Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 360 days of January 2, 1424
Checked again every 360 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1425)
Description
The rightful king of the Scots, James I, had been imprisoned in England since 1406. During his imprisonment the country was ruled by this Uncle Robert Stewart (1406-1420), 1st duke of Albany, and later his son Murdoch (1420-1424). Neither of the two, nor the majority of the Scottish nobility, had any real interest in seeing the return of a strong king back on the throne. It thus took until 1424, 18 years, before the ransom was collected and finally sent to England to have the king freed. Historically James I took his revenge by executing Murdoch and a few other noblemen and taking a lot of actions to reduce the power of the Scottish nobility. He also managed to introduce a lot of other good reforms to strengthen Scotland as a country.Actions
A. The king is ransomed and takes revenge on the nobility
- Aristocracy -2
- Centralization +2
- Stability -2
- Global revolt risk +3 for 156 months
- Monarch's administrative skill +2 for 156 months
- +1 base tax value in Lothian
- +1 base tax value in The Grampians
- -200
B. The king is ransomed but forgives the nobility
- Aristocracy -1
- Centralization +1
- +1 base tax value in Lothian
- -200
C. The king is not ransomed
- Aristocracy +1
Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 30 days of February 2, 1437
Checked again every 30 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1438)
Description
In February 1437 James I was assassinated by conspirators within the nobility looking to gain control of the crown for Walter Stewart, earl of Atholl. James I's wife however quickly saw to it that the responsible where tortured to death. However James son was only 6 years old and the Scottish kingdom was thrown into a time of power struggle between mainly 3 families (the Crichtons, the Livingstons, and the Douglases) for control of the young Scottish king and realm.Actions
A. Rats!
- Centralization -2
- Stability -2
Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 1080 days of January 2, 1452
Checked again every 1080 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1456)
Description
In 1449 the king James II was old enough to marry and reclaim control of his kingdom. He immediately seized the Livingston estates, but was a bit more lenient against the Douglasses. In a quarrel in 1452 however he himself stabbed William, 8th Earl of Douglas, to death. Historically this was the end of the power of the Douglas family and 3 years later all their land was confiscated and their castles demolished.Actions
A. Destroy the castles and confiscate the lands of Douglases
- Centralization +3
- Aristocracy -1
- Stability -2
- +150
B. Make peace with the Douglas family
- Centralization +1
- +8000 infantry in Lothian
- +2000 cavalry in Lothian
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
- Own The Highlands
-
At least one of the following must occur:
- Denmark exists
- Norway exists
-
None of the following must occur:
- Scotland and Denmark are at war
- Scotland and Norway are at war
Will happen within 360 days of January 2, 1460
Checked again every 360 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1490)
Description
The history of the Highlands and the Isles is long and complex, during which various overlords from across Ireland, Scotland and Scandinavia laid claim to the region. By the middle of the 15th century, Norway's colonial holdings in the British Isles had been eroded away to the ancient Earldom of Orkney, the last vestige of a once sprawling domain known as the Kingdom of the Isles. Though reduced to the Orkney and Shetland isles and a coastal strip of northern Scotland, several Norwegian kings had previously campaigned in Orkney - and at least one, Haakon IV, had died there. The province had become less relevant in subsequent years, and by the 14th century it was a nominally Norwegian vassal ruled by Scottish lords of the Sinclair family. In the 1460s, both Orkney and Shetland were finally ceded to Scotland by the Danish king Christian I as recompense for the unpaid dowry of his daughter Margaret, then engaged to the future James III of Scotland. In 1472, James offered to trade the Sinclair family's domains for Caithness, a lordship on the mainland, and henceforth the Earldom of Orkney was absorbed into the Scottish crown.Actions
A. Purchase the Earldom of Orkney
- celtic will become an accepted culture
- Aristocracy -1
- Centralization +1
- +50 relations with Denmark
- +50 relations with Norway
- -300
- +1 base tax value in The Highlands
- +5% population in The Highlands
- Stability -2
B. Just collect the dowry we're owed
- Mercantilism +1
- Gain a royal marriage with Denmark
- Gain a royal marriage with Norway
- +300
- Infrastructure tech investment: +500
- Trade tech investment: +500
- Stability +1
C. Let the Norse-Gaels settle their own affairs
- Grant independence to The Isles as a vassal
- Aristocracy +1
- Centralization -1
- Innovativeness +1
- Serfdom -2
- Offensive Doctrine -1
- Land +1
- +10 national manpower
- +100
- Stability +2
D. Exacerbate the issue to settle old scores
- Offensive Doctrine +2
- Land -1
- Quality +1
- Gain 5 warships in a random province
- Gain 10 transports in the same province
- Gain a temporary casus belli against Denmark for 72 months
- Gain a temporary casus belli against Norway for 72 months
- -100 relations with Denmark
- -100 relations with Norway
- +50 relations with England
- Stability -1
Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 30 days of January 2, 1495
Checked again every 30 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1505)
Description
Scotland emerged as a serious regional power during the Renaissance, becoming a key ally of France and exerting diplomatic influence far beyond its means. Both James IV and James V were named 'Defender of the Faith' by Popes Julius II and Paul III respectively, and successive kings of the Stewart dynasty made strident efforts to further centralize the monarchy and increase the royal coffers. James II helped modernize the Army along continental lines, purchasing new firearms and experimental artillery (such as 'Mons Meg' in 1449) from Burgundy, but was accidentally killed whilst testing a new cannon at Roxburgh Castle in 1460. Wary of the expansion of the Royal Navy under the Tudors, James IV sought to enlarge the Scots fleet with vessels such as the thousand-ton 'Great Michael' - a ship so large that it had to be built at its own brand new shipyard at Newhaven in 1507. Ultimately, dynastic disputes and religious turmoil undid much of the Stewarts kings' work.Actions
A. Invest in new artillery
- Land +1
- +30 artillery in the capital province
- Land tech investment: +500
- -100
B. Invest in new warships
- Land -2
- Gain 5 warships in a random province
- Naval tech investment: +1000
- -150
C. Invest in new border fortifications
- Offensive Doctrine -2
- -50 relations with England
- Fortress level in Lothian +1
- Fortress level in Strathclyde +1
- -300
D. Focus on diplomacy
- Aristocracy +1
- +100 relations with England
- +50 relations with Denmark
- +50 relations with Norway
- Monarch's diplomatic skill +2 for 60 months
- Stability +1
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
- Event 3545 - The League of Cambrai for Papal States has already occurred
Will happen within 30 days of January 2, 1508
Checked again every 30 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1510)
unless prevented by
Action B of 3545 - The League of Cambrai for Papal States
Description
In 1508, Pope Julius II set-up a league against the Republic of Venice which he disliked and found too powerful in Italy. He enlisted support of Florence, France and even of Emperor Maximilian. French troops decimated the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadel in 1509, but the Republic managed to break the league by concluding separate peace with her opponents.Actions
A. Ignore
- +50 relations with Venice
- -50 relations with Papal States
B. Express Support
- Gain a temporary casus belli against Venice for 72 months
- -150 relations with Venice
- +100 relations with Papal States
- +50 relations with England
- +50 relations with Austria
- +50 relations with France
- +50 relations with Spain
- +50 relations with Milan
- +50 relations with Switzerland
- +50 relations with Florence
C. Express Hostility
- +150 relations with Venice
- -100 relations with Papal States
- -50 relations with England
- -50 relations with Austria
- -50 relations with France
- -50 relations with Spain
- -50 relations with Milan
- -50 relations with Switzerland
- -50 relations with Florence
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
- France exists
- England exists
-
None of the following must occur:
- Scotland and France are at war
- Scotland and England are allied
Will happen within 360 days of January 2, 1512
Checked again every 360 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1514)
Description
In 1512 France and Scotland renewed their 'Auld Alliance' as a counterbalance to England's involvement in the anti-French schemes of Pope Julius II. This later drew the Scottish into a disastrous war against the English.Actions
A. Ally with France
- Grant military access to France
- +50 relations with France
- -75 relations with England
- +5000 infantry in the capital province
- +5 artillery in the capital province
- Aristocracy +1
- Quality +1
- Serfdom +1
- Stability +1
- Event 4134 - The Auld Alliance for France is triggered immediately
B. Don't ally with France
- Break vassalization with France
- -75 relations with France
- +50 relations with England
- Aristocracy -1
- Innovativeness +1
- Serfdom -1
- Stability -1
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
- France exists
-
The following must not occur:
- Scotland and France are at war
Will happen within 720 days of January 2, 1529
Checked again every 720 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1546)
Description
As a trusted advisor of James V, Cardinal David Beaton managed to make sure that Scotland did not follow in England's footsteps and become Protestant. Instead he worked to strengthen the bond to Catholic France and even managed to arrange two marriages with French noblewomen which both brought considerable dowries in gold to the Scottish courts treasury.Actions
A. An Excellent Minister!
- Monarch's diplomatic skill +3 for 240 months
- Monarch's administrative skill +2 for 240 months
- Monarch's military skill +2 for 240 months
- Stability +2
- Gain a royal marriage with France
- +100
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
-
At least one of the following must occur:
- State religion is Catholic
- State religion is Counter-Reform Catholic
Will happen within 2520 days of January 2, 1546
Checked again every 2520 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1570)
Description
John Knox became something of a spokesman for Protestantism in Scotland in the 1540ies. Initially he was accompanying George Wishart on his preaching tours, but Wishart was captured and handed over to Cardinal David Beaton in St Andrews. There he was trialed and burned on the stakes in 1546 for spreading Protestantism heretics. Three months later Cardinal Beaton was murdered in revenge by Protestants. When John Knox arrived in St Andrews about a year later he was persuaded by scholars at the university to preach in the town. In June 1547, French assistance to fight the Protestants arrived and the castle of St Andrews which capitulated on terms that was later not kept. Knox and others were carried off to slavery in the French galleys but due to English intervention Knox was released 19 months later. He could however not return to Scotland and continue his preaching but had to stay under the protection of the English and had a large influence on the forming of the English Puritanism. He stayed in England until the Catholic Mary Tudor ascended the throne, at which time he thought it wise to flee to the continent. There he formulated his view that 'God-fearing magistrates and nobility have both the right and the duty to resist, if necessary by force, a ruler who threatens the safety of true religion'. In 1559 he again was able to return to Scotland and was astounded by the progress made by the Reformed cause and by the eager reception given to him by all classes in the community.Actions
A. Religious Turmoil
- Religion in a random province changes to Reformed
- Religion in a different random province changes to Reformed
- Create a religious revolt in a different random province
- Global revolt risk +4 for 120 months
Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 720 days of January 2, 1558
Checked again every 720 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1560)
Description
In 1557, a powerful group of nobles, called the Lords of the Congregation, drew up a Protestant proclamation which was later called the First Covenant, calling for the expulsion of the Catholic Church from Scotland. The motives however were probably much more to be able to confiscate the vast riches of the Catholic Church in Scotland than purely true faith.Actions
A. Support the Lords of the Congregation
- Conditions:
Change religion to Reformed
- State religion is Catholic
- Stability -3
- Global revolt risk +2 for 12 months
- -100 relations with Papal States
- +300
B. Oppose the Lords of the Congregation
- Conditions:
A random province converts to the state religion
- State religion is Catholic
- Stability -1
- +50 relations with Papal States
Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 0 days of July 15, 1567
Checked again every 0 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after July 16, 1567)
Description
In 1565 Mary married her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, an English nobleman. The bridegroom was proclaimed Henry, King of Scots. Their only child was to become James I of England. Mary soon became disenchanted with Henry. He had become overbearing, arrogant and carried away by his new title. He made enemies of some of the powerful nobles and, because of that enmity, there was a plot to kill him. Some thought that Mary had knowledge of the plot. The rift between Mary and her husband became public knowledge. She turned to a Scottish nobleman, a very powerful man, the Earl of Bothwell, for support. He and other Scottish noblemen proposed to do whatever they could to help the queen in her dilemma. This decision led to a failed explosion plot and to the strangulation death of Darnely. A few months later, Mary and the Earl married. This angered the populace who suspected Bothwell's participation in the murder of their King. Mary's subjects were outraged and turned against her. She was able to lead an army against them, and although it was equal in number to the confederate army, it was visibly inferior in discipline. On June 15, 1567, Mary's forces were defeated at Carberry Hill, and she was forced to abandon Bothwell and surrender herself to the confederate lords. On July 24, at Lochleven, she was prevailed upon to sign an act of abdication in favor of her son, who was crowned as James VI five days afterward at Stirling. Escaping from her island-prison at Lochleven on May 2, 1568, she was able within a few days to assemble an army of 6000 men. On May 12 her army was defeated by the regent Moray at Langside, near Glasgow. Four days afterward, in spite of the entreaties of her best friends, Mary crossed Solway Firth and sought refuge at the court of Elizabeth I, queen of England, only to find herself a prisoner of Elizabeth for life.Actions
A. Force her to Abdicate
- Event 3077 - The Time of the Regents for Scotland is triggered immediately
- Monarch Mary will never rule
- Stability +2
B. Support the Queen
- Monarch's diplomatic skill +3 for 480 months
- Monarch's administrative skill +2 for 480 months
- Global revolt risk +6 for 36 months
- Stability -2
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
- England exists
Will happen within 0 days of February 9, 1587
Checked again every 0 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after March 26, 1603)
Description
Being of Tudor blood on his mothers side, king James VI inherited his mother's claim on the English throne when she was executed by Elizabeth I. Keeping good relations towards the English, even though they had executed his mother, would put him within reach of the English crown, while an outcry for revenge would probably have earned him respect among many of his noblemen it would possibly have squandered any opportunity to gain the English crown peacefully.Actions
A. Close policy with England
Conditions
- The following must not occur:
- Scotland and England are at war
Effects
- +200 relations with England
- Gain a royal marriage with England
- Stability -1
B. Fuzzy Friendliness
- +100 relations with England
- Gain a royal marriage with England
C. Furious Outrage
- -100 relations with England
- Gain a royal marriage with England
- Stability +1
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
- Event 3025 - The English Civil War for England has already occurred
-
At least one of the following must occur:
- State religion is Protestant
- State religion is Reformed
Will happen on January 30, 1649
Description
The English Civil War (1642-1648) was the result of a long power struggle between the Stuart monarchs and the Puritan-led Parliament. Intensification of royal judicial procedures (Star Chamber) and demands for taxes (1635, ship money for naval construction) was faced by Parliamentary opposition (summary of grievances in the 1641 Grand Remonstrance) and execution of royal advisors. The arrest of John Pym, the Puritan leader and the Catholic uprising in Ulster (1641) sparked the war between the Royalists and the Parliament. The decisive reform and new model army of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) led to the capture and execution of king Charles I (1649) and the establishment of the English Commonwealth, a military dictatorship controlled by a Lord Protector (Cromwell - 1653) and a reduced (Rump) Parliament. Following successful wars against Holland (1652-1654) and Spain (1654-1659), the monarchy would be re-established by General Monk in 1658, to the profit of Charles II Stuart (1660-1688), a fervent absolutist.Actions
A. Declare the king's position forfeit
- Monarch George Monck becomes active
- Leader Monck becomes active
- Leader Monck will never be active
- Leader Hamilton will never be active
- Leader Leven will never be active
- Leader Montrose will never be active
- Leader Newark will never be active
- Centralization +2
- Aristocracy -2
- Serfdom -3
- Mercantilism -4
- The Highlands revolts
- The Highlands revolts
- The Grampians revolts
- The Grampians revolts
- Religion in The Highlands changes to Reformed
- Religion in The Grampians changes to Reformed
- +100 relations with Netherlands
- +100 relations with Sweden
- Global revolt risk +6 for 60 months
- Stability +2
B. Accept the king, but crave concessions
- Event 3081 - The Restoration of the Stuarts for Scotland will never fire
- Leader Prince Charles becomes active
- Centralization +1
- Aristocracy -1
- Serfdom -1
- Mercantilism -3
- Lothian revolts
- Strathclyde revolts
- Religion in The Grampians changes to Reformed
- +50 relations with Netherlands
- +50 relations with Sweden
- Global revolt risk +6 for 60 months
- Stability -1
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
- Event 3025 - The English Civil War for England has already occurred
-
At least one of the following must occur:
- State religion is Catholic
- State religion is Counter-Reform Catholic
Will happen on January 30, 1649
Description
The English Civil War (1642-1648) was the result of a long power struggle between the Stuart monarchs and the Puritan-led Parliament. Intensification of royal judicial procedures (Star Chamber) and demands for taxes (1635, ship money for naval construction) was faced by Parliamentary opposition (summary of grievances in the 1641 Grand Remonstrance) and execution of royal advisors. The arrest of John Pym, the Puritan leader and the Catholic uprising in Ulster (1641) sparked the war between the Royalists and the Parliament. The decisive reform and new royal army of the led to the routing and destruction of the puritan cause (1649) and the establishment of the English Monarchy, a religious peace enforced by royal military dictatorship controlled by the king and a reduced (Rump) Parliament. Following successful wars against Holland (1652-1654) and Spain (1654-1659), the monarchy would establish Absolutism in 1688, to the profit of the Stuart Dynasty, fervent absolutists.Actions
A. Exterminate the Puritan Opposition
- Event 3081 - The Restoration of the Stuarts for Scotland will never fire
- Event 3082 - The Glorious Revolution for Scotland will never fire
- Centralization +2
- Aristocracy +2
- Serfdom +2
- Mercantilism +5
- Lothian revolts
- Strathclyde revolts
- Religion in Lothian changes to Catholic
- Religion in Strathclyde changes to Catholic
- +100 relations with France
- +100 relations with Spain
- Global revolt risk +6 for 60 months
- Stability -2
B. Let them live, but forfeit their rights
- Event 3081 - The Restoration of the Stuarts for Scotland will never fire
- Event 3082 - The Glorious Revolution for Scotland will never fire
- Centralization +1
- Aristocracy +1
- Serfdom +1
- Mercantilism +3
- Strathclyde revolts
- Religion in Lothian changes to Catholic
- +50 relations with France
- +50 relations with Spain
- Global revolt risk +6 for 60 months
- Stability -1
Scotland — Not random
Will happen on May 29, 1660
unless prevented by
Action B of 3079 - The Civil War down South for Scotland
Action A, B of 3080 - The Civil War down South for Scotland
Description
After years of chaotic civil war in the commonwealth and the death of basically the only person that could realistically receive support from all sides, Cromwell, the situation was, if possible, more confused than ever before. When one group of officers determined to dissolve the remains of the Long Parliament, called the Rump, a former royalist and commander of the largest force in Britain, George Monck, decided that enough was enough. He promptly marched his army down from Scotland to reinstitute the Rump. However once there he realized that probably the only real long-term solution to the mess was to restore Charles II as king. In February 1660 Monck reversed Pride's Purge, inviting all of the secluded members of the Long Parliament to return to their seats under army protection. A month later the Long Parliament dissolved itself, paving the way for the return of the king.Actions
A. King Charles II
- +100 relations with England
- +100 relations with France
- Aristocracy +2
- Innovativeness +1
- Stability +1
Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 360 days of January 2, 1695
Checked again every 360 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1699)
Description
As all other nations in this time with a coastline also the Scottish tried to duplicate the efforts of the highly successful English East India Company.Actions
A. We will exploit this!
- Gain Goods Manufactory in a random province
- +5 merchants
- +250
- Trade tech investment: +400
Scotland — Not random
Conditions
- Event 3083 - The Scottish East India Company for Scotland has already occurred
Will happen within 360 days of January 2, 1700
Checked again every 360 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1705)
Description
As the 17th century draws to a close, Scotland finds itself increasingly cut off from the world stage, with the French Auld Alliance faltering and other European powers leaving us behind in terms of innovation and influence. If we wish to avoid becoming a poor and backwards nation forever at the mercy of the English then we should dare to emulate the successs of other maritime powers and forge a colonial empire overseas. Though a hefty investment, such an expedition would allow us to build on the progress of the Scottish East India Company and finally make us a European power to be reckoned with.Actions
A. Yes, we need our own place in the sun
- Gain an explorer in a random province
- Gain a conquistador in a random province
- Gain 5 warships in a random province
- Gain 10 transports in the same province
- +5000 infantry in the capital province
- +3 colonists
- Innovativeness +1
- Land -1
- -1 base tax value in Lothian
- -1 base tax value in Strathclyde
- Infrastructure tech investment: +400
- -500
- Stability -2
B. No, it is too big a risk
- Innovativeness -1
- Land +1
- +50 relations with England
- +50 relations with Denmark
- +50 relations with France
- +50 relations with Spain
- +50 relations with Portugal
- +50 relations with Netherlands
- Stability +1
Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 720 days of January 2, 1725
Checked again every 720 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1727)
Description
The improving of roads and trade routes in northern Scotland had a great impact on Scottish economy in these areas, leading to increased trade and thus also higher tax incomesActions
A. Medium Investment
- Culture in The Grampians changes to english
- +1 base tax value in The Grampians
- +1 base tax value in The Highlands
- Infrastructure tech investment: +500
- -350
B. Large investment
- Culture in The Highlands changes to english
- Culture in The Grampians changes to english
- +1 base tax value in The Grampians
- +2 base tax value in The Highlands
- Infrastructure tech investment: +800
- -500
C. Small investment
- +1 base tax value in The Grampians
- Infrastructure tech investment: +300
- -200
Scotland — Not random
Will happen within 360 days of January 2, 1783
Checked again every 360 days until trigger is met (cannot happen after January 2, 1784)
Description
The opening of the Scottish Chamber of Commerce did a lot for helping Scottish pre-industrial trade and was one of the many factors behind keeping the Scottish economy Scottish.Actions
A. Trade reform
- Mercantilism -1
- Trade tech investment: +300
- +4 merchants
B. Protective Trade reform
- Mercantilism +1
- Trade tech investment: +300
- +3 merchants
C. Free trade
- Mercantilism -3
- Trade tech investment: +300
- +5 merchants
Scotland — Not random
Triggered by
Action A of 3031 - The Glorious Revolution for EnglandDescription
The king after Charles II, his brother James II, was a Catholic. He was accepted as king grudgingly by most English people, but when he started to force the issue of equal rights between Catholics and Protestants in the Protestant Commonwealth the issue heated up. In itself it might not have had such dire consequences, but in the light of Louis XIV revoking of the Edict of Nantes and the following the losses in the English Civil War, James II actions caused much anger and discontent. Thus the king's effort on behalf of Catholics was doomed. Seven eminent Englishmen, among them the Tory Earl of Danby and Henry Compton, bishop of London, wrote inviting William of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, to help get rid of James II. William in need of an ally against France accepted the invitation and on the 5th of November 1688 his troops landed in Bixham. He slowly advanced almost unopposed on London giving ample time for those still loyal to the highly unpopular king to reconsider. In the end James II realized his weak position and fled to France. James flight was interpreted as an abdication and William was offered the English crown.Actions
A. House of Orange
- Monarch William & Mary becomes active
- Monarch William II becomes active
- Monarch Anne becomes active
- Monarch James VIII becomes active
- Monarch James VIII will never rule
- Centralization -2
- Serfdom -1
- Stability +1
B. House of Stuart
- Centralization +2
- Aristocracy +1
- Serfdom +1
- Stability +1
Scotland — Not random
Triggered by
Action A of 3076 - The Fate of Mary Stuart for ScotlandDescription
Since the abdication of Mary Stuart a regency ruled Scotland in the name of the minor aged king James. When the regent James Stewart-Moray, the Protestant and very pro English bastard brother of Mary Stuart, was murdered in January 1570, the country plunged into a power struggle between the supporters of the Queen and the supporters of the regency.Actions
A. Support the Regent
- +50 relations with England
- Global revolt risk +3 for 24 months
B. Support the Queen
- +50 relations with France
- Stability -2