Ryoanji Temple was rebuilt by Hosokawa Masamoto in 1488, but was originally built by his father Katsumoto. Masamoto added the distinctive rock garden. The garden is in the karesansui dry landscape style and consists of a flat walled-in bed of raked white sand with 5 groups of rocks. The rocks are placed so that it is impossible to see more than 14 of the 15 stones, which forces the viewer to contemplate the mysteries of Zen. The garden is called the Toranokowatashinoniwa because the stones look like a tiger crossing a big river with her children;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6975;The fate of Enryakuji;x
EVENTHIST6975;Oda Nobunaga wishes to end the influence and the power of the militant buddhist orders once and for all. The Tendai sect with its centre in Enryakuji complex of about 3000 buildings was originally charged with protecting Kyoto from evil spirits. It has however built up a formidable army that it uses to raid Kyoto with or to attack rival sects. Nobunaga proposes to burn down the entire temple complex and kill anyone that opposes him within. An alternative action would be to cooperate with them in exchange for religious concessions.;x
ACTIONNAME6975A;Burn it down;x
ACTIONNAME6975B;Cooperate;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6976;Assassination of Hosokawa Masamoto;x
EVENTHIST6976;The assassination of Kanrei Hosokawa Masamoto by his adopted son Sumiyuki lead to a bitter fight between two factions, lead by Hosokawa Takakuni and Hosokawa Sumimoto, in the Hosokawa family over the position of Kanrei. It mirrored the earlier conflict within the Hatakeyama family. The ultimate result was an almost complete destruction of the Hosokawa family. They became vassals to earlier Hosokawa vassals.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6977;Hosokawa Masamoto chases out the Shogun Ashikaga Yoshitane;x
EVENTHIST6977;Hosokawa Masamoto is the son of Katsumoto who was the most powerful daimyo in Nippon prior to his death. Masamoto is now the Kanrei of Kyoto and the person who holds the real power in Nippon. He forced out the Yoshiteru because of his resistance to the Kanrei. He has now installed a puppet Shogun.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6978;Ashikaga Yoshitane chases out Shogun Ashikaga Yoshizumi;x
EVENTHIST6978;The death of Hosokawa Masamoto meant that Yoshizumi lost his most powerful supporter, and that Ashikaga Yoshitane could - with the help of the Ouchi Clan - reclaim his position as Shogun.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6979;Assassination of Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru;x
EVENTHIST6979;The Ashikaga Shogunate was completely under the thumb of the Miyoshi Clan who had taken over as the real force in Kansai. The Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru was not satisfied with the situation and therefore attempted to break out and reaffirm the Shogunate who had taken over as the real force in Kansai. The Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru was not satisfied with the situation and therefore attempted to break out and reaffirm the Shogunates authority. He was therefore attacked in his castle on the orders of Miyoshi Chokei. YoshiteruĄÇs style of defending himself was very distinctive. He prepared to fight by sticking swords into the floor. They were then used to replace the swords he broke during combat. Yoshiteru was eventually overcome and forced to commit suicide.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6980;Last Ashikaga Shogun deposed by Oda;x
EVENTHIST6980;Oda had when he had taken Kyoto promoted Ashikaga Yoshiaki as puppet shogun. The Shogunate had thereafter been free from being bullied as long as it did not argue with Oda. Yoshiaki however started to challenge Oda's authority and this lead Oda to force him out and to end the Ashikaga Shogunate.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6981;Sekigahara;x
EVENTHIST6981;Tokugawa Ieyasu has successfully challenged the previous ruling lords and defeated them in a huge battle. This has removed all real threats to the power of the new Tokugawa Bakufu. The destruction of the petty peasant rebellions against the new Bakufu is all that remain before the new order is imposed.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6982;Shimazu Status;x
EVENTHIST6982;What shall we do about the Shimazu? The Shimazu have offered to share their trade network if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;x
ACTIONNAME6982A;Reduce;x
ACTIONNAME6982B;Let them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6983;Mori Status;x
EVENTHIST6983;What shall we do about the Mori? The Mori have offered to help with our navy if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;x
ACTIONNAME6983A;Reduce;x
ACTIONNAME6983B;Let them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6984;Chosokabe Status;x
EVENTHIST6984;What shall we do about the Chosokabe? They have offered to help with our infrastructure if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;x
ACTIONNAME6984A;Reduce;x
ACTIONNAME6984B;Let them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6985;Date Status;x
EVENTHIST6985;What shall we do about the Date? They have offered to fund an expedition if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;x
ACTIONNAME6985A;Reduce;x
ACTIONNAME6985B;Let them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6986;Uesugi Status;x
EVENTHIST6986;What shall we do about the Uesugi? They have offered to help in improving the army if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands.;x
ACTIONNAME6986A;Reduce;x
ACTIONNAME6986B;Let them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6987;Oda Status;x
EVENTHIST6987;What shall we do about the Oda? They have offered to help in improving our infrastructure if we spare them. On the other hand not sparing them will send a signal to the other lords and enable us to seize their lands;x
ACTIONNAME6987A;Reduce;x
ACTIONNAME6987B;Let them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6988;Akechi Mitsuhide kills Oda;x
EVENTHIST6988;Akechi one of Oda`s most brilliant generals has killed his lord. The reasons are not clear but the fact that Oda had caused the torture and death of his mother at the hands of the Hatano and Oda`s jealous frequent public insults against his well-regarded and cultivated subordinate have been given as likely causes. Akechi has however failed to gain support for his claim to the Shogunate.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10000;The Move to Beijing;x
EVENTHIST10000;In 1402, the Emperor Yongle usurped the throne from his young nephew, who soon afterwards disappeared during a mysterious palace fire. The body was never found, so ever since the Emperor has been worried about conspiracies and intrigues concerning the missing boy. He feels uncomfortable in Nanjing, the current location of the Imperial court, as it is the centre of such intrigues. He feels that a move to the old Mongol capital at Beijing would be in his and the state's best interests. There he wishes to build a fortified palace complex, a 'Forbidden City', to protect and isolate himself from those who would do him harm. Should we move the capital?;x
ACTIONNAME10000A;Yes, let us move to the Northern Capital!;x
ACTIONNAME10000B;No, we will remain in the Southern Capital;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10001;The Emperor Has Been Captured!;x
EVENTHIST10001;The Emperor Zhengtong has been captured while campaigning against the Mongols. His brother Jingtai has seized the throne, but the Mongols are threatening to release the captured Emperor, thus starting a succession crisis, if not an all-out civil war. The country is descending into chaos!;x
ACTIONNAME10001A;This is terrible news!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10003;Repairing the Great Wall;x
EVENTHIST10003;Ever since the capture of the Emperor Zhengtong by the Mongols, security on the northern frontier has been an important issue. One problem is the sorry state of the Great Wall, built in ancient times, but left to crumble in recent centuries. We could repair the Great Wall, but it would be expensive and the effort, both physical and fiscal, would likely cause some unrest among the people. However, with improved defenses, the provinces in the area would likely become more productive and secure, while without them people may leave to safer havens. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10003A;Yes, we need to repair the Great Wall!;x
ACTIONNAME10003B;Let it continue to crumble;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10002;Zhengtong Returns to the Throne;x
EVENTHIST10002;The Emperor Zhengtong has returned to the throne, seizing it from his usurping brother and taking the new throne name Tianshun. The instability of the past few years now seems to be over!;x
ACTIONNAME10002A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10034;More Repairs for the Great Wall;x
EVENTHIST10034;Ever since the capture of the Emperor Zhengtong by the Mongols, security on the northern frontier has been an important issue. One problem is the sorry state of the Great Wall, built in ancient times, but left to crumble in recent centuries. We could repair the Great Wall, but it would be expensive and the effort, both physical and fiscal, would likely cause some unrest among the people. However, with improved defenses, the provinces in the area would likely become more productive and secure, while without them people may leave to safer havens. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10034A;Yes, we need further repairs to the Great Wall!;x
ACTIONNAME10034B;Let it continue to crumble;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10004;The Perfection of Ming Porcelain;x
EVENTHIST10004;Recent advances in glazes, painting techniques, and pottery-making have resulted in a product that many experts claim is perfection. Exports in chinaware have increased as our product is in high demand. Provinces especially dedicated to the production of the finest porcelain have grown rich on the trade, increasing our revenue from those areas!;x
ACTIONNAME10004A;Perfect!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10005;Japanese Pirates Attack!;x
EVENTHIST10005;Japanese pirate attacks have grown worse in recent years, but in the last few months they have markedly increased their activity along our coasts. They are destroying our income from those areas, and people are fleeing inland, when they aren't killed outright. We could attempt to combat them, but it would be expensive to do so. We could also let local authorities combat them - it would save us money, but probably wouldn't be particularly successful. What wall be our policy?;x
ACTIONNAME10005A;Let the provinces look after their own defense.;x
ACTIONNAME10005B;Combat the pirates;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10006;Pirates besiege Nanjing;x
EVENTHIST10006;Since we decided to let the provinces defend themselves against Japanese pirate attacks, things have gotten only worse. Now pirates are actually besieging Nanjing, the old capital of our dynasty and a city of immense wealth. Our people clamor for us to go to the city's rescue, but it will be extremely expensive. But if we don't, the great city of Nanjing may be sacked by the pirates. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10006A;Drive the pirates away.;x
ACTIONNAME10006B;Let them sack the city;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3704;The Closure of China;x
EVENTHIST3704;European traders seemingly can be found everywhere in China. They are draining the profits away from our own traders and driving them into bankruptcy, causing us much lost revenue in taxes and tariffs. Perhaps we should ban them altogether or confine them to a single city in order to better control them and make it easier to impose trade tariffs. Our experts believe that giving the city of Macao to the Portuguese and only allowing the Europeans to trade there might be the best solution. This will also give us the benefit of expanding trade in our southern regions around Canton. Then again, we could chose to shun outside trade altogether or to open our shores to free and unhindered trade by all. What shall be our policy?;x
ACTIONNAME3704A;Hold a small breathing hole open in Macao.;x
ACTIONNAME3704B;Close China to the outside world.;x
ACTIONNAME3704C;Keep trade open for all.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10007;Qi Jiguang's Army Reforms;x
EVENTHIST10007;The noted general Qi Jiguang has proposed a series of military reforms which, if implemented, would make our armies stronger and our men fight more effectively. Unfortunately, a thorough overhaul of the military is quite an undertaking. It will take quite a bit of money and effort, and even then the armed forces may not appreciate the changes, leading to instability and desertions. Shall we implement the reforms?;x
ACTIONNAME10007A;Go with the reforms!;x
ACTIONNAME10007B;No, such reforms are too costly;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10008;The arrival of the Jesuits;x
EVENTHIST10008;In 1581, the first Jesuit missionaries arrived in China, bringing gifts to the Emperor and exhibiting various mechanical inventions from Europe. They also exhibited great knowledge by creating a huge map of the world and in proposing sound ideas for calendar reform. But they also brought with them strange religious and philosophical ideas, which started to disrupt the traditional order of China. Should these missionaries be allowed to stay?;x
ACTIONNAME10008A;Yes, we may benefit from their learning.;x
ACTIONNAME10008B;No, their foreign ideas are not acceptable in our society.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10009;Famine!;x
EVENTHIST10009;A famine of epic proportions has stricken our nation! A prolonged drought has caused harvests in the last few years to be exceedingly poor, leaving the people with very little, or nothing to eat. Deaths due to starvation or disease are rampant in the countryside, and reports of cannibalism and peasants grinding stones to make flour are commonplace. Many have resorted to banditry in order to feed themselves. The people cry out for the government to relieve their suffering, but to help so many will be costly indeed. Shall we attempt to ease the misery of the people?;x
ACTIONNAME10009A;Try to alleviate the suffering.;x
ACTIONNAME10009B;We are helpless in the face of such a disaster..;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10010;The Manchu Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST10010;The Manchu leader Nurhachi has rallied the Jurchen tribes to his banner. They are reorganizing the Manchu state to our north, and are causing some of our northern provinces to rebel. How shall we deal with this crisis?;x
ACTIONNAME10010A;We are too weak to crush the rebels.;x
ACTIONNAME10010B;Attempt to crush the rebels;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10011;The Cult of the White Lotus;x
EVENTHIST10011;The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! What should be done with these revolutionary cultists?;x
ACTIONNAME10011A;Bah, surely these cultists can do no lasting harm!.;x
ACTIONNAME10011B;Let the forces of the Empire crush the Rebellion;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10012;The Financial Crisis;x
EVENTHIST10012;Due to decades of rebellions, unrest, and corruption, our financial situation is in dire straits. We need a new inflow of cash, but the only way to do so is to institute new unpopular taxes. By doing so, we can temporarily relieve some of our cash flow problems, but the already unstable situation may become even worse. But if we don't, we may lose the ability to raise taxes efficiently in certain provinces due to the unrest. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10012A;Yes, let us raise the taxes;x
ACTIONNAME10012B;No, our subjects are already angry enough!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10013;Li Zechang's Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST10013;An army under the control of Li Zechang has risen up in rebellion! The mutinous soldiers are tired of years of corruption and little or no pay. They have the full backing of the people of China, who grow weary of the incompetent and corrupt rule of the Ming Dynasty. The rebel army is marching toward the capital, and we must act immediately or be overwhelmed! What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10013A;Let us attempt to destroy the traitor!;x
ACTIONNAME10013B;Let us negotiate with him.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3525;Frederick William's Absolutism;x
EVENTHIST3525;King Frederick William I of Prussia, the 'Soldier King' shaped Prussia's character as a militaristic and bureaucratic state. Hard-working and firmly autocratic, he established an extremely efficient administration and, rather astonishingly for a monarch of his time or for any government, managed to run his country on a considerable surplus. Although he never started a war, he was obsessed with his military, greatly increasing its discipline, size and social standing. By the end of his reign, Prussia had become a major European power.;x
ACTIONNAME3525A;Introduce Absolute Monarchy;x
ACTIONNAME3525B;Keep Constitutional Monarchy;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3526;The Great Prussian Military Reform;x
EVENTHIST3526;Under its 2nd and 3rd Kings, Frederick William I and Frederick II (the Great), Prussia became a thoroughly militaristic state boasting the most efficient army in Europe. Without a doubt the great military reforms were an absolute necessity for an expansionist country so precariously positioned between vengeful neighbors.;x
ACTIONNAME3526A;Offensive Army Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3526B;Defensive Army Reform;x
ACTIONNAME3526C;Naval Reform;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3885;Chiphyonjon, the hall of assembled worthies, founded;x
EVENTHIST3885;The Chiphyonjon, or Hall of Assembled Worthies, was a royal research institute founded at the behest of King Sejong. It brought about a number of major cultural achievements that have proved a lasting legacy to the Korean nation. Most important perhaps were the dozens of compilation projects supervised by the Chiphyonjon scholars on agriculture, Confucian thought, history, geography, law, linguistics, and medicine.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3886;First Literati Purge;x
EVENTHIST3886;While serving as Third Censor in 1495, Kim Il-son, a former state historian, proved himself to be a man willing to go to great lengths in criticizing government officials regardless of their power or status. One of Kim's accusatory memoranda set off a controversy that soon took on a life all of its own. The resulting reaction lead to a purge of many of the intellectuals that had dared to critise the officials and the king.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3887;Second Literati Purge;x
EVENTHIST3887;During the course of a state banquet in the autumn of 1503, Minister of Rites Yi Se-jwa accidentally spilled wine on the king's robes during dinner. The king interpreted it as a crime against the sovereign and therefore treasonous. The incident set of a chain of events resulting in banishments, purges and executions of the officials and intellectuals, who had survived the first purge, to stamp out contempt for authority.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3888;Third Literati Purge;x
EVENTHIST3888;Cho Kwang-jo, a Neo-Confucian reformer, attempted to shape the government according to Confucian ideals. His initial successes in reformation backfired when he went too far in attacking the old order. The fundamental devotion of the purge victims to the throne was never questioned, unlike earlier purges. The government believed that 'Cho Kwang-jo's clique', as it was called, was misguided, that much of its reform program would harm the government, and that the turbulence caused by its actions constituted a grave threat to Yi society and the foundations of the state. The result was that Cho Kwang-jo and his young idealists were eliminated and the inter-factional battles developed into naked power struggles. Scores of people were executed and hundreds were either dismissed from government office or exiled.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3889;Introduction of Uniform Land Tax Law;x
EVENTHIST3889;The Korean economy was in a very bad shape by the 17th century and to rectify this state Chief State Councillor Yi Won-ik gradually introduced previously ignored reforms in the tax system. The tribute tax levied against households was replaced with a unified tax on arable land. The tax on goods was limited to a quota which let enterprising peasant and wholesalers make and sell surplus goods. The net effect was lower taxes for peasants, increased revenues for the state and an rise in commerce.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3890;Creation of Hangul characters;x
EVENTHIST3890;Sejong is considering to exchange the Chinese characters used in Korea with new characters to advance literacy amongst the Koreans. Changing the characters will be costly, is likely to cause discontent amongst the bureaucrats and aristocrats in power and sour relationships with China. Keeping the Chinese characters will keep the intelligensia happy and avoid upsetting China.;x
ACTIONNAME3890A;Replace the Chinese Characters with Hangul;x
ACTIONNAME3890B;Keep Chinese Characters;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3891;Construction of Turtle Ships;x
EVENTHIST3891;Admiral Yi Sun-sin began work in 1588 on improving and strengthening the Korean navy's ships in face of the Japanese skill in close combat and muskets. The result was an new and effective ship design, even if the concept itself had previously been used in raids against pirates in 1419. It was designed to prevent enemy ships from getting close enough to use grappling hooks and muskets by using banks of cannons and concealed the ship with a smoke generator. The enclosed design with spike covered iron plates protected the crew from missiles made boarding difficult. Yi requires some more funds to finalise his fleet, if we don`t provide them he says he will resign. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME3891A;Provide Funds;x
ACTIONNAME3891B;Refuse funding;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3892;Hyo-jong's Northern Expedition;x
EVENTHIST3892;King Hyo-jong plans to launch a northern expedition to chastise the Manchus. This will require substantial preparations, funds and is impossible to keep secret. He plans to strengthen Korea's defenses by increasing and improving training and improving our fortresses. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME3892A;Provide Funds;x
ACTIONNAME3892B;Refuse funding;x
#;x
EVENTNAME4446;Mysore Revolts!;x
EVENTHIST4446;Sire, the people of Mysore have grown tired of our rule and are uniting to demand their independence!;x
ACTIONNAME4446A;Crush this insolence!;x
ACTIONNAME4446B;Make concessions;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3893;The Duke of Gloucester and the Countess of Hainaut;x
EVENTHIST3893;Jacqueline, the Countess of Hainaut and Holland, has, by dubious means, divorced our cousin the Duke of Brabant and has married the English Duke of Gloucester, the king's uncle. This sudden elopement endangers our deep influence in her domains and threatens to replace it with English influence instead. To add insult to injury, she and her new 'husband' (although to use the term is dubious, as many believe the union is bigamous) have landed an army in Hainaut in order to take complete control of the County!;x
ACTIONNAME3893A;How dare they!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3894;The Treaty of Arras;x
EVENTHIST3894;A great meeting is occurring in the city of Arras between the English and the French.  Both look to us for support, and our influence one way or the other may shift the balance of their centuries-long conflict. Although we have been supporting the English up until now, the French have made interesting overtures to us in recent months. Which side should we support?;x
ACTIONNAME3894A;Support the French;x
ACTIONNAME3894B;Support the English;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10435;Emperor Chongzhen Commits Suicide;x
EVENTHIST10435;As Li Zechang's rebel forces approached the capital, Emperor Chongzhen struck a bell, signaling his ministers to appear for a conference. When no one came, he climbed to the top of Coal Hill, next to his palace, and hanged himself. Your Excellency, with the death of the Emperor our glorious nation is descending into chaos! At least we can take comfort in the fact that the Manchu are subdued. But for how long?;x
ACTIONNAME10435A;Woe is us!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10014;The Fall of the Ming Dynasty;x
EVENTHIST10014;The Empire has descended into unparalleled chaos! Rebels control the countryside and march upon our capital. The armies of the barbarous Manchu move at will throughout the north and threaten Beijing. The people have completely lost faith in the current dynasty to rule. The ancients believed that when a dynasty was no longer fit to rule, the Mandate of Heaven was withdrawn from them and given to another. Many believe that this has happened and that it is time for the Ming to go, but others feel that we should fight on to the end against the rebels and the Manchu. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10014A;Continue to fight on in the south!;x
ACTIONNAME10014B;Throw our lot in with the Manchu and proclaim the Qing Dynasty;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10016;The Manchu Takeover of China;x
EVENTHIST10016;Wonderful news! The Manchu people have accepted our offer of unification. From now on we shall be as one.;x
ACTIONNAME10016A;We will rule this Empire together!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10043;The Manchu Takeover of China;x
EVENTHIST10043;Now that we are one nation, we will take the name of our new rulers;x
ACTIONNAME10043A;Long live the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10017;The Manchu Takeover of China;x
EVENTHIST10017;Discouraging news!  The Manchu have accepted our offer, but only on their terms - complete surrender. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10017A;We have no choice but to accept (Game Over);x
ACTIONNAME10017B;We will not completely submit to these barbarians!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10025;The Chinese Collapse;x
EVENTHIST10025;After years of chaos, the government of China has collapsed. As a result, we have lost still more northern provinces to the advancing Manchu. Nanjing is now terribly exposed, and the government has fled south.;x
ACTIONNAME10025A;Drat!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10026;The End of the Ming Dynasty;x
EVENTHIST10026;The last of the Ming pretenders has fled! The Manchu own the majority of China, and we are helpless against their advance and the never-ending revolts in the areas we control. Maybe it would be better to surrender now and throw ourselves on their mercy.;x
ACTIONNAME10026A;We surrender to the Manchu;x
ACTIONNAME10026B;No, we will never give up!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10036;The Expulsion of the Jesuits;x
EVENTHIST10036;Due to recent events, it now seems that the Jesuits may have outlived their usefulness. Although their knowledge is great, it is foreign to us and sometimes causes much commotion among our scholars and the common folk, disrupting the stability of our realm. They have been for decades interfering in the internal affairs of our nation - the final straw was their meddling in the recent succession. Perhaps it is time for them to go.;x
ACTIONNAME10036A;Expel them!;x
ACTIONNAME10036B;No, they are too valuable!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10037;The Appointment of Heshen;x
EVENTHIST10037;An up-and-coming minister has recently come to our attention. His name is Heshen, and he is certainly wise in the ways of diplomacy and administration. However, rumor has it that he is also grossly corrupt, mixing his political excellence with greed and favoritism. Should we appoint him our chief minister?;x
ACTIONNAME10037A;Appoint him despite his faults!;x
ACTIONNAME10037B;No, such corruption could ruin the state!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10038;Lord Macartney's Mission;x
EVENTHIST10038;Reports have reached us that a diplomatic mission has arrived on our shores from the far-off western barbarian nation of England, led by a certain Lord Macartney. He is said to bring with him the friendly greetings of his King, ideas for facilitating the trade between our nations, and various mechanical wonders. Shall receive this mission?;x
ACTIONNAME10038A;Reject the overtures of these rude western devils!;x
ACTIONNAME10038B;We are interested in hearing their ideas;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10039;The White Lotus Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST10039;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10039A;It's likely just harmless talk;x
ACTIONNAME10039B;Crush these plotters!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10040;The Celestial Order Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST10040;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the Celestial Order, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10040A;It's likely just harmless talk;x
ACTIONNAME10040B;Crush these plotters!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10041;The Eight Trigrams Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST10041;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the Eight Trigrams, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10041A;It's likely just harmless talk;x
ACTIONNAME10041B;Crush these plotters!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10015;The Takeover of China;x
EVENTHIST10015;Wonderful news! The people of China have revolted against their present dynasty and they have opened the gates of their capital to us! Their officials are offering to merge our two governments. However, it would seem likely that if we were to do this, they would be the ones in real control, so there is danger in accepting their offer unconditionally. Maybe we should rule the two states separately, with China being our vassal, or maybe we should make it clear who will really rule if the nations unite. What shall be our choice?;x
ACTIONNAME10015A;We accept their offer to unite with them (Game Over);x
ACTIONNAME10015B;No, they will unite with us, not us with them;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10018;The Manchu Takeover of China;x
EVENTHIST10018;Wonderful news! The Chinese have accepted our offer, although it wold seem likely that many in the south would still prefer the old Ming Dynasty, which will likely result in instability in those areas.;x
ACTIONNAME10018A;We are now the rulers of China!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10019;The Manchu Takeover of China;x
EVENTHIST10019;The Chinese have rejected the possibility of our complete control of their nation.;x
ACTIONNAME10019A;Then they will be our vassals.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10020;The Manchu Army Reforms;x
EVENTHIST10020;Now that the Manchu are firmly in control of northern China, it may now be time to use Manchu military expertise to reform the old Chinese army.  However, this will likely be expensive and many in the military will resent such an attempt. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10020A;Yes, reform the military, as the old Chinese ways are inferior;x
ACTIONNAME10020B;Bah! What could barbarians teach the nation of Sun Tzu?;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10035;The Manchu Advance;x
EVENTHIST10035;Although we are now at peace with China, it is obvious that they are a nation in the process of disintegration. Surely it would be wise to attack them while they are so weak and make even more spectacular advances!;x
ACTIONNAME10035A;Attack them now while they are weak!;x
ACTIONNAME10035B;No, we will leave them be;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10028;The Move to Beijing;x
EVENTHIST10028;Now that the we have gained control of northern China, it would seem that the most reasonable place to rule our expanded realm would be from the Chinese capital of Beijing. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10028A;Yes,let us move to the Chinese capital!;x
ACTIONNAME10028B;No, we will remain in our old capital.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10021;The End of the Ming Rebellions in the South;x
EVENTHIST10021;It appears that with the flight of the last Ming heir, the disturbances which have caused us such problems in the south have come to an end.  Only the pirate prince Koxinga, based out of Taiwan, may yet remain a problem.@;x
ACTIONNAME10021A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10022;The Coastal Evacuation;x
EVENTHIST10022;Pirates under the rogue Ming pretender Koxinga and others have so ravaged our coasts that it is widely believed that wholesale evacuations from coastal provinces might be the only solution. Of course, this will vastly depopulate those provinces, but the pillaging by pirates may be worse in the long run. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10022A;Evacuate the coasts!;x
ACTIONNAME10022B;Let the pirates pillage!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10023;The Revolt of the Three Feudatories;x
EVENTHIST10023;Three feudal lords in the south, once Ming generals who have since thrown in their lot with the Manchu, are threatening to rise up in rebellion! Ordered to give up their offices and return to Beijing, they are instead demanding that they be allowed to retain their posts as lords of semi-autonomous territories. They claim that if they aren't allowed to retain their current positions and aren't given huge bribes, they will rise up in rebellion. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10023A;Let them revolt;x
ACTIONNAME10023B;Accede to their demands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10024;The Empire of China;x
EVENTHIST10024;The native forces of China have now been totally defeated. However, the name of China still holds much prestige in the minds of our subjects and neighbors. Now that we reign supreme, perhaps it would be wise to take up the name of the old empire and make it our own. Should we take up the mantle of the Chinese Empire?;x
ACTIONNAME10024A;We are China!;x
ACTIONNAME10024B;No, we will remain as the Manchu;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10027;The End of the Ming Dynasty;x
EVENTHIST10027;The last of the Ming pretenders has fled and the remnant Chinese forces in the south are offering to surrender to us unconditionally!;x
ACTIONNAME10027A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10029;The Expulsion of the Jesuits;x
EVENTHIST10029;Due to recent events, it now seems that the Jesuits may have outlived their usefulness. Although their knowledge is great, it is foreign to us and sometimes causes much commotion among our scholars and the common folk, disrupting the stability of our realm. They have been for decades interfering in the internal affairs of our nation - the final straw was their meddling in the recent succession. Perhaps it is time for them to go.;x
ACTIONNAME10029A;Expel them!;x
ACTIONNAME10029B;No, they are too valuable!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10030;The Appointment of Heshen;x
EVENTHIST10030;An up-and-coming minister has recently come to our attention. His name is Heshen, and he is certainly wise in the ways of diplomacy and administration. However, rumor has it that he is also grossly corrupt, mixing his political excellence with greed and favoritism. Should we make him our chief minister?;x
ACTIONNAME10030A;Appoint him despite his faults!;x
ACTIONNAME10030B;No, such corruption could ruin the state!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10031;Lord Macartney's Mission;x
EVENTHIST10031;Reports have reached us that a diplomatic mission has arrived on our shores from the far-off western barbarian nation of England, led by a certain Lord Macartney.  He is said to bring with him the friendly greetings of his King, ideas for facilitating the trade between our nations, and various mechanical wonders. Shall receive this mission?;x
ACTIONNAME10031A;Reject the overtures of these rude western devils!;x
ACTIONNAME10031B;We are interested in hearing their ideas;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10032;The White Lotus Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST10032;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10032A;It's likely just harmless talk;x
ACTIONNAME10032B;Crush these plotters!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10033;The Celestial Order Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST10033;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the Celestial Order, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10033A;It's likely just harmless talk;x
ACTIONNAME10033B;Crush these plotters!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME10434;The Eight Trigrams Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST10434;Widespread rumors seem to indicate that the Cult of the Eight Trigrams, a secret revolutionary society, is planning rebellion. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME10434A;It's likely just harmless talk;x
ACTIONNAME10434B;Crush these plotters!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3914;The Foundation of Modern Burma;x
EVENTHIST3914;King Alaungpaya has place the Burmese state on a firmer footing after years of rebellion, disorder, and misrule. He wishes to reform all facets of the military and government and refound the kingdom after these last decades of chaos. Do we accept his reforms?;x
ACTIONNAME3914A;Yes, our Kingdom shall be great again!;x
ACTIONNAME3914B;No, we are fine as we are.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3915;The Mon revolt;x
EVENTHIST3915;The Mon people in Irrawaddy province are revolting! How shall we deal with this unrest?;x
ACTIONNAME3915A;Crush those rebels!;x
ACTIONNAME3915B;Let us negotiate with them;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3916;The Taungu Inheritance;x
EVENTHIST3916;The dynasty of Taungu has taken over Myanmar. Shall the two states become closer or should they be ruled separately?;x
ACTIONNAME3916A;Yes, let us bring these two countries together;x
ACTIONNAME3916B;No, let us remain separate;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3917;The Lodi Dynasty;x
EVENTHIST3917;The Lodi Dynasty has seized control of our nation. The dynasty is widely disliked and both the population of this sultanate and our neighbors are expressing their disapproval of their usurpation. The best we can do is to weather the storm that the actions of our new monarchs has caused.;x
ACTIONNAME3917A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3918;The Incompetence of the Lodis;x
EVENTHIST3918;The Lodi Dynasty has been a disaster for our nation! Their manifest incompetence has ruined the state, brought the populace to the verge of outright revolt, and made our neighbors both despise us and to plot against us. The best we can do is to persevere despite the troubles that our useless monarchs have caused.;x
ACTIONNAME3918A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3919;The Battle of Panipat;x
EVENTHIST3919;The Mughals have defeated us on the field of battle at Panipat. They now occupy our capital and have virtually overrun our nation. We are virtually helpless against them! What shall we do?.;x
ACTIONNAME3919A;We surrender to their forces!;x
ACTIONNAME3919B;We will fight on to the death!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3920;Ulugh Beg's Observatory;x
EVENTHIST3920;Our illustrious monarch, Ulugh Beg, has indicated that he desires to build a grand observatory so that Samarkand will become the centre of astronomical learning for the entire world.  His beliefs are summarized by the words he wishes to have carved on its walls: 'Religions rise and fall, empires crumble into dust, but the works of science are for all time'. But however noble his intentions, such projects are very costly. Should we build the observatory?;x
ACTIONNAME3920A;Build it!;x
ACTIONNAME3920B;We have neither the time nor the money for such foolishness!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3921;The Battle of Panipat;x
EVENTHIST3921;Now that we occupy their capital, the government of Delhi has agreed to surrender unconditionally, allowing us to annex them completely!.;x
ACTIONNAME3921A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3895;The Pommeranian Inheritance;x
EVENTHIST3895;The ruling family of Pommern has died out! Legally, Brandenburg is the heir, but the powerful Swedes demand a portion of the inheritance. What shall be our decision?;x
ACTIONNAME3895A;Split Pommern between Sweden and Brandenburg;x
ACTIONNAME3895B;Let Brandenburg receive all of Pommern;x
ACTIONNAME3895C;Remain independent;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3896;The Pommern Inheritance;x
EVENTHIST3896;We have received Pommern as the legal heirs of their now-extinct ducal family.;x
ACTIONNAME3896A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3897;The Algerian Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3897;In the first decades of the 18th century the Beys and Deys (Janissary leaders) of Northern Africa were in a rebellious mood in the wake of the Peace of Carlowitz between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League. In 1710, it was the turn of the Bey of Algiers to begin to start down the road to independence.;x
ACTIONNAME3897A;Grant limited autonomy;x
ACTIONNAME3897B;Crush the rebels!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3898;Civil War in Muscovy;x
EVENTHIST3898;Yuri, formerly prince of Suzdal and a prince of a collateral branch of the royal house, has risen in revolt, claiming the thrones of Moscow and Vladimir. Shall we support the present prince Vasily or the upstart Yuri?;x
ACTIONNAME3898A;Support Yuri;x
ACTIONNAME3898B;Support Vasily;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3899;Akbar's Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3899;The Emperor has proposed sweeping reforms in order to modernize and restructure our state. These include economic reforms, a better tax-gathering system, a streamlined bureaucracy, and military restructuring. However, such a plan will be expensive and will cause a fair amount of resentment among the populace, the bureaucracy, and the military.  Shall we implement the reforms?;x
ACTIONNAME3899A;Implement the reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3899B;No, such restructuring would be too rash!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6900;Akbar's Religious Tolerance;x
EVENTHIST6900;The Emperor is very interested in comparative religion, and has hosted many debates by the learned of many different faiths. He believes that each person should be able to choose his or her own belief system, without interference by any others. He wishes this to become the law of the empire, but while this will be greeted with joy by our heathen population, it will be looked upon with horror and resentment by the Muslim ruling classes. Should we follow his wishes?;x
ACTIONNAME6900A;Tolerate all beliefs;x
ACTIONNAME6900B;No, we will not tolerate the idol-worshipers!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6901;The Taj Mahal;x
EVENTHIST6901;The Emperor wishes to build a magnificent memorial to his late wife, Mumtaz Mahal. He wishes it to be an imposing structure of incredible beauty, something to be talked about around the world for centuries to come. He wishes to hire the best architects and wants to spare no expense in materials. Shall we build this 'Taj Mahal'?;x
ACTIONNAME6901A;Build it!;x
ACTIONNAME6901B;No, we will not waste money on such useless things!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6902;Aurangzib's Religious Intolerance;x
EVENTHIST6902;The Emperor despises the religious policies of his great-grandfather Akbar. He wishes to force the true faith upon the idol-worshipping populace. Shall we follow his wishes?;x
ACTIONNAME6902A;No, we will not tolerate the idol-worshipers!;x
ACTIONNAME6902B;Tolerate all beliefs;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6903;The Sikh Rebellions;x
EVENTHIST6903;The Guru of the Sikhs has come to our capital to explain his sect's heterodox teachings. Sikhism is a mixture of Hindu and Islamic beliefs, and the Emperor feels such teachings are a heresy to Islam. However, any actions we take against him will have reprecussions in our Sikh provinces, where the Guru is revered as a holy man. What shall we do with this accused heretic?;x
ACTIONNAME6903A;Execute him as a heretic!;x
ACTIONNAME6903B;Let him and his movement be;x
ACTIONNAME6903C;Let the Sikhs settle their own affairs;x
ACTIONNAME6903D;Embrace their teachings;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6904;The Succession Crisis of 1707;x
EVENTHIST6904;The Emperor Auraungzib has died and his sons are maneuvering to take control of the Empire! What shall we do in this moment of crisis?;x
ACTIONNAME6904A;Let them fight it out;x
ACTIONNAME6904B;Support the rightful heir.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6905;The Afghan Rebellions;x
EVENTHIST6905;The Afghans, under the leadership of Mir Ways, have risen up in rebellion in their home provinces!;x
ACTIONNAME6905A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6906;The Afghan Rebellions End;x
EVENTHIST6906;The Afghans rebellions seem to have subsided;x
ACTIONNAME6906A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6907;The Afghan Rebellions;x
EVENTHIST6907;The Afghans, under the leadership of Mir Ways, have risen up in rebellion in their home provinces!;x
ACTIONNAME6907A;Curses!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6908;The Afghan Rebellions End;x
EVENTHIST6908;The Afghans rebellions seem to have subsided;x
ACTIONNAME6908A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6909;The Succession Crisis of 1712;x
EVENTHIST6909;The Emperor Bihandur Shah has died and his sons are maneuvering to take control of the Empire! What shall we do in this moment of crisis?;x
ACTIONNAME6909A;Let them fight it out;x
ACTIONNAME6909B;Support the rightful heir.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6910;Boromo Trailokanat's Reforms;x
EVENTHIST6910;King Boromo Trailokanat has proposed various reforms in order to streamline the government of the state. While many of these proposals make great sense, they will also be expensive and may cause unrest. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6910A;Go with the reforms;x
ACTIONNAME6910B;Ignore the reform ideas;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6911;Maha Chakkrap'at's Army Reforms;x
EVENTHIST6911;King Maha Chakkrap'at has proposed various reforms for our military forces, including the training of a full-time professional elephant brigade. While many of these proposals make great sense, they will also be expensive and may cause unrest. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6911A;Go with the reforms;x
ACTIONNAME6911B;Ignore the reform ideas;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6912;Prasat T'ang's Economic Reforms;x
EVENTHIST6912;King Prasat T'ang has proposed various reforms concerning trade and the economic well-being of our kingdom. While many of these proposals make great sense, they will also be expensive and may cause unrest. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME6912A;Go with the reforms;x
ACTIONNAME6912B;Ignore the reform ideas;x
#;x
EVENTNAME6913;King Ekit'at's Incompetence;x
EVENTHIST6913;King Ekit'at is an utter fool who is a disaster as king of this land. He ignores the duties of government, prefering to spend his days in endless parties and bouts of drinking and debauchery. Meanwhile, the kingdom is falling to part, and our neighbors eagerly circle like vultures moving in on their prey. Unfortunately, the king refuses all advice to take a more active role in the government, thus causing the nation to slide further into chaos.;x
ACTIONNAME6913A;Why are we stuck with such an incompetent fool?;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3901;The Foundation of the Modern Thai State;x
EVENTHIST3901;The chaos of King Ekit'at's reign is now behind us, and the new king, Phya Taksin, has placed the nation on a new course. He wishes to refound the state by moving its capital a few miles to Bangkok and undertaking a thorough administrative reform. Should we follow his wishes?;x
ACTIONNAME3901A;It is the beginning of a new era!;x
ACTIONNAME3901B;No the old ways are the best.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3902;The Move to Vientiane;x
EVENTHIST3902;Our monarch believes that the current capital of Luangphrebang has outlived its usefulness and wishes to make a fresh start in the city of Vientiane. Shall we move the capital?;x
ACTIONNAME3902A;Move to Vientiane;x
ACTIONNAME3902B;Stay in Luangphrebang;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3903;The Succession Crisis;x
EVENTHIST3903;Since the death of Nan T'arat, the succession has been disputed between our current monarch and his uncle King Kitsarat. It appears that the crisis is coming to a head, and now it appears that we must choose a course of action. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME3903A;Let them fight it out;x
ACTIONNAME3903B;Support the rightful heir;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3904;The Vietnamese Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3904;For the last few years, Chinese forces have occupied our nation. However, one man, Le Loi, refuses to recognize the rule of China. He has raised the banner of revolt, and many are flocking to his banners, intent on kicking the Chinese out of the country. Should we support him?;x
ACTIONNAME3904A;Overthrow the Chinese oppressors!;x
ACTIONNAME3904B;Remain a Chinese vassal;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3905;The Foundation of the Empire of Dai Viet;x
EVENTHIST3905;As part of the terms of the peace treaty with China, they recognize our leader, Le Loi, as the sovereign ruler of Dai Viet. This recognition of our freedom means that our nation has now undergone a new beginning, the refounding of a great state. In recognition of this, Le Loi has undertaken a thorough overhaul of the state's government, putting our newly refounded state on a firm footing.,;x
ACTIONNAME3905A;Found the Empire!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3906;Le Nghi Dan's Reforms;x
EVENTHIST3906;Emperor Le Nghi Dan has proposed various reforms concerning the government and the economic well-being of our kingdom. While many of these proposals make great sense, they will also be expensive and may cause unrest. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME3906A;Go with the reforms;x
ACTIONNAME3906B;Ignore the reform ideas;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3907;The Rivalry of the Mac and Trinh Families;x
EVENTHIST3907;Two great families vie for the power of regent of this nation, the Mac and the Trinh.  Because of this power struggle, the nation has slid into anarchy, with armed bands supporting one side or the other roaming the countriside. We can only hope that their feuding will end soon.;x
ACTIONNAME3907A;Curse their interminable feuding!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3908;The Revolt of Annam;x
EVENTHIST3908;The southern provinces of our nation have risen up in revolt under the Nguyen family, who hope to create an independent Annam. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME3908A;Crush the rebels!;x
ACTIONNAME3908B;Negotiate a peaceful settlement.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3909;The Tay Son Rebellion;x
EVENTHIST3909;After years of corruption, mismanagement, and famine, the people of our nation have apparently had enough. They have risen up in rebellion under the leadership of the Tay Son brothers. What shall we do?;x
ACTIONNAME3909A;Crush the rebels;x
ACTIONNAME3909B;Negotiate a peaceful settlement;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3910;The Foundation of the Modern Vietnamese State;x
EVENTHIST3910;After decades of unrest, King Nguyen Phuc-Anh of Annam has taken control of our nation.  He wishes to create a united Vietnamese nation. Should we unite or should we remain separate from Annam?;x
ACTIONNAME3910A;We are one nation!;x
ACTIONNAME3910B;Rule Annam separately;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3911;The Foundation of the Modern Vietnamese State;x
EVENTHIST3911;The nation of Annam has agreed to be annexed by us!;x
ACTIONNAME3911A;Great!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME3912;The Foundation of the Modern Vietnamese State;x
EVENTHIST3912;After decades of unrest in Dai Viet, our King Nguyen Phuc-Anh has taken control of that nation. He wishes to create a united Vietnamese nation. Should we unite or should we remain separate from Dai Viet;x
ACTIONNAME3912A;We are one nation! (Game Over);x
ACTIONNAME3912B;We will remain separate;x
#;x
EVENTNAME186052;Dutch sailors reach Indonesia;x
EVENTHIST186052;The purpose of founding the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), the Dutch East India Company, was to gather funds for the exploration of the East Indies and the establishment of colonies and trade routes for spice and other highly valuable commodities. In this purpose, the company was quite successful. Soon, Dutch expeditions broke the Portuguese hegemony over the Indian Ocean, and gradually gained large shares of the spice trade between Indonesia and Europe.;x
ACTIONNAME186052A;Great!;x
ACTIONNAME338193A;Another bunch of foreigners lust after our land;x
#;x
EVENTNAME186053;Capture of Jayakarta;x
EVENTHIST186053;The city of Jayakarta, which had been built on the ruins of a Portuguese fort at the old Hindu town of Sunda Kelapa, had a very usefully situated harbour and therefore was hotly contested between Dutch and English traders when they tried to establish trade on the island of Java in the early 17th century. Jan Pieterszoon Coen, the VOC's Governor-General of the East Indies, decided to conquer the city in 1619, driving away English traders and the city's former lord, the Sultan of Bantan. In 1621, the city was renamed Batavia (after the Latin name of the Netherlands) and became the capital of the VOC's Asian possessions. As such, it soon rivalled Goa, capital of the Portuguese Vice-Royalty of India, as most important and wealthiest European trading city in Asia.;x
ACTIONNAME186053A;Make an offer;x
#;x
EVENTNAME186054;Submission of Jakarta;x
EVENTHIST186054;The heathen ruler of Jakarta has submitted to us and ceded the city of Jakarta. This can be our key to the wealth of Indonesia.;x
ACTIONNAME186054A;Excellent;x
#;x
EVENTNAME186055;Submission of Jakarta;x
EVENTHIST186055;The heathen ruler of Jakarta has dared to reject our generous offer and attacked our army. He will regret this.;x
ACTIONNAME186055A;Let's teach them a lesson;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338194;Dutch offer;x
EVENTHIST338194;The Dutch commander offers us weapons in exchange for land around the city of Jakarta to build their trade and military establishment.;x
ACTIONNAME338194A;Accept the offer;x
ACTIONNAME338194B;Refuse the offer and face the consequences;x
#;x
EVENTNAME164600;An Opportunity in India;x
EVENTHIST164600;Reports have come in about a stretch of land bordering the Bay of Bengal that would be a good location for a trading venture. The money would need to be paid upfront in order to pursue the opportunity.;x
ACTIONNAME164600A;Approach the natives about purchasing the land;x
ACTIONNAME164600B;Let's invest our money on something more worthwile;x
#;x
EVENTNAME164601;The Founding of Madras;x
EVENTHIST164601;In 1640, a stretch of land on the Bay of Bengal was successfully purchased, allowing for the construction of Madras which would be one of England's great toeholds in India.;x
ACTIONNAME164601A;How exciting;x
#;x
EVENTNAME164602;Our Offer Was Rejected;x
EVENTHIST164602;In 1640, the plan to construct a trading post on the Bay of Bengal was rejected by the owners of the land.;x
ACTIONNAME164602A;They shall pay for this insult!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME164098;The Indian Scam;x
EVENTHIST164098;The opportunity to buy land on the coast of the Bay of Bengal was a scam. Only a small portion of the fronted money was recovered.;x
ACTIONNAME164098A;Blast!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338013;The Sale of Tondaimandalam;x
EVENTHIST338013;In 1640, the British offered to buy a stretch of land in the Tondaimandalam region, so that they could form a trading post on the Bay of Bengal. To a nation strapped for cash, this opportunity would prove too good to pass up.;x
ACTIONNAME338013A;Sell it to them;x
ACTIONNAME338013B;We do not want them as neighbors!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME164603;Trade in Calcutta;x
EVENTHIST164603;In August of 1690, Job Charnok, an agent of the East India Company settled in Calcutta. A few years later, the EIC purchased the three villages of Sutanuti, Calcutta, and Saudagar. By 1699, the East India Company began developing Calcutta as Presidency city.;x
ACTIONNAME164603A;How exciting;x
#;x
EVENTNAME164604;Trade in Calcutta;x
EVENTHIST164604;In August of 1690, Job Charnok, an agent of the East India Company settled in Calcutta. A few years later, the EIC attempt to purchase three outlying villages of Sutanuti, Calcutta, and Saudagar was rejected.;x
ACTIONNAME164604A;They shall pay for this insult!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338012;British Traders near the Ganges;x
EVENTHIST338012;In August of 1690, Job Charnok, an agent of the East India Company settled in Calcutta. A few years later, the EIC would approach to purchase three outlying villages to being a settlement.;x
ACTIONNAME338012A;Allow them to settle in the region for a tribute;x
ACTIONNAME338012B;We do not want them as neighbors!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338294;Telugu in Hyderabad;x
EVENTHIST338294;During the course of the 18th century, the rise of various states and small population migrations led to the Telugu language becoming predominant in the eastern portion of Central India.;x
ACTIONNAME338294A;Telugu becomes influential in this province;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338295;Telugu in Madras;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338005;Portuguese demand Goa;x
EVENTHIST338005;The commander of the Portuguese navy demands Goa as a military base for their fleet. Should we give in to their demands, or refuse them and face the consequences? If we refuse and Portuguese take control of Goa by force, we will gain nothing...;x
ACTIONNAME338005A;Defy the Portuguese;x
ACTIONNAME338005B;Agree to vassalship;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338006;Portuguese offer;x
EVENTHIST338006;The Portuguese commander offers us weapons in exchange for land around the city of Goa to build their trade and military establishment. It would be a smart idea to accept it, in order to deliver a crushing blow to the Muslims.  If we refuse and Portuguese take control of Goa by force, we will gain nothing...;x
ACTIONNAME338006A;Accept the offer;x
ACTIONNAME338006B;Refuse the offer and face the consequences;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338007;Goa is lost;x
EVENTHIST338007;The treacherous Portuguese has captured the port of Goa and there is nothing we can do about it.;x
ACTIONNAME338007A;We are helpless;x
#;x
EVENTNAME18038;The gates of India;x
EVENTHIST18038;Having captured Mombasa and Kilwa in 1503-1504, and Ormuz in 1507, Afonso de Albuquerque reached Goa in 1510. Annoyed by the constant provocations from the local Muslim ruler and encouraged by the Hindu ruler of Vijayanagar, he wished to obtain a base for trade and further expeditions in India. In March 1510 he assaulted the wealthy town of Goa, but had to abandon the city 2 months later due to lack of reinforcements. However 6 months later he came back and conquered Goa for the second time in November 1510. Goa remained a Portuguese possession for the next 450 years and became a significant centre of trade with an influence extending to almost all of India.;x
ACTIONNAME18038A;Demand Goa;x
#;x
EVENTHIST18062;Having captured Mombasa and Kilwa in 1503-1504, and Ormuz in 1507, Afonso de Albuquerque reached Goa in 1510. The wealthy city of Goa on the western coast was ruled by a Hindu governor who was permanently in conflict with the Muslim states surrounding him. Albuquerque offered military support to the ruler of Goa in exchange for the city and the lands around it. Hoping to finally defeat his enemies, the Hindu accepted.;x
ACTIONNAME18062A;Make an offer;x
#;x
EVENTNAME18040;Submission of Goa;x
EVENTHIST18040;The heathen ruler of Goa has submitted to us and ceded the city of Goa. This can be our key to the wealth of India.;x
ACTIONNAME18040A;Excellent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME18041;Submission of Goa;x
EVENTHIST18041;The heathen ruler of Goa has dared to reject our generous offer and attacked our army. He will regret this.;x
ACTIONNAME18041A;Let's teach them a lesson;x
#;x
EVENTNAME18043;Goa is ours;x
EVENTHIST18043;Our brave troops have captured Goa, the gates of India are now open.;x
ACTIONNAME18043A;Excellent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338055;Sikhism in Panjab;x
EVENTHIST338055;The Sikh religion was founded in the 15th century by Nanak Dev Ji. Son of an accountant, Nanak was interested in religion and the mysteries of life. At the age of thirty, Nanak is supposed to have proclaimed, 'There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim' and thus begun the Sikh faith. He is said to have preached all over India and by the mid-16th century, Sikhism became rooted in Panjab.;x
ACTIONNAME338055A;A new religion!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338056;Sikhism in Chandigahr;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338057;Dai Viet Rebellion Collapses in Hanoi;x
EVENTHIST338057;The Vietnamese uprising against Imperial rule has failed in the province of Hanoi, with the peasants having finally been routed by the Emperor's occupation army and forced to flee to the mountains and valleys further south. Let us hope this unhappy saga is now finally at an end.;x
ACTIONNAME338057A;Victory!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338058;Dai Viet Rebellion Collapses in Tanh Noah;x
EVENTHIST338058;The Vietnamese uprising against Imperial rule has failed in the province of Tanh Noah, with the peasants having finally been routed by the Emperor's occupation army and forced to flee to the mountains and valleys further south. Let us hope this unhappy saga is now finally at an end.;x
ACTIONNAME338058A;Victory!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME338059;Dai Viet Rebellion Collapses in Lao Cai;x
EVENTHIST338059;The Vietnamese uprising against Imperial rule has failed in the province of Lao Cai, with the peasants having finally been routed by the Emperor's occupation army and forced to flee to the mountains and valleys further south. Let us hope this unhappy saga is now finally at an end.;x
ACTIONNAME338059A;Victory!;x
#;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#Alun's Reformation Events;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#;x
EVENTHIST_REFMODPROT;As a result of the spread of the Reformation, this province is now considered as being of the Protestant faith.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717023600;The Highlands converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717023700;The Grampians converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717023800;Lothian converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717023900;Strathclyde converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024000;Northumberland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024100;Yorkshire converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024200;Lancashire converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024300;Wales converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024400;Midlands converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024500;Lincoln converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024600;Bristol converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024700;Anglia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024800;Kent converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717024900;Wessex converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025000;Cornwall converts to Protestantism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717030200;Hinterpommern converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030400;Vorpommern converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030500;Mecklemburg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030600;Holstein converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031000;Hannover converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031100;Magdeburg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031200;Brandenburg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031300;Küstrin converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031400;Silesia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717032700;Ostmarch converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717032900;Erz converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033100;Sachsen converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033200;Anhalt converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033300;Hessen converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033400;Münster converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033500;Oldenburg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033600;Bremen converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034300;Kleves converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034400;Köln converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034500;Pfalz converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034600;Mainz converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034700;Würzburg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034800;Ansbach converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717035000;Salzburg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717035100;Austria converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717035200;Odenburg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717036900;Steiermark converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717037100;Tirol converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717037200;Württemberg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717037300;Baden converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717037400;Alsace converts to Protestantism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717033700;Friesen converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033800;Geldre converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033900;Holland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034000;Zeeland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717037500;Lorraine converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717037700;Luxembourg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717037800;Brabant converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717038000;Flandern converts to Protestantism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717027600;Estland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717028100;Polotsk converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717028200;Livland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717028300;Kurland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717028400;Belarus converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717028800;Lithuania converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717028900;Memel converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717029000;Prussia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717029100;Mazovia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717029900;Krakow converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030000;Wielkopolska converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030100;Danzig converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030300;Poznan converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031500;Moravia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031600;Carpathia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031700;Ruthenia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717031800;Moldova converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717032200;Wallachia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717032300;Transylvania converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717032400;Maros converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717032500;Magyar converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717032600;Presburg converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717032800;Bohemia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717033000;Sudeten converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717035300;Pest converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717035400;Banat converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717035500;Serbia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717036200;Ragusa converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717036300;Kosovo converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717036400;Bosnia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717036500;Dalmatia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717036600;Croatia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717036700;Krain converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717036800;Istria converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717038800;Bern converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717161200;Schwyz converts to Protestantism;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717025100;Skĺne converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025200;Smĺland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025300;Västergötland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025400;Svealand converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025500;Řstlandet converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025600;Bergenshus converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025700;Bergslagen converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025800;Trřndelag converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717025900;Narvik converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026000;Lappland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026100;Finnmark converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026200;Kola converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026300;Österbotten converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026400;Tavastland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026500;Nyland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026600;Kexholm converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026700;Olonets converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717026900;Arkhangelsk converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717027300;Savolaks converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717027500;Ingermanland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030700;Sjćlland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030800;Gotland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717030900;Jylland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034100;Västerbotten converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717034200;Finland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717038100;Jämtland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717146600;Iceland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717146900;Gästrikland converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717147000;Karelia converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717153700;Vestbygden converts to Protestantism;x
EVENTNAME717153800;Eiriksfjord converts to Protestantism;x
#;x
EVENTHIST_REFMODREF;As a result of the spread of the Reformation, this province is now considered as being of the Reformed faith.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717023610;The Highlands converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717023710;The Grampians converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717023810;Lothian converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717023910;Strathclyde converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024010;Northumberland converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024110;Yorkshire converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024210;Lancashire converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024310;Wales converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024410;Midlands converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024510;Lincoln converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024610;Bristol converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024710;Anglia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024810;Kent converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717024910;Wessex converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717025010;Cornwall converts to Reformed;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717037610;Champagne converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717037910;Artois converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717038210;Calais converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717038310;Picardie converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717038410;Caux converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717038610;Nivernais converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717040410;Piemonte converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717040510;Savoie converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717040710;Dauphiné converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717040810;Lyonnais converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717040910;Bourgogne converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717041010;Berri converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717041110;Orléanais converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717041210;Maine converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717041310;Normandie converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717041710;Vendée converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717041810;Poitou converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717041910;Limousin converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717042010;Auvergne converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717042110;Cévennes converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717042210;Languedoc converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717042310;Guyenne converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717042410;Gascogne converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717042510;Béarn converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717042610;Roussillon converts to Reformed;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717030210;Hinterpommern converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717030410;Vorpommern converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717030510;Mecklemburg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717030610;Holstein converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031010;Hannover converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031110;Magdeburg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031210;Brandenburg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031310;Küstrin converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031410;Silesia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717032710;Ostmarch converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717032910;Erz converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033110;Sachsen converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033210;Anhalt converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033310;Hessen converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033410;Münster converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033510;Oldenburg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033610;Bremen converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717034310;Kleves converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717034410;Köln converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717034510;Pfalz converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717034610;Mainz converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717034710;Würzburg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717034810;Ansbach converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717035010;Salzburg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717035110;Austria converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717035210;Odenburg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717036910;Steiermark converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717037110;Tirol converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717037210;Württemberg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717037310;Baden converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717037410;Alsace converts to Reformed;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717033710;Friesen converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033810;Geldre converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033910;Holland converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717034010;Zeeland converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717037510;Lorraine converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717037710;Luxembourg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717037810;Brabant converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717038010;Flandern converts to Reformed;x
#;x
EVENTNAME717027610;Estland converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717028210;Livland converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717028310;Kurland converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717028910;Memel converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717029010;Prussia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717030110;Danzig converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717030310;Poznan converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031510;Moravia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031610;Carpathia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031710;Ruthenia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717031810;Moldova converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717032210;Wallachia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717032310;Transylvania converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717032410;Maros converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717032510;Magyar converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717032610;Presburg converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717032810;Bohemia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717033010;Sudeten converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717035310;Pest converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717035410;Banat converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717035510;Serbia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717036210;Ragusa converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717036310;Kosovo converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717036410;Bosnia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717036510;Dalmatia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717036610;Croatia converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717036710;Krain converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717036810;Istria converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717038810;Bern converts to Reformed;x
EVENTNAME717161210;Schwyz converts to Reformed;x
#;x
EVENTHIST_REFMODLOL;As a result of the spread of the teachings of John Wycliffe, this province is now considered as being of the Lollard faith.;x
#;x
EVENTNAME817024000;Northumberland converts to Lollardy;x
EVENTNAME817024100;Yorkshire converts to Lollardy;x
EVENTNAME817024200;Lancashire converts to Lollardy;x
EVENTNAME817024400;Midlands converts to Lollardy;x
EVENTNAME817024500;Lincoln converts to Lollardy;x
EVENTNAME817024600;Bristol converts to Lollardy;x
EVENTNAME817024700;Anglia converts to Lollardy;x
EVENTNAME817024800;Kent converts to Lollardy;x
EVENTNAME817024900;Wessex converts to Lollardy;x
#;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#version 1.3;x
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;x
#;x
EVENTNAME50024;The Barbarossas;x
EVENTHIST50024;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. Their accomplishments would lead to further Ottoman influence in North Africa.;x
ACTIONNAME50024A;Curse them!;x
ACTIONNAME50024B;We shall ready our last defenses;x
ACTIONNAME50024C;We submit to their power;x
#;x
EVENTNAME50025;The Barbarossas;x
EVENTHIST50025;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. Their accomplishments would lead to further Ottoman influence in North Africa.;x
ACTIONNAME50025A;Curse them!;x
ACTIONNAME50025B;We shall ready our last defenses;x
ACTIONNAME50025C;We submit to their power;x
#;x
EVENTNAME51023;The Barbarossas;x
EVENTHIST51023;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. The brothers planned to use the city of Tunis as a launching point for piracy operations and attacks on Algiers. To convince the sultan of Tunisia, they gifted him with sumptuous presents.;x
ACTIONNAME51023A;Let them use Tunis as a base of operations;x
ACTIONNAME51023B;We feel like laughing;x
#;x
EVENTNAME51024;Arudj and Khayr al-Din Barbarossa;x
EVENTHIST51024;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. Using the city of Tunis of a launching point, they ran piracy operations and began attacks on Algiers. At the same time, rulers of rivaling cities took the chance to launch attacks on Tlemcen.;x
ACTIONNAME51024A;Curse them!;x
ACTIONNAME51024B;We shall ready our last defenses;x
ACTIONNAME51024C;We submit to their power;x
#;x
EVENTNAME51025;Arudj and Khayr al-Din Barbarossa;x
EVENTHIST51025;In the 16th century, Spain occupied various ports in North Africa. Algiers was blockaded and forced to pay tribute. Other ports were captured outright. The desperate Muslims called for help from the Ottoman sultan, then the caliph of all Islam. Two corsair brothers, the Barbarossas petitioned the sultan to send them with a fleet to North Africa. They had planned to use the port of Tunis as a gathering point. However, their gifts did not impress the ruler of Tunis who barred them from the city. Despite this inconvenience, they still continued piracy operations and began attacks on Algiers. At the same time, rulers of rivaling cities took the chance to launch attacks on Tlemcen.;x
ACTIONNAME51025A;Curse them!;x
ACTIONNAME51025B;We shall ready our last defenses;x
ACTIONNAME51025C;We submit to their power;x
#;x
EVENTNAME332000;The Barbarossas take Algiers;x
EVENTHIST332000;My lord, the great city of Algiers has fallen to our enemies!;x
ACTIONNAME332000A;How horrid!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15000;The Fall of the Khmer Empire;x
EVENTHIST15000;By the dawn of the fifteenth century the slow, drawn-out decline of the Khmer Empire had been witnessed by its numerous enemies and neighbours for the best part of two hundred years. The gradual conversion to Theravada Buddhism had rendered the Khmer kings' long-held claim to the 'devaraja' (demi-god) status of their Hindu ancestors irrelevant, and no new temples or shrines had been built in their honour for generations. Angkor Thom - the twelfth century capital of Jayavarman VII and once the largest city in Southeast Asia - had been slowly abandoned over the previous century, largely in part to the combined effects of plague and its once vast irrigation network falling into disrepair, forcing thousands to flee the city and migrate south into lower Cambodia and the Mekong Delta. In 1431 the last Khmer king, Ponhea Yat, fled to Phnom Penh, leaving the ancient capital of Angkor Thom in ruins and its remaining population entirely at the whim of their new overlords - the Siamese kings of Ayutthaya.;x
ACTIONNAME15000A;Retreat and pull back to Phnom Penh;x
ACTIONNAME15000B;Throw everything we have at them;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15001;The Electorate of Hanover;x
EVENTHIST15001;Though the German practice of electing her rulers goes back to time immemorial, a letter written by Pope Urban IV in the 1260s and confirmed by the Golden Bull of 1356 states that only seven princes of the Empire had the right to elect its emperors: the ecclesiastic archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, and the secular rulers of Bohemia, Brandenburg, Saxony and the Palatinate. In 1692, as a result of the inheritance of the Palatinate by a Catholic branch of the Wittelsbach family (which threatened to upset the religious balance of the Empire by having the Catholic Duke of Bavaria recognised as the eighth elector) the number of electors was increased to nine, with a seat being granted to the Protestant Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who became known as the Elector of Hanover. In 1706, the Elector of Bavaria and the Archbishop of Cologne were banned for siding with Louis XIV against the Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession, but both were restored in 1714 after the Peace of Baden. In 1777, the number of electors was reduced to eight when Bavaria and the Palatinate were united once again.;x
ACTIONNAME15001A;Ascendancy!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15002;The Electorate of Bavaria;x
EVENTHIST15002;The Wittelsbach dynasty which ruled the duchy of Bavaria was a younger branch of the family which also ruled the Palatinate. The head of the elder branch was one of the seven prince-electors of the Empire according to the Golden Bull of 1356, but Bavaria was excluded from the electoral dignity. In 1621, Frederick V, ruler of the Palatinate, was put under the imperial ban for his role in the Bohemian Revolt against Emperor Ferdinand II, and the electoral dignity and territory of the Upper Palatinate was conferred upon his loyal cousin, Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria. Although the Peace of Westphalia would create a new electoral title for Frederick V's son, with the exception of a brief period during the War of the Spanish Succession, Maximilian's descendants would continue to hold the original electoral dignity until the extinction of his line in 1777 - at that point the two lines were joined in personal union until the Empire itself was abolished by Emperor Francis II in 1806.;x
ACTIONNAME15002A;Ascendancy!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15003;The Grand Duchy of Tuscany;x
EVENTHIST15003;The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was founded on August 27, 1569 when Pope Pius V issued a bull declaring his long-term supporter Cosimo de Medici to be the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. Thus, the House of Medici had been raised to the rank of sovereigns, and Cosimo and his successors were to be addressed as Serene Highness. The Grand Duchy succeeded the Florentine Republic, which had been established in the early 12th century as a respectable maritime power alongside the likes of Venice and Genoa. Of course, things need not have turned out that way...;x
ACTIONNAME15003A;Grand Duke, eh?;x
ACTIONNAME15003B;Repubblica!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15004;The Grand Duchy of Romagna;x
EVENTHIST15004;Romagna was officially ceded to the Papal States by Rudolf I of Germany in 1278, though Papal control over it was little more than nominal and the area was divided among a series of regional lords such as the Ordelaffi of Forlě and the Malatesta of Rimini. The situation started to change in the late 15th century when Popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI began to reassert Papal authority in the fragmented region. Other states also seized various part of Romagna, primarily neighbouring maritime powers such as Venice and the Florentine Republic. In 1500 Cesare Borgia, the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei, carved out for himself an ephemeral Grand Duchy of Romagna comprising the territory he'd captured in Urbino and Camerino. After his failed ploy to bribe the garrison at Bologna so his army could take the city unhindered, Borgia's generals turned against him, precipitating his fall from power and untimely death in 1507. Following a period of both foreign and Papal occupation during the Italian Wars, Romagna's time in the sun ended with the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559, which finally divided the region between the Papal States and the duchies of Parma and Modena.;x
ACTIONNAME15004A;Grand Duke, eh?;x
ACTIONNAME15004B;Repubblica!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15005;The Dual Monarchy;x
EVENTHIST15005;Your Majesty, with the conquest of the Île-de-France and the collapse of the Capetian realm it would no doubt be expedient to move your royal court to Paris, a much larger, wealthier and more influential city than our present capital of Pamplona. My Lord, you are now undisputed ruler of France!;x
ACTIONNAME15005A;Ascendancy!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15006;The Valois Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST15006;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Charles of France. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Charles' inheritance was transmitted to Louis the Spider King, their son. Ruling over France and Lotharingia, only the Imperial Crown lay between him and the rebirth of the Empire of Charlemagne...;x
ACTIONNAME15006A;We must put a stop to this!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15007;The Plantagenet Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST15007;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of George of Clarence. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. Austria had seized the Imperial county of Burgundy. Mary and George's inheritance was transmitted to Edmund of Dijon, their son. With France humiliated and completely cut out of these vital affairs, the perfidious Yorkists must be driven out of Burgundy - rightful French clay!;x
ACTIONNAME15007A;I crave blood!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15008;The Plantagenet Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST15008;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of George of Clarence. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. Austria had seized the Imperial county of Burgundy. Mary and George's inheritance was transmitted to Edmund of Dijon, their son. Though England has absorbed the bulk of the Burgundian domain, the garrison at Dole has surrendered the city to Imperial soldiers. Now, with the French humbled and the English overstretched, there is a balance of power - of sorts...;x
ACTIONNAME15008A;Rather them than the French...;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15009;The Plantagenet Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST15009;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of George of Clarence. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. Austria had seized the Imperial county of Burgundy. Mary and George's inheritance was transmitted to Edmund of Dijon, their son. With the Burgundian realm now a core part of England's continental empire, the House of York can once again focus on pacifying France.;x
ACTIONNAME15009A;It's all mine!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15010;The Habsburg Family Compact;x
EVENTHIST15010;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy died under the walls of Nancy in January 1477 his considerable territories passed to his only child, Mary, who immediately became the most eligible bride in Europe. For over a decade prior to his death the rulers of Europe had kept a close eye on the mixed fortunes of Mary's father and his legendary military campaigns against practically all of Burgundy's neighbours, but by the late 1470s most of them quietly agreed that the so-called 'Grand Duchy of the West' should be dismembered. However, with Mary's marriage to Maximilian, King of the Romans, the independence of the Burgundian realm is now guaranteed by a dynastic alliance with Austria.;x
ACTIONNAME15010A;Excellent!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15011;The Habsburg Family Compact;x
EVENTHIST15011;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy died under the walls of Nancy in January 1477 his considerable territories passed to his only child, Mary, who immediately became the most eligible bride in Europe. For over a decade prior to his death the rulers of Europe had kept a close eye on the mixed fortunes of Mary's father and his legendary military campaigns against practically all of Burgundy's neighbours, but by the late 1470s most of them quietly agreed that the so-called 'Grand Duchy of the West' should be dismembered. However, with Mary's marriage to Maximilian, King of the Romans, that unspoken agreement is now threatened. France must put Burgundy to the sword, and Austria too if she stands in our way.;x
ACTIONNAME15011A;Carthago delenda est...;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15012;The Habsburg Family Compact;x
EVENTHIST15012;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy died under the walls of Nancy in January 1477 his considerable territories passed to his only child, Mary, who immediately became the most eligible bride in Europe. For over a decade prior to his death the rulers of Europe had kept a close eye on the mixed fortunes of Mary's father and his legendary military campaigns against practically all of Burgundy's neighbours, but by the late 1470s most of them quietly agreed that the so-called 'Grand Duchy of the West' should be dismembered. However, with Mary's marriage to Maximilian, King of the Romans, it looks as if what once seemed inevitable has now been averted - Burgundy, with Austrian support, may yet stand the test of time.;x
ACTIONNAME15012A;I couldn't care less;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15013;The Habsburg Inheritance of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST15013;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died under the walls of Nancy in 1477, his inheritance passed to his daughter Mary, the wife of Maximilian of Habsburg. The Duchy of Burgundy was one of the largest medieval states in Western Europe, covering most of the Low Countries (today's Belgium and Holland), Luxembourg and Franche-Comté. France had conquered the heart of the Duchy itself. Mary and Maximilian's inheritance was transmitted to their son Philip the Fair, husband of the Spanish heiress Joanna of Castile. Their eldest son, Charles V, would later reign over the Austrian and Spanish Habsburg territories.;x
ACTIONNAME15013A;Rather them than the French...;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15014;The Marriage of Mary of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST15014;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy died under the walls of Nancy in January 1477 his considerable territories passed to his only child, Mary, who immediately became the most eligible bride in Europe. For over a decade prior to his death the rulers of Europe had kept a close eye on the mixed fortunes of Mary's father and his legendary military campaigns against practically all of Burgundy's neighbours, but by the late 1470s most of them quietly agreed that the so-called 'Grand Duchy of the West' should be dismembered. For Mary, the survival of her beleaguered realm meant marrying into one of Europe's great royal houses: the imperial Habsburg dynasty in the person of Maximilian, King of the Romans.;x
ACTIONNAME15014A;House of Habsburg;x
#;x
EVENTNAME15015;The Marriage of Mary of Burgundy;x
EVENTHIST15015;When Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy died under the walls of Nancy in January 1477 his considerable territories passed to his only child, Mary, who immediately became the most eligible bride in Europe. For over a decade prior to his death the rulers of Europe had kept a close eye on the mixed fortunes of Mary's father and his legendary military campaigns against practically all of Burgundy's neighbours, but by the late 1470s most of them quietly agreed that the so-called 'Grand Duchy of the West' should be dismembered. For Mary, the survival of her beleaguered realm meant marrying into one of Europe's great royal houses: the imperial Habsburg dynasty in the person of the Archduke Maximilian (the son of Emperor Frederick III, and later Emperor himself), or the senior Valois line in the person of the young Dauphin (the future Charles VIII of France). Whilst the French and Austrian factions had both expressed deep hostility towards Burgundy's rapid expansion, a third option could have been for Mary to marry Maximilian on the proviso that the Burgundian and Austrian realms remain divided.;x
ACTIONNAME15015A;The Archduke of Austria;x
ACTIONNAME15015B;The Dauphin of France;x
ACTIONNAME15015C;The Archduke, but we are to remain independent;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25000;Imperium Romanum;x
EVENTHIST25000;My Lord, with the successful conquest of Constantinople and relative hegemony in Anatolia you would be unopposed in declaring yourself the rightful heir to Augustus and leader of the Orthodox faith. Dread Sovereign, should we dare to revive the Byzantine Empire or pledge allegiance to the German Kaiser?;x
ACTIONNAME25000A;We are Rome!;x
ACTIONNAME25000B;Take imperial bribes and keep quiet;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25001;Imperium Romanum;x
EVENTHIST25001;My Lord, with the successful conquest of Constantinople and relative hegemony in Anatolia you would be unopposed in declaring yourself the rightful heir to Augustus and leader of the Catholic faith. Dread Sovereign, should we dare to revive the Latin Empire or pledge allegiance to the German Kaiser?;x
ACTIONNAME25001A;We are Rome!;x
ACTIONNAME25001B;Take imperial bribes and keep quiet;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25002;The Crown of St. Louis;x
EVENTHIST25002;Sire, the kingdom of France has long since been divided, and with our armies now in control of Paris and the surrounding area there is little to stop you from being proclaimed King in Notre Dame de Paris -- should we take this step, or leave the Crown of St. Louis vacant in return for amicable relations with the Emperor?;x
ACTIONNAME25002A;France is reborn!;x
ACTIONNAME25002B;Take imperial bribes and keep quiet;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25003;The Empire of Russia;x
EVENTHIST25003;My Lord Grand Prince, truly you are now master of all you survey in the land of Russia! There is little to stop you from declaring your recently-conquered territories a new Empire of Russia, and with the fall of Constantinople to the heathens it is surely you and you alone who may lay claim to the defence of the Orthodox faith.;x
ACTIONNAME25003A;We are the Third Rome!;x
ACTIONNAME25003B;Take imperial bribes and keep quiet;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25004;The Kingdom of Rus';x
EVENTHIST25004;My Lord Grand Prince, truly you are now master of all you survey in the lands of the Rus'! There is little to stop you from declaring your recently-conquered territories a revived Kingdom of Rus', though the Emperor and our Polish neighbours will surely not be pleased by so extravagant a claim.;x
ACTIONNAME25004A;Rus' stands proud once again!;x
ACTIONNAME25004B;Take imperial bribes and keep quiet;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25005;The Peace of Westphalia;x
EVENTHIST25005;The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognising the independence of the Dutch Republic. The Peace involved the Habsburg realms of Austria and Spain, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Swiss Confederacy, and both the princes of the Holy Roman Empire and the rulers of its free imperial cities. The diplomatic talks were dominated by Cardinal Richelieu, regent for the infant Louis XIV, who had been instrumental in throwing France's considerable weight behind the Protestant powers of Europe in their struggle against the Emperor and his Spanish allies. Though Louis XIV's father and grandfather had both maintained sympathy towards Calvinism in France, Richelieu was an ardent Catholic and was determined that the young King would grow up to be the same. France's actions were therefore entirely in her own interests: she had been allowed to keep the conquered bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, and the cities of the Décapole in Alsace. Thus, Westphalia began to shift the European balance of power from the Habsburg alliance of Austria and Spain to Louis XIV's France in the West and her Protestant ally Sweden in the East - who had been promised an indemnity of five million talers as well as Western Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen, Verden and an all-important seat in the Reichstag. Though there were minor territorial shifts elsewhere in the Empire, the most important outcome of the Peace of Westphalia was international recognition of the Dutch Republic as an independent state and the final acknowledgement (for it had been obvious to everyone for some time) that both Northern Italy and the Swiss Confederacy were no longer de jure parts of the Empire.;x
ACTIONNAME25005A;The Empire's borders have been redrawn;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25006;The Great Plague;x
EVENTHIST25006;The Great Plague of 1665 was a massive outbreak that killed 75,000 to 100,000 people, up to a fifth of London's population. The disease is generally believed to have been bubonic plague, an infection by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, transmitted via a rat vector. Thought to have arrived from the Netherlands on merchant vessels, records state that deaths in London crept up to 1000 persons per week, then 2000 persons per week and, by September 1665, to 7000 persons per week. By late autumn, the death toll began to slow until, in February 1666, it was considered safe enough for the King and his entourage to return to the city. By this time, however, trade with the Continent had spread this outbreak of plague to France, where it died out the following winter. Nonetheless, a fifth of the city had been killed, resulting in an unprecedented loss of infrastructure and trade.;x
ACTIONNAME25006A;Where to bury all these dead?;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25007;The Great Fire of London;x
EVENTHIST25007;The Great Fire of 1666 was arguably the greatest disaster in the history of London, and came at the end of the Great Plague, an outbreak of bubonic plague that killed perhaps hundreds of thousands. The Great Fire is thought to have brought a quicker end to the Plague, largely by killing off any disease-carrying rats and their fleas. It destroyed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, 6 chapels, 44 Company Halls, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, St. Paul's Cathedral, the Guildhall, the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons, the Session House, four bridges across the rivers Thames and Fleet, and three city gates, and made homeless 100,000 people - one sixth of the city's inhabitants at that time. The death toll from the Fire is traditionally thought to have been 16, but a recent book theorises that thousands may have died in the flames or from smoke inhalation. Nevertheless, the entire city had to be rebuilt under the supervision of Sir Christopher Wren in the following years, thatched roofs were banned, and millions of pounds of infrastructure had been lost.;x
ACTIONNAME25007A;Surely we are cursed?;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25008;Sir Christopher Wren and the Great Rebuilding;x
EVENTHIST25008;After what is commonly thought of as the single most disastrous period in the city's history, London had to be rebuilt almost from scratch after the Great Fire and Plague. During the 1670s, 80s and 90s Sir Christopher Wren oversaw the reconstruction of England's devastated capital. 51 churches - including St. Bride's, St. Mary le Bow, St. Clement Danes, St. Benet Paul's Wharf, and St. Stephen Walbrook were built to replace the 87 which had been annihilated by the Fire. In addition, Wren was involved in the design of the Monument to the Great Fire of London, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Chelsea Hospital, Greenwich Hospital, Marlborough House, the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, and many other distinguished buildings. Wren died in 1723 and was buried at St. Paul's. An inscription inside his famous cathedral, dedicated to the architect, reads, ''Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice'' (''Reader, if you seek a memorial, look around you'').;x
ACTIONNAME25008A;We must rebuild our great city;x
ACTIONNAME25008B;We cannot afford the huge expense;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25009;The High Kingdom of Ireland;x
EVENTHIST25009;The last universally accepted High King of Ireland was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, also known as Rory O'Conor. He was, at least nominally, the last native Gaelic ruler of the entire island of Ireland, and his death in 1198 marks the beginning of the Anglo-Norman conquest. Now, with all of Ireland once again united under one of the native Gaelic kings, it is possible to make a renewed claim for the High Kingship and show the world that the foreigners have been driven out once and for all.;x
ACTIONNAME25009A;Glory to the High King!;x
ACTIONNAME25009B;Why should we foresake our kin?;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25010;The Khanate of Bukhara;x
EVENTHIST25010;The Shaybânîds were a Persianised dynasty of Mongol origin in Central Asia. They were the patrilineal descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Until the mid-14th century they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as Uzbeg Khan. The Shaybânîd horde was converted to Islam in 1282 and gradually became known as the Uzbeks. As the lineages of Batu and Orda died out during the course of the great civil wars of the 14th century, the Shaybânîds under Abu'l-Khayr Khan declared themselves the only legitimate successors to Jochi and put forward claims to the entire Mongol remnant, which included parts of Siberia and Kazakhstan. Their rivals were the Timurids, who claimed descent from Jochi's thirteenth son by a concubine. Several decades of strife left the Timurids in control of the Great Horde and its successor states in Europe - the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Crimea. Under Abu'l-Khayr Khan the dynasty began consolidating disparate Uzbek tribes, first in the area around Tyumen and the Tura River and then down into the Syr Darya region. His grandson Muhammad Shaybânî gave his name to the Uzbeks' most successful dynasty, wrestling Samarkand, Herat, Khiva and Bukhara from Bâbur's control and establishing the short-lived Shaybânîd Empire. After his death at the hands of Shah Ismaďl of Persia he was followed successively by an uncle, a cousin and a brother, whose Shaybânîd descendants would rule the Khanates of Bukhara (1505 - 1598) and Khiva (1511 - 1695) until displaced by rival dynasties (the Janids and Kungrads respectively) and finally conquered by Russia in the early 20th century.;x
ACTIONNAME25010A;Move to Bukhara and focus on the Persians;x
ACTIONNAME25010B;Stay put and fortify our borders;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25011;The Khanate of Khiva;x
EVENTHIST25011;The Shaybânîds were a Persianised dynasty of Mongol origin in Central Asia. They were the patrilineal descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Until the mid-14th century they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as Uzbeg Khan. The Shaybânîd horde was converted to Islam in 1282 and gradually became known as the Uzbeks. As the lineages of Batu and Orda died out during the course of the great civil wars of the 14th century, the Shaybânîds under Abu'l-Khayr Khan declared themselves the only legitimate successors to Jochi and put forward claims to the entire Mongol remnant, which included parts of Siberia and Kazakhstan. Their rivals were the Timurids, who claimed descent from Jochi's thirteenth son by a concubine. Several decades of strife left the Timurids in control of the Great Horde and its successor states in Europe - the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Crimea. Under Abu'l-Khayr Khan the dynasty began consolidating disparate Uzbek tribes, first in the area around Tyumen and the Tura River and then down into the Syr Darya region. His grandson Muhammad Shaybânî gave his name to the Uzbeks' most successful dynasty, wrestling Samarkand, Herat, Khiva and Bukhara from Bâbur's control and establishing the short-lived Shaybânîd Empire. After his death at the hands of Shah Ismaďl of Persia he was followed successively by an uncle, a cousin and a brother, whose Shaybânîd descendants would rule the Khanates of Bukhara (1505 - 1598) and Khiva (1511 - 1695) until displaced by rival dynasties (the Janids and Kungrads respectively) and finally conquered by Russia in the early 20th century.;x
ACTIONNAME25011A;Move to Khiva and focus on the Persians;x
ACTIONNAME25011B;Stay put and fortify our borders;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25012;The Capture of Gibraltar;x
EVENTHIST25012;The idea of a Royal Navy attack on Gibraltar was an old one. The 'Rock' had previously caught the attention of Oliver Cromwell, and both William III's and Queen Anne's ministers had earmarked it for future invasions. The Moors had previously shown interest in the region and fortified it with a castle, the ruins of which still remained when Gibraltar was finally captured by an Anglo-Dutch force led by Admiral George Rooke in August 1704. Gibraltar's strategic importance has given it a long and turbulent history and an influence on world events out of all proportion to its size and population.;x
ACTIONNAME25012;The 'Rock' is ours!;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25013;The Kingdom of Arles;x
EVENTHIST25013;The initial division of Charlemagne's realm at Verdun in 843 was the first step towards the present-day borders of France and Germany, at times with the Rhine acting as a natural frontier between the two. Though now long gone, there was originally a third kingdom straddling East and West Francia, known at first as Middle Francia before quickly fragmenting into the smaller regional kingdoms of Burgundy and Provence in the south, and Lotharingia - named for its first ruler, the Emperor Lothair - in the north. Despite numerous rebellions and fluctuating borders, the Welf dynasty eventually merged the two southern realms into a single Kingdom of Arles in 933, which survived as an independent realm until the Welfs died out in 1032, and subsequently as a sub-kingdom of the Holy Roman Empire until 1378. Since then, the idea of a revived imperial kingdom between France and Germany has been the dream of many an ambitious prince, with Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy the closest to realizing it.;x
ACTIONNAME25013A;At last, a crown of our own!;x
ACTIONNAME25013B;Take imperial bribes and keep quiet;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25014;The Kingdom of Germany;x
EVENTHIST25014;The initial division of Charlemagne's realm at Verdun in 843 was the first step towards the present-day borders of France and Germany, at times with the Rhine acting as a natural frontier between the two. The eastern third of the partition was known as East Francia, which - through further division treaties (Prüm in 855, Meerssen in 870 and Ribemont in 880) and the gradual absorption of Lotharingia - subsequently evolved into the medieval Kingdom of Germany. The idea of a 'Germany' was not lost on medieval Germans, though the entity they understood as such was a larger, more decentralized realm incorporating a varied patchwork of cultures, rather than the later concept of a nationalist ethnostate. Over time, the German kingdom lost much of its identity as it became synonymous with the larger - and in theory separate - entity known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, of which it was legally a sub-kingdom.;x
ACTIONNAME25014A;At last, a crown of our own!;x
ACTIONNAME25014B;Take imperial bribes and keep quiet;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25015;The Kingdom of Italy;x
EVENTHIST25015;The initial division of Charlemagne's realm at Verdun in 843 was the first step towards the present-day borders of France and Germany, at times with the Rhine acting as a natural frontier between the two. Following the collapse of Middle Francia in 855, the southern third of the partition was known as Italy, which enjoyed a brief period of semi-independent rule under several Frankish kings before gradually being subsumed into the Holy Roman Empire following a series of revolts by local pretenders. Though nominally a kingdom in its own right, by the high middle ages Italy was essentially a patchwork of independent states offering varying forms of vassalage to either the Pope, the Emperor, or powerful local rulers such as the Doges of Venice and the Kings of Sicily (and later Naples). By the 15th century, the only real link between Italy and the largely German-speaking remainder of the Empire was the rare occurrence of an Emperor being able to persuade a Pope to crown him in Rome.;x
ACTIONNAME25015A;At last, a crown of our own!;x
ACTIONNAME25015B;Take imperial bribes and keep quiet;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25016;The Resurrection of the Caliphate;x
EVENTHIST25016;The idea of a Caliphate - a universal religious and political entity encompassing all Muslims - goes back to the death of Muhammad, following which his successor Abu Bakr instituted the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) and continued Muhammad's conquest of much of the Middle East. The Umayyad (661-750) and Abbasid (750-1258) Caliphates followed, with other Islamic dynasties such as the Ayyubids (1171-1260) and Mamluks (1250-1517) later disputedly claiming the title for themselves. With their conquest of Egypt and Syria in the 16th century, the Ottoman Caliphate (1517-1924) was simultaneously undisputed - in that they held mastery over much of the Muslim world - and yet religiously ineffectual, because they were Turks, not Arabs, and were not viewed as legitimate successors to the heirs of Muhammad.;x
ACTIONNAME25016A;Islam shall be whole once more!;x
ACTIONNAME25016B;We are not yet ready to take up such a mantle;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25017;The Stuart Dynasty in England;x
EVENTHIST25017;Though the 1701 Act of Succession in England forbade Catholics from taking the throne, it seems that the exiled Prince of Wales, James Stuart, has decided that 'Londres ne vaut bien une messe' and is now offering to convert to the Anglican faith in exchange for being restored to the line of succession. By doing so he has completely scuppered our dynasty's chances of succeeding Queen Anne. Though England will likely avoid a return to Catholicism, it seems the continuation of the Stuart dynasty is assured - at least for now.;x
ACTIONNAME25017A;Oh well, it's probably for the best;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25018;The Highlands and The Isles;x
EVENTHIST25018;The history of the Highlands and the Isles is long and complex, during which various overlords from across Ireland, Scotland and Scandinavia laid claim to the region. By the middle of the 15th century, Norway's colonial holdings in the British Isles had been eroded away to the ancient Earldom of Orkney, the last vestige of a once sprawling domain known as the Kingdom of the Isles. Though reduced to the Orkney and Shetland isles and a coastal strip of northern Scotland, several Norwegian kings had previously campaigned in Orkney - and at least one, Haakon IV, had died there. The province had become less relevant in subsequent years, and by the 14th century it was a nominally Norwegian vassal ruled by Scottish lords of the Sinclair family. In the 1460s, both Orkney and Shetland were finally ceded to Scotland by the Danish king Christian I as recompense for the unpaid dowry of his daughter Margaret, then engaged to the future James III of Scotland. In 1472, James offered to trade the Sinclair family's domains for Caithness, a lordship on the mainland, and henceforth the Earldom of Orkney was absorbed into the Scottish crown.;x
ACTIONNAME25018A;Purchase the Earldom of Orkney;x
ACTIONNAME25018B;Just collect the dowry we're owed;x
ACTIONNAME25018C;Let the Norse-Gaels settle their own affairs;x
ACTIONNAME25018D;Exacerbate the issue to settle old scores;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25019;The Darien Scheme;x
EVENTHIST25019;As the 17th century draws to a close, Scotland finds itself increasingly cut off from the world stage, with the French Auld Alliance faltering and other European powers leaving us behind in terms of innovation and influence. If we wish to avoid becoming a poor and backwards nation forever at the mercy of the English then we should dare to emulate the successs of other maritime powers and forge a colonial empire overseas. Though a hefty investment, such an expedition would allow us to build on the progress of the Scottish East India Company and finally make us a European power to be reckoned with.;x
ACTIONNAME25019A;Yes, we need our own place in the sun;x
ACTIONNAME25019B;No, it is too big a risk;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25020;Mongols!;x
EVENTHIST25020;Horsemen of the Northern Yuan dynasty have gathered under the banner of the Great Khan and launched probing attacks across our border. These bastard Mongols have even recruited some of our own men to their cause, and may yet march on our capital! Though we can not march on Karakorum directly and the Gobi desert presents its own logistical issues, it is vital we repel these Mongol attacks and rebuild our forces.;x
ACTIONNAME25020A;Damn!;x
ACTIONNAME25020B;Pay them off;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25021;The Fall of Malacca;x
EVENTHIST25021;Malacca was one of the foremost powers of the East Indies, regularly vying with Mataram, Brunei and the Aceh Sultanate for dominance in the region. Its legendary Hindu king Parameswara converted to Islam in around 1390, adopting the title of Iskandar Shâh and introducing Islam to the southern half of the Malay peninsula. (According to historically dubious accounts, the northern Kedah Sultanate had adopted Islam as early as 1136 AD). A lucrative trade hub following the collapse of the Majapahit Empire, Malacca was long sought after by the European colonial powers seeking to expand trade routes from their holdings in India and East Africa. In the end, it was the Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque, colonial governor of Goa, who beat the Spanish to be the first to conquer Malacca in the summer of 1511.;x
ACTIONNAME25021A;Focus our efforts on Johor;x
ACTIONNAME25021B;We must retake Malacca;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25022;The Sur Empire;x
EVENTHIST25022;The premature death of Bâbur at only 47 shook the fledgling Mughal Empire to its core, as his sons were young, inexperienced in statecraft and warfare, and lacked a support base. During his life, Bâbur had enjoyed immense personal popularity, but little thought had been given to the succession and his children had been largely kept out of affairs of state. Humâyűn, Bâbur's eldest son and successor, was considered ineffectual, lazy and incapable of holding his father's empire together. These fears were quickly justified when the Pashtun warlord Farid Khan - one of Bâbur's generals - swiftly declared himself Sher Shâh Suri and set about imposing his will on the rapidly disintegrating empire. Over the next five years, Suri reconquered northern India from the Indus to Assam, establishing regional capitals at Sasaram and Patna, and winning every battle he ever fought. His immense success as ruler of the short-lived Sur Empire (1538-1556) forced the defeated Humâyűn into exile in Safavid Persia, where he would spend the following decade gathering supporters and formenting rebellions across the border.;x
ACTIONNAME25022A;Crush them!;x
ACTIONNAME25022B;Let them rule their homelands;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25023;The Road Back;x
EVENTHIST25023;The complete collapse of the Mughal Empire under Humâyűn was almost as impressive in scale as its formation had been under his father Bâbur. During his exile in Persia during the 1540s, Humâyűn befriended the Safavid ruler Tahmasp I, to whom he swore vassalage in exchange for soldiers and weapons to reconquer his former empire from the weakened Sur dynasty. In return, Tahmasp demanded Humâyűn embrace the Shi'a faith of the Safavids, which he and his father Ismail I had been spreading across Persia since the 1490s. Humâyűn, desperate for assistance in reclaiming his birthright, was not persuaded by the request, but also knew that without such promises more substantial support from Tahmasp would not be forthcoming. Ultimately, the Mughals remained a Sunni dynasty until their final collapse in the 19th century.;x
ACTIONNAME25023A;Make vague promises to convert;x
ACTIONNAME25023B;Reject any talk of conversion;x
ACTIONNAME25023C;Fully embrace the Shi'a faith;x
#;x
EVENTNAME25024;The Elizabethan Religious Settlement;x
EVENTHIST25024;The immense domestic upheavals of the mid-16th century put England on a course from which she may well never have recovered. Henry VIII's desire to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, led to the Act of Supremacy in 1534, in which he officially broke with Rome and established himself as head of an independent Church of England. Henry's death in 1547 led to the short but important reign of his son Edward VI, whose own Protestant zealotry was subsequently matched by his half-sister Mary's servile devotion to Rome, and in particular her Catholic Habsburg husband Philip of Spain. Mary's reign was short and violent, from which she earned the sobriquet 'Bloody Mary' - her attempts to forcibly re-Catholicize England led to thousands being killed, including hundreds being burned as apostates, and her devotion to Philip included attempts to make England an effective vassal of Spain in its costly wars against France. Following Mary's death in 1558, the young Queen Elizabeth undertook a series of religious policies designed to follow a moderate path between the two extremes of her late siblings, and in many respects her own religious convictions were not too dissimilar to those of her father Henry VIII. Far more politically astute and nuanced than her predecessors, Elizabeth passed a second Act of Supremacy in 1558 alongside the Act of Uniformity the same year. Together, these laws were known as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement and undid much of the damage of Mary's reign, including narrowing the scope of what constituted heresy and reaffirming England's break from Rome. Though not a perfect compromise, the Settlement strengthened Elizabeth's position and paved the way for her long and stable reign over England. When she died in 1603, 'Gloriana' had secured the independence of both the nation and its church.;x
ACTIONNAME25024A;Return to a more moderate path;x
ACTIONNAME25024B;Maintain a gentler union with Rome;x
#;x
#EOF;x